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• difference between braces and normal brackets in bash?

  - by Bharath H S

  what is the difference between braces and normal brackets in bash? FYI... I did not get it in the related questions list and also not able to locate it in questions search. Please point me to the question if it has been already asked.

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• Is there any fundamental difference between piping in mac and linux?

  - by Mohammad Moghimi

  ps -e | grep bash sample output from a linux machine: 1128 pts/14 00:00:00 bash 7491 pts/7 00:00:00 bash 12651 pts/14 00:00:00 bash 16145 pts/2 00:00:00 bash sample output from a mac machine: 58352 ttys000 0:00.09 login -pfl username /bin/bash -c exec -la bash /bin/bash 58353 ttys000 0:00.02 -bash 58390 ttys000 0:00.00 grep bash 20372 ttys005 0:00.06 login -pfl username /bin/bash -c exec -la bash /bin/bash 20373 ttys005 0:00.18 -bash My question is that why we see "grep bash" in the second case but not the first case.

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• GCC compile result from Bash script

  - by user38928

  hi i'am not really fluent in bash shell script, i'am doing some compilation using gcc that executed by bash script, how do I know (check) if the compilation was successful or not? any example?

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• echo newline character not working in bash

  - by Bashuser

  I have bash script which has lots of echo statements and also I aliased echo to echo -e both in .bash_profile and .bashrc, so that new lines are printed properly for a statement like echo 'Hello\nWorld' the output should be Hello World but the output I am getting is Hello\nWorld I even tried using shopt -s expand_aliases in the script, it doesn't help I am running my script as bash /scripts/scriptnm.sh; if I run it as . /scripts/scriptnm.sh I am getting the desired output...

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• Call 'script' command and exit it from within a bash script

  - by William Jamieson

  I'm using the linux 'script' command http://www.linuxcommand.org/man_pages/script1.html to log all input and output in an interactive bash script. At the moment I have to call the script command, then run my bash script, then exit. I want to run the script and exit commands from within the actual bash script itself. How can I do this? I've tried script -a but that doesn't work for interactive scripts. Any assistance would be greatly appreciated.

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• Properly escaping forward slash in bash script for usage with sed

  - by user331839

  I'm trying to determine the size of the files that would be newly copied when syncing two folders by running rsync in dry mode and then summing up the sizes of the files listed in the output of rsync. Currently I'm stuck at prefixing the files by their parent folder. I found out how to prefix lines using sed and how to escape using sed, but I'm having troubles combining those two. This is how far I got: source="/my/source/folder/" target="/my/target/folder/" escaped=`echo "$source" | sed -e 's/[\/&]/\\//g'` du `rsync -ahnv $source $target | tail -n +2 | head -n -3 | sed "s/^/$escaped/"` | awk '{i+=$1} END {print i}' This is the output I get from bash -x myscript.sh + source=/my/source/folder/ + target=/my/target/folder ++ echo /my/source/folder/ ++ sed -e 's/[\/&]/\//g' + escaped=/my/source/folder/ + awk '{i+=$1} END {print i}' ++ rsync -ahnv /my/source/folder/ /my/target/folder/ ++ sed 's/^//my/source/folder//' ++ head -n -3 ++ tail -n +2 sed: -e expression #1, char 8: unknown option to `s' + du 80268 Any ideas on how to properly escape would be highly appreciated.

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• bash script with permanent ssh connection

  - by samuelf

  Hi, I use a bash script which runs /usr/bin/ssh -f -N -T -L8888:127.0.0.1:3306 [email protected] However, when I run the bash script, it waits.. I see the connection coming up but the script doesn't exit.. it's like it's waiting for the SSH process to finish, because when I manually kill it the bash script finishes as well. Any ideas how to resolve this? UPDATE: I have croned this script.. and the cron process is the one that becomes a zombie.. the actual scripts runs just fine, sorry about that, with ps -auxf I get: root 597 0.0 0.7 2372 912 ? Ss Jul12 0:00 cron root 2595 0.0 0.8 2552 1064 ? S 02:09 0:00 \_ CRON 1001 2597 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? Zs 02:09 0:00 \_ [sh] <defunct> 1001 2603 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? Z 02:09 0:00 \_ [cron] <defunct> and when I kill the ssh the defuncts disappear.. why would they become defunct?

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• what other bash variables are available during execution such as $USER that can assist on my script?

  - by semi-newbie

  This is related to question 19245, in that one of the responders answered the question in an awesome way, and very VERY clear to any newbie. Now here is a question that i can't seem to figure. i wrote a script for starting the vmware firefox plugin (don't worry. i gave that up and now run vBox VERY happily. i left vmware for my servers :) ) I needed to start the plugin as sudo, but i also needed to pass an argument (password) to it, that happen to be the same. So, if my password was Hello123, the command would be: sudo ./myscript.sh hi other Hello123 running from command line, the script would ask for my sudo password and then run. i wanted to capture THAT password and pass it as well. i also wanted to run graphically, so i tried gksudo, and there is an option -p that returns the password for variable assignment. well, that was a nightmare, because i would still get prompted for the original sudo: see below Find UserName vUser=$USER Find password (and hopefully enable sudo) vP=gksudo -p -D somedescriptiontext echo Execute command gksudo ./myscript.sh hi $vUser $vP and i still get prompted twice. so my question is tri-fold: is there a variable i can use for the password, just like there is one for user, $USER? is there a different way i should be assigning the value resulting of the command i have in $vP? i am wondering if executing the way i have it, does it in an uninitiated session and not the current one, since i am getting some addtl warning type errors on some variables blah blah i tried using Zenity to just capture the text, but then of course, i couldn't pass that value to sudo, so i could only use as a parameter, which puts me back in 2 prompts. Thanksssssssssss!

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• Linux Bash Script, Single Command But Multiple Lines?

  - by Jay LaCroix

  I have the following script I wrote by searching Google, and it backs up my Linux system to an archive: #!/bin/bash # init DATE=$(date +20%y%m%d) tar -cvpzf /share/Recovery/Snapshots/$HOSTNAME_$DATE.tar.gz --exclude=/proc --exclude=/lost+found --exclude=/sys --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/media --exclude=/dev --exclude=/share/Archive / This works, but I am wondering if I can format the script to show the command over multiple lines, something like this, so it is easy to edit later: tar -cvpzf /share/Recovery/Snapshots/$HOSTNAME_$DATE.tar.gz --exclude=/proc --exclude=/lost+found --exclude=/sys --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/media --exclude=/dev --exclude=/share/Archive / That way it is easier to read and edit later. Is it possible to format a Bash script this way?

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• Bash: create anonymous fifo

  - by Adrian Panasiuk

  We all know mkfifo and pipelines. The first one creates a named pipe, thus one has to select a name, most likely with mktemp and later remember to unlink. The other creates an anonymous pipe, no hassle with names and removal, but the ends of the pipe get tied to the commands in the pipeline, it isn't really convenient to somehow get a grip of the file descriptors and use them in the rest of the script. In a compiled program, I would just do ret=pipe(filedes); in Bash there is exec 5<>file so one would expect something like "exec 5<> -" or "pipe <5 >6" -is there something like that in Bash?

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• execute script after desktop loaded?

  - by Andre

  I want to execute bash script on startup that opens several terminals in different workspaces. Script works just fine if I call it from terminal, but it doesn't work if executed from crontab using @reboot: #!/usr/bin/env bash #1 make sure we have enough workspaces gconftool-2 --set -t int /apps/metacity/general/num_workspaces 7 #2. Launch programs in these terminals wmctrl -s 6 gnome-terminal --full-screen --execute bash -c "tmux attach; bash" wmctrl -s 5 gnome-terminal --full-screen --execute bash -c "weechat-curses; bash" wmctrl -s 4 gnome-terminal --full-screen --execute bash -c "export TERM=xterm-256color; mutt; bash" wmctrl -s 3 gnome-terminal --full-screen wmctrl -s 2 gnome-terminal --full-screen wmctrl -s 1 gnome-terminal --full-screen wmctrl -s 0 google-chrome --start-maximized I think it's because crontab job triggers before desktop environment is loaded...maybe...? How can I execute this script after desktop environment is loaded? thanks:) Update 1: i've started it from crontab initially like this: @reboot $HOME/andreiscripts/startup.sh >> $HOME/andreiscripts/testlog.txt 2>&1 and was getting these errors: Cannot open display. Failed to parse arguments: Cannot open display: Cannot open display. Failed to parse arguments: Cannot open display: Cannot open display. ..... Update 2 I've tried to launch script from System Preferences Startup Applications /home/andrei/andreiscripts/startup.sh >> /home/andrei/Desktop/out.txt 2>&1 but script only opened first gnome-terminal in workspace 6... and wouldn't continue executing the rest of the script until I close that gnome-terminal and so on....

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• Run mplayer from bash in background without extra bash

  - by Emanuel Berg

  I would like to watch a movie with mplayer from bash in the background, like I do with all programs and there has never been any problems: mplayer Kick* & if you'd like to see Kickboxer, for example. But, this doesn't bring up the window, instead it says the process is stopped. I can bring the movie window up with fg mplayer, but then the CLI is unavailable. (This is -- as far as I can see anyway -- equivalent to mplayer Kick*). I'm able to work around the problem like this: $(mplayer Kick*) & But then I get two extra bashes (I see this with ps). It is not really a problem as those closes down when I Alt-F4 the movie, but it is still undesirable. I guess I'm most annoyed with having to type that extra stuff, so if you come up with an alias or function, that would be OK, to. Although, it wouldn't hurt me to learn what's going on. Edit: Hm, it doesn't even seem to work the way I said. The "work"around is not reliable. Forget about it.

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• skipping a variable using while read in bash

  - by Aleksandar Ivanisevic

  i'm reading a few variables from a file using while read a b c; do (something) done < filename is there an elegant way to skip a variable (read in an empty value), i.e. if I want a=1 b= c=3, what should I write in the file? Right now i'm putting 1 "" 3 and then use b=$(echo $b | tr -d \" ) but this is pretty cumbersome, IMHO any ideas?

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• bash alias doesn't carry over with sudo

  - by agent154

  I'm curious if there's a way to get my .bash_profile to work when I sudo a program. For example, I have it set to alias emerge='emerge -av' so that I can install software, and it will always ask me if I want to proceed before downloading and installing. However I just noticed when I sudo emerge foo, it defaults to just the plain command emerge foo instead of emerge -av foo. Only thing that comes to mind to fix this is to also put the alias in root's .bash_profile, but I don't want to have to resort to that since I will always have to make changes in two places when I want to add stuff to my own profile. Is there another way around this that I'm unfamiliar with?

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• Ubuntu - Bash - How to Ctrl + R

  - by Greg_the_Ant

  I can't seem to locate recent commands I've run when I do Ctrl + R in my terminal, nor can I see them when I hit the up arrow. It was a long command. Is there a length limit to what is stored? I may have used sudo. Is sudo history stored somewhere else? If so how do I access it? Much thanks for any insight.

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• Error while running bash script that moves files

  - by K.K Patel

  I am new to bash scripting and want to create bash script that moves some days old files between source and destination as per days defined in script. When I run this script I get error line 16: syntax error near unexpected token `do' #!/bin/bash echo "Enter Your Source Directory" read soure echo "Enter Your Destination Directory" read destination echo "Enter Days" read days do find $soure -mtime +$days mv $soure $destination {} \; echo "Files $days old moved from $soure to $destination" done please help me to create this script.

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• Typing commands into a terminal always returns "-bash: /usr/bin/python: is a directory"

  - by Artur Sapek

  I think I messed something up on my Ubuntu server while trying to upgrade to Python 2.7.2. Every time I type in a command that doesn't have a response, the default from bash is this: -bash: /usr/bin/python: is a directory Just like it would say if I typed the name of a directory. But this happens every time I enter a command that doesn't do anything. artur@SERVER:~$ dslkfjdsklfdshjk -bash: /usr/bin/python: is a directory I remember messing with the update-alternatives to point at python at some point, perhaps that could be it? Any inklings as to why this is happening? Related to this problem is also the fact that when I try using easy_install it tells me -bash: /usr/bin/easy_install: /usr/bin/python: bad interpeter: Permission denied /etc/fstab/ is set to exec. I've read that could fix the second problem but it hasn't.

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• Terminal error messages: bash: /dev/cgroup/cpu/user/2823/tasks: No such file or directory

  - by sasaenator

  This is what I get when I start up the terminal: bash: /dev/cgroup/cpu/user/2823/tasks: No such file or directory bash: /dev/cgroup/cpu/user/2823/notify_on_release: No such file or directory bash: /dev/cgroup/cpu/user/2823/tasks: No such file or directory bash: /dev/cgroup/cpu/user/2823/notify_on_release: No such file or directory sasa@sasa:~$*** I reinstalled 10.10 yesterday because of other problems, I didn't have this error message before. I have a separate /home partition, and new installation picked up almost all of the old settings, also those which I don't like, but it looks like that is not a problem or maybe I am wrong? Wouldn't ask if I knew! :) I'll be glad to post more info if someone needs it!

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• Bash script not working as required with xbindkeys

  - by RanRag

  I made a simple bash script to display a notification whenever my capslock key is pressed. It works fine when I call it like bash capsnotify.sh. The problem now is when I bind my above script to capslock key using xbindkeys tool it doesn't work as required. It shows a notification caps ON when my caps is on but it doesn't show caps OFF notification when my caps is off instead it again shows the caps ON notification. capsnotify.sh #!/bin/bash value=$(xset -q | awk '/Caps/ {print $4}') if [ "$value" == "on" ] then notify-send "caps ON" elif [ "$value" == "off" ] then notify-send "caps OFF" fi .xbindkeysrc "bash /home/ranveer/capsnotify.sh" m:0x2 + c:66 So, the problem is after binding my caps lock key on both events(on/off) it shows caps ON notification.

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• How to automatically execute a shell script when logging into Ubuntu

  - by Mike Rowave

  How do I get a script to execute automatically when I log in? Not when the machine starts up, and not for all users, but only when I (or any specific user with the script) login via the GNOME UI. From reading elsewhere I thought it was .bash_profile in my home directory, but for me it has no effect. When I manually execute it in a terminal window by typing ~/.bash_profile it works, but it won't run automatically when I log in. I'm running Ubuntu 11.04. The file permission on my .bash_profile is -rwx------. No .bash_profile existed in my home directory before I created it today. I seem to remember older versions of Linux having a .profile file for each user, but that doesn't work either. How is it done? Do I need to configure something else to get the .bash_profile to work? Or does the per-user login script need to be in some other file?

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• Writting this Bash Script to accept Arguments?

  - by Urda

  How would I go about converting this bash script: mkdir /store/sftp/%USERNAME% sudo useradd -d /incoming %USERNAME% sudo passwd %USERNAME% ## Password needs to be typed or passed in here sudo usermod -g sftp %USERNAME% sudo usermod -s /bin/false %USERNAME% sudo chmod 755 /store/sftp/%USERNAME% sudo chown root:root /store/sftp/%USERNAME% sudo mkdir /store/sftp/%USERNAME%/incoming sudo chown %USERNAME%:sftp /store/sftp/%USERNAME%/incoming To accpet a username and a password?

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• sudo displays typed password in bash script

  - by Andy

  Hullo, I have a bash script that uses sudo a few times. There's a couple of strange points about it though. It asks me for my password a few seconds after I've already entered it for a previous command. The second time I enter my password, it's echoed to the display. Here's the relevant bits of the script. sudo service apache2 stop drush sql-dump --root="$SITE_DIR" --structure-tables-key=svn --ordered-dump | grep -iv 'dump completed on' | sudo tee "$DB_DIR/${SITE_NAME}.sql" > /dev/null sudo svn diff "$DB_DIR" | less sudo svn commit -m "$MESSAGE" "$DB_DIR" sudo service apache2 start The first password is to stop apache, and it works as expected. As mentioned, the sudo tee doesn't 'remember' that I have elevated privileges, asks for the password again, and echoes it to the screen. Given that tee is all about echoing to screen, I've played around a little with simple scripts which have | sudo tee, and they all work as expected. Ideas?! TIA Andy

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• Passing two arguments to a command using pipes

  - by firebat

  Usually, we only need to pass one argument: echo abc | cat echo abc | cat some_file - echo abc | cat - some_file Is there a way to pass two arguments? Something like {echo abc , echo xyz} | cat cat `echo abc` `echo xyz` I could just store both results in a file first echo abc > file1 echo xyz > file2 cat file1 file2 But then I might accidentally overwrite a file, which is not ok. This is going into a non-interactive script. Basically, I need a way to pass the results of two arbitrary commands to cat without writing to a file. UPDATE: Sorry, the example masks the problem. While { echo abc ; echo xyz ; } | cat does seem to work, the output is due to the echos, not the cat. A better example would be { cut -f2 -d, file1; cut -f1 -d, file2; } | paste -d, which does not work as expected. With file1: a,b c,d file2: 1,2 3,4 Expected output is: b,1 d,3 RESOLVED: Use process substitution: cat <(command1) <(command2) Alternatively, make named pipes using mkfifo: mkfifo temp1 mkfifo temp2 command1 > temp1 & command2 > temp2 & cat temp1 temp2 Less elegant and more verbose, but works fine, as long as you make sure temp1 and temp2 don't exist before hand.

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• echo -e acts differently when run in a script by root on ubuntu

  - by ekrub

  When running a bash script on ubuntu 9.10, I get different behavior from bash echo's "-e" option depending on whether or not I'm running as root. Consider this script: $ cat echo-test if [ "`whoami`" = "root" ]; then echo "Running as root" fi echo Testing /bin/echo -e /bin/echo -e "foo\nbar" echo Testing bash echo -e echo -e "foo\nbar" When run as non-root user, I see this output: $ ./echo-test Testing /bin/echo -e foo bar Testing bash echo -e foo bar When run as root, I see this output: $ sudo ./echo-test Running as root Testing /bin/echo -e foo bar Testing bash echo -e -e foo bar Notice the "-e" being echoed in the last case ("-e foo" instead of "foo" on the second-to-last line). When running a script as root, the echo command runs as if "-e" was given and, if -e is given, the option itself is echoed. I can understand some subtle differences in behavior between /bin/echo and bash echo, but I would expect bash echo to behave the same no matter which user invokes it. Anyone know why this is the case? Is this a bug in bash echo? FYI -- I'm running GNU bash, version 4.0.33(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)

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• Howto switch / chage user id witin a bash script to execute commands in the same script?

  - by a1an

  Is there a way to switch user identity within a script (executed as root as part of an installation process) to execute some commands without calling an external sctipt, then be back to root to run other commands? Sort of: #!/bin/bash some commands as root SWITCH_USER_TO user some commands as user including environment variables checks, without calling an external script SWITCH_USER_BACK some other stuff as root, maybe another user id change...

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