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  • Sorting objects in Python

    - by Curious2learn
    I want to sort objects using by one of their attributes. As of now, I am doing it in the following way USpeople.sort(key=lambda person: person.utility[chosenCar],reverse=True) This works fine, but I have read that using operator.attrgetter() might be a faster way to achieve this sort. First, is this correct? Assuming that it is correct, how do I use operator.attrgetter() to achieve this sort? I tried, keyFunc=operator.attrgetter('utility[chosenCar]') USpeople.sort(key=keyFunc,reverse=True) However, I get an error saying that there is no attribute 'utility[chosenCar]'. The problem is that the attribute by which I want to sort is in a dictionary. For example, the utility attribute is in the following form: utility={chosenCar:25000,anotherCar:24000,yetAnotherCar:24500} I want to sort by the utility of the chosenCar using operator.attrgetter(). How could I do this? Thanks in advance.

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  • Python Expand Tabs Length Calculation

    - by Mithrill
    I'm confused by how the length of a string is calculated when expandtabs is used. I thought expandtabs replaces tabs with the appropriate number of spaces (with the default number of spaces per tab being 8). However, when I ran the commands using strings of varying lengths and varying numbers of tabs, the length calculation was different than I thought it would be (i.e., each tab didn't always result in the string length being increased by 8 for each instance of "/t"). Below is a detailed script output with comments explaining what I thought should be the result of the command executed above. Would someone please explain the how the length is calculated when expand tabs is used? IDLE 2.6.5 >>> s = '\t' >>> print len(s) 1 >>> #the length of the string without expandtabs was one (1 tab counted as a single space), as expected. >>> print len(s.expandtabs()) 8 >>> #the length of the string with expandtabs was eight (1 tab counted as eight spaces). >>> s = '\t\t' >>> print len(s) 2 >>> #the length of the string without expandtabs was 2 (2 tabs, each counted as a single space). >>> print len(s.expandtabs()) 16 >>> #the length of the string with expandtabs was 16 (2 tabs counted as 8 spaces each). >>> s = 'abc\tabc' >>> print len(s) 7 >>> #the length of the string without expandtabs was seven (6 characters and 1 tab counted as a single space). >>> print len(s.expandtabs()) 11 >>> #the length of the string with expandtabs was NOT 14 (6 characters and one 8 space tabs). >>> s = 'abc\tabc\tabc' >>> print len(s) 11 >>> #the length of the string without expandtabs was 11 (9 characters and 2 tabs counted as a single space). >>> print len(s.expandtabs()) 19 >>> #the length of the string with expandtabs was NOT 25 (9 characters and two 8 space tabs). >>>

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  • python regular expression for domain names

    - by user230911
    I am trying use the following regression to extract domain name from a text, but it just produce nothing, what's wrong with it? I don't know if this is suitable to ask this "fix code" question, maybe I should read more. I just want to save some time. Thanks pat_url = re.compile(r''' (?:https?://)* (?:[\w]+[\-\w]+[.])* (?P<domain>[\w\-]*[\w.](com|net)([.](cn|jp|us))*[/]*) ''') print re.findall(pat_url,"http://www.google.com/abcde") I want the output to be google.com

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  • python: sorting

    - by nabizan
    hi im doing a loop so i could get dict of data, but since its a dict it's sorting alphabetical and not as i push it trought the loop ... is it possible to somehow turn off alphabetical sorting? here is how do i do that data = {} for item in container: data[item] = {} ... for key, val in item_container.iteritems(): ... data[item][key] = val whitch give me something like this data = { A : { K1 : V1, K2 : V2, K3 : V3 }, B : { K1 : V1, K2 : V2, K3 : V3 }, C : { K1 : V1, K2 : V2, K3 : V3 } } and i want it to be as i was going throught the loop, e.g. data = { B : {K2 : V2, K3 : V3, K1 : V1}, A : {K1 : V1, K2 : V2, K3 : V3}, C : {K3 : V3, K1 : V1, K2 : V2} }

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  • Python Mechanize select a form with no name

    - by mvid
    I am attempting to have mechanize select a form from a page, but the form in question has no "name" attribute in the html. What should I do? when I try to use br.select_form(name = "") i get errors that no form is declared with that name, and the function requires a name input. There is only one form on the page, is there some other way I can select that form?

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  • python urllib2 thread safety

    - by jldupont
    Is urllib2 thread safe? I find that using urllib2.urlopen sometimes results in the thread issuing the call to stop functioning. Yes I have used the timeout option to no avail. Is there a thread safe HTTP GET functionality I could use? NOTE: I am not interested in using Twisted to solve this problem. I have used Twisted in the past and I love it but this time I need a simpler solution. NOTE2: I also tried httplib with the same result (blocking).

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  • Visual Studio 2010 does not discover new unit tests

    - by driis
    I am writing some unit tests in Visual Studio 2010. I can run all tests by using "Run all Tests in Current Context". However, if I write a new unit test, it does not get picked up by the environment - in other words, I am not able to find it in Test List Editor, by running all tests, or anywhere else. If I unload the project and then reload it; the new test is available to run. When I am adding a unit test, I simply add a new method to an already existing TestClass and decorating it with [TestMethod] attribute - nothing fancy. What might be causing this behaviour, and how do I make it work ?

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  • python duration of a file object in an argument list

    - by msw
    In the pickle module documentation there is a snippet of example code: reader = pickle.load(open('save.p', 'rb')) which upon first read looked like it would allocate a system file descriptor, read its contents and then "leak" the open descriptor for there isn't any handle accessible to call close() upon. This got me wondering if there was any hidden magic that takes care of this case. Diving into the source, I found in Modules/_fileio.c that file descriptors are closed by the fileio_dealloc() destructor which led to the real question. What is the duration of the file object returned by the example code above? After that statement executes does the object indeed become unreferenced and therefore will the fd be subject to a real close(2) call at some future garbage collection sweep? If so, is the example line good practice, or should one not count on the fd being released thus risking kernel per-process descriptor table exhaustion?

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  • How to read a string one letter at a time in python

    - by dan
    I need to convert a string inputed by a user into morse code. The way our professor wants us to do this is to read from a morseCode.txt file, seperate the letters from the morseCode into two lists, then convert each letter to morse code (inserting a new line when there is a space). I have the beginning. What it does is reads the morseCode.txt file and seperates the letters into a list [A, B, ... Z] and the codes into a list ['– – . . – –\n', '. – . – . –\n'...]. We haven't learned "sets" yet, so I can't use that. How would I then take the string that they inputed, go through letter by letter, and convert it to morse code? I'm a bit caught up. Here's what I have right now (not much at all...) morseCodeFile = open('morseCode.txt', 'r') letterList = [] codeList = [] line = morseCodeFile.readline() while line != '': letterList.append(line[0]) codeList.append(line[2:]) line = morseCodeFile.readline() morseCodeFile.close() userInput = input("Enter a string to be converted to morse code or press <enter> to quit ")

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  • Django/Python best practice template_dict

    - by fredrik
    Hi, After just been coding for about 6-9 months. I probably changed my coding style a number of times after reading some code or read best practices. But one thing I haven't yet come a cross is a good why to populate the template_dict. As of now I pass the template_dict across a number of methods (that changes/modifies it) and returns is. The result is that every methods takes template_dict as first argument and the returns it and this in my eyes doesn't seems to be the best solution. An idea is to have a method that handles all the changes. But I'm curios if there's a best practice for this? Or is it "do what you feel like"-type of thing? The 2 things I think is pretty ugly is to send as an argument and return it in all methods. And the just the var name is written xxx number of times in the code :) ..fredrik

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  • Threading in python: retrieve return value when using target=

    - by Philipp Keller
    I want to get the "free memory" of a bunch of servers like this: def get_mem(servername): res = os.popen('ssh %s "grep MemFree /proc/meminfo | sed \'s/[^0-9]//g\'"' % servername) return res.read().strip() since this can be threaded I want to do something like that: import threading thread1 = threading.Thread(target=get_mem, args=("server01", )) thread1.start() But now: how can I access the return value(s) of the get_mem functions? Do I really need to go the full fledged way creating a class MemThread(threading.Thread) and overwriting __init__ and __run__?

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  • Python: OSX Library for fast full screen jpg/png display

    - by Parand
    Frustrated by lack of a simple ACDSee equivalent for OS X, I'm looking to hack one up for myself. I'm looking for a gui library that accommodates: Full screen image display High quality image fit-to-screen (for display) Low memory usage Fast display Reasonable learning curve (the simpler the better) Looks like there are several choices, so which is the best? Here are some I've run across: PyOpenGL PyGame PyQT wxpython I don't have any particular experience with any of these, nor any strong desire to become an expert - I'm looking for the simplest solution. What do you recommend? [Update] For those not familiar with ACDSee, here's what it does that I care about: Simple list/thubmnail display of images in a directory Sort by name/size/type Ability to view images full screen Single-key delete while viewing full screen Move to next/previous image while viewing full screen Ability to select a group of images for: move to / copy to directory delete resize ACDSee has a bunch of niceties as well, such as remembering directories you've moved images to in the past, remembering your resize settings, displaying the total size of the images you've selected, etc. I've tried most of the options I could find (including Xee) and none of them quite get there. Please keep in mind that this is a programming/library question, not a criticism of any of the existing tools.

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  • Static web project in Visual Web Developer Express

    - by Charlie boy
    I am about to develop a sort of web application using only static files (eg. html, js & css). Is there a way to start this sort of project in Visual Web Developer Express? I want to have all the niceties with intellisense, sulution explorer and whatnot but I don't want all of the ASP.net structure in the sulution. Is thiss possible or is there perhaps another IDE for this kind of project? Thanks!

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  • Debug .Net Framework's source code only shows disassembly in Visual Studio 2010

    - by jdecuyper
    Hi! I'm trying to debug .Net Framework's source code using Visual Studio 2010 Professional. I followed the steps described in Raj Kaimal's post but I must be doing something wrong since the only code I'm getting to see is the disassembly code: As you can see in the image, the Go to Source Code and the Load Symbols options are disabled. Nevertheless, symbols are downloaded from Microsoft's server since I can see them inside the local cache directory. The code I'm debugging goes as follow: var wr = WebRequest.Create("http://www.google.com"); Console.WriteLine("Web request created"); var req = wr.GetRequestStream(); Console.Read(); When I hit F11 to step into the first line of code, a window pops us looking for the "WebRequst.cs" file inside "f:\dd\ndp\fx\src\Net\System\Net\WebRequest.cs" which does not exists on my machine. What am I missing? Thanks a lot for your help.

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  • Converting python objects for rpy2

    - by bgbg
    The following code is supposed to created a heatmap in rpy2 import numpy as np from rpy2.robjects import r data = np.random.random((10,10)) r.heatmap(data) However, it results in the following error Traceback (most recent call last): File "z.py", line 8, in <module> labRow=rowNames, labCol=colNames) File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\rpy2\robjects\__init__.py", line 418, in __call__ new_args = [conversion.py2ri(a) for a in args] File "C:\Python25\lib\site-packages\rpy2\robjects\__init__.py", line 93, in default_py2ri raise(ValueError("Nothing can be done for the type %s at the moment." %(type(o)))) ValueError: Nothing can be done for the type <type 'numpy.ndarray'> at the moment. From the documentation I learn that r.heatmap expects "a numeric matrix". How do I convert np.array to the required data type?

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  • Python - How to pickle yourself?

    - by Mark
    I want my class to implement Save and Load functions which simply do a pickle of the class. But apparently you cannot use 'self' in the fashion below. How can you do this? self = cPickle.load(f) cPickle.dump(self,f,2)

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  • How to -> Visual Studio 2010 Add In Manager

    - by Jeremy Thompson
    Hi, Sorry for such a simple question, but how do I use the Add-In Manager in VS2010? I want to add this "SmartPaster" addin: http://inedo.com/Downloads/SmartPaster.aspx or http://www.mediafire.com/?mzyjamytnlq What do I do with these 3 files to get them listed in the Add-In Manager dialog? SmartPaster2010.AddIn, SmartPaster2010.dll, SmartPaster2010.xml Edit: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/19dax6cz.aspx says: "To install the add-in on another computer, the .addin file must be placed in a location where Visual Studio checks for add-ins. These locations are listed in the Options dialog box, in the Environment node, on the Add-in/Macros Security page." I went to Tools Options Environment Add-In/Macro Security, checked some paths put the AddIn files in a couple of these directoryies, restart VS2010 but still no luck!

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  • Python key word arguments

    - by pythonic metaphor
    I have several layers of function calls, passing around a common dictionary of key word arguments: def func1(**qwargs): func2(**qwargs) func3(**qwargs) I would like to supply some default arguments in some of the subsequent function calls, something like this: def func1(**qwargs): func2(arg = qwargs.get("arg", default), **qwargs) func3(**qwargs) The problem with this approach is that if arg is inside qwargs, a TypeError is raised with "got multiple values for keyword argument". I don't want to set qwargs["arg"] to default, because then func3 gets this argument without warrant. I could make a copy.copy of the qwargs and set "arg" in the copy, but qwargs could have large data structures in it and I don't want to copy them (maybe copy.copy wouldn't, only copy.deepcopy?). What's the pythonic thing to do here?

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  • SQL Server Compact with Visual Studio 2008

    - by Thomas
    I am running SQL server 2008 and Visual Studio 2008 on Vista. I downloaded SQL server compact 3.5 SP1 from Microsofts website and ran the install. When I open the server explorer for any windows application that I'm working on with VS 2008 and right click on data connections and then on add a connection a dialog comes up with available data providers. The problem is that SQL compact is not one of the options. Any idea why SQL compact is not showing up as a data provider in VS 2008?

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  • Simplest way to handle and display errors in a Python Pylons controller without a helper class

    - by ensnare
    I have a class User() that throw exceptions when attributes are incorrectly set. I am currently passing the exceptions from the models through the controller to the templates by essentially catching exceptions two times for each variable. Is this a correct way of doing it? Is there a better (but still simple) way? I prefer not to use any third party error or form handlers due to the extensive database queries we already have in place in our classes. Furthermore, how can I "stop" the chain of processing in the class if one of the values is invalid? Is there like a "break" syntax or something? Thanks. >>> u = User() >>> u.name = 'Jason Mendez' >>> u.password = '1234' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "topic/model/user.py", line 79, in password return self._password ValueError: Your password must be greater than 6 characters In my controller "register," I have: class RegisterController(BaseController): def index(self): if request.POST: c.errors = {} u = User() try: u.name = c.name = request.POST['name'] except ValueError, error: c.errors['name'] = error try: u.email = c.email = request.POST['email'] except ValueError, error: c.errors['email'] = error try: u.password = c.password = request.POST['password'] except ValueError, error: c.errors['password'] = error try: u.commit() except ValueError, error: pass return render('/register.mako')

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  • Python: How efficient is subtring extraction?

    - by Cameron
    I've got the entire contents of a text file (at least a few KB) in string myStr. Will the following code create a copy of the string (less the first character) in memory? myStr = myStr[1:] I'm hoping it just refers to a different location in the same internal buffer. If not, is there a more efficient way to do this? Thanks!

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  • Xml comparison in Python

    - by Gregg Lind
    Building on another SO question, how can one check whether two well-formed XML snippets are semantically equal. All I need is "equal" or not, since I'm using this for unit tests. In the system I want, these would be equal (note the order of 'start' and 'end'): <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8' standalone='yes'?> <Stats start="1275955200" end="1276041599"> </Stats> # Reodered start and end <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8' standalone='yes'?> <Stats end="1276041599" start="1275955200" > </Stats> I have lmxl and other tools at my disposal, and a simple function that only allows reordering of attributes would work fine as well!

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  • Monitor web sites visited using Internet Explorer, Opera, Chrome, Firefox and Safari in Python

    - by Zachary Brown
    I am working on a project for work and have seemed to run into a small problem. The project is a similar program to Web Nanny, but branded to my client's company. It will have features such as website blocking by URL, keyword and web activity logs. I would also need it to be able to "pause" downloads until an acceptable username and password is entered. I found a script to monitor the URL visited in Internet Explorer (shown below), but it seems to slow the browser down considerably. I have not found any support or ideas onhow to implement this in other browsers. So, my questions are: 1). How to I monitor other browser activity / visited URLs? 2). How do I prevent downloading unless an acceptable username and password is entered? from win32com.client import Dispatch,WithEvents import time,threading,pythoncom,sys stopEvent=threading.Event() class EventSink(object): def OnNavigateComplete2(self,*args): print "complete",args stopEvent.set() def waitUntilReady(ie): if ie.ReadyState!=4: while 1: print "waiting" pythoncom.PumpWaitingMessages() stopEvent.wait(.2) if stopEvent.isSet() or ie.ReadyState==4: stopEvent.clear() break; time.clock() ie=Dispatch('InternetExplorer.Application',EventSink) ev=WithEvents(ie,EventSink) ie.Visible=1 ie.Navigate("http://www.google.com") waitUntilReady(ie) print "location",ie.LocationName ie.Navigate("http://www.aol.com") waitUntilReady(ie) print "location",ie.LocationName print ie.LocationName,time.clock() print ie.ReadyState

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  • Accessing Class Variables from a List in a nice way in Python

    - by Dennis
    Suppose I have a list X = [a, b, c] where a, b, c are instances of the same class C. Now, all these instances a,b,c, have a variable called v, a.v, b.v, c.v ... I simply want a list Y = [a.v, b.v, c.v] Is there a nice command to do this? The best way I can think of is: Y = [] for i in X Y.append(i.v) But it doesn't seem very elegant ~ since this needs to be repeated for any given "v" Any suggestions? I couldn't figure out a way to use "map" to do this.

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