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  • What is the purpose of netcat's "-w timeout" option when ssh tunneling?

    - by jrdioko
    I am in the exact same situation as the person who posted another question, I am trying to tunnel ssh connections through a gateway server instead of having to ssh into the gateway and manually ssh again to the destination server from there. I am trying to set up the solution given in the accepted answer there, a ~/.ssh/config that includes: host foo User webby ProxyCommand ssh a nc -w 3 %h %p host a User johndoe However, when I try to ssh foo, my connection stays alive for 3 seconds and then dies with a Write failed: Broken pipe error. Removing the -w 3 option solves the problem. What is the purpose of that -w 3 in the original solution, and why is it causing a Broken pipe error when I use it? What is the harm in omitting it?

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  • Limiting bandwidth on internal interface on Linux gateway

    - by Jack Scott
    I am responsible for a Linux-based (it runs Debian) branch office router that takes a single high-speed Internet connection (eth2) and turns it into about 20 internal networks, each with a seperate subnet (192.168.1.0/24 to 192.168.20.0/24) and a seperate VLAN (eth0.101 to eth0.120). I am trying to restrict bandwidth on one of the internal subnets that is consistently chewing up more bandwidth than it should. What is the best way to do this? My first try at this was with wondershaper, which I heard about on SuperUser here. Unfortunately, this is useful for exactly the opposite situation that I have... it's useful on the client side, not on the Internet side. My second attempt was using the script found at http://www.topwebhosts.org/tools/traffic-control.php, which I modified so the active part is: tc qdisc add dev eth0.113 root handle 13: htb default 100 tc class add dev eth0.113 parent 13: classid 13:1 htb rate 3mbps tc class add dev eth0.113 parent 13: classid 13:2 htb rate 3mbps tc filter add dev eth0.113 protocol ip parent 13:0 prio 1 u32 match ip dst 192.168.13.0/24 flowid 13:1 tc filter add dev eth0.113 protocol ip parent 13:0 prio 1 u32 match ip src 192.168.13.0/24 flowid 13:2 What I want this to do is restrict the bandwidth on VLAN 113 (subnet 192.168.13.0/24) to 3mbit up and 3mbit down. Unfortunately, it seems to have no effect at all! I'm very inexperienced with the tc command, so any help getting this working would be appreciated.

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  • Using ClearOS as a gateway/firewall/mailserver

    - by Elzenissimo
    Just installed ClearOS on a PC to act as our firewall firstly and then to act as an internal mailserver. My question is: Can i create a mailserver that then routes the mail through to our ISP mail server without having to contact the ISP and gain MX records etc..? We are a small business (5 PCs + dataserver) and the reason this is interesting is because we need to keep a record of outgoing mails from certain users, as well as spam and virus filtering.

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  • Linux: multiple network connections - 3G/4G / Wifi / LAN / etc; how can i set a preferred network connection to use?

    - by Alex
    I've been looking at how I can setup a laptop that has multiple network interfaces, but a problem exists if all the connections are active, i.e. 3G, WiFi and LAN are all connected, I would like it to default to LAN. I would like to set "weights" or "priority" to each connection, so that if the LAN is unplugged, it'll default to WiFi - if its in range and working, otherwise, it'll switch and use the 3G dongle; I've been looking around and I can see that the "metric" counter for route isn't being used for recent kernels. I thought that would be able to set the preferred gateway / connections - but according to the man page: man route: OUTPUT Metric The 'distance' to the target (usually counted in hops). It is not used by recent kernels, but may be needed by routing daemons. So I'm confused, are there any scripts / apps / anything that can detect active network connections, and by way of configuration, send my default gateway network traffic through that interface if its active / alive?

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  • nginx 502 Bad Gateway on every external site

    - by Leandros
    I just installed nginx and followed the guides on the official site, to set it up with php5-fpm, but it just won't work. Not even the default site, without php is working outside of my server. Tried listen = 127.0.0.1:7777 and listen = /var/run/php5-fpm.sock Both don't work. I can access http://localhost with lynx on my server, but not from somewhere else (with external ip obviously). Yes, the php5-fpm deamons are running, yes the port (80 and 7777) is opened. Don't work with php-cgi as well. My config: user www-data; worker_processes 4; pid /var/run/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 768; # multi_accept on; } http { ## # Basic Settings ## sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; keepalive_timeout 65; types_hash_max_size 2048; # server_tokens off; # server_names_hash_bucket_size 64; # server_name_in_redirect off; include /etc/nginx/mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; ## # Logging Settings ## access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; ## # Gzip Settings ## gzip on; gzip_disable "msie6"; # gzip_vary on; # gzip_proxied any; # gzip_comp_level 6; # gzip_buffers 16 8k; # gzip_http_version 1.1; # gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript; ## # nginx-naxsi config ## # Uncomment it if you installed nginx-naxsi ## #include /etc/nginx/naxsi_core.rules; ## # nginx-passenger config ## # Uncomment it if you installed nginx-passenger ## #passenger_root /usr; #passenger_ruby /usr/bin/ruby; ## # Virtual Host Configs ## include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; proxy_buffers 16 16k; proxy_buffer_size 32k; fastcgi_buffers 16 16k; fastcgi_buffer_size 32k; fastcgi_connect_timeout 300; fastcgi_send_timeout 300; fastcgi_read_timeout 300; } Server config: (symlinked to sites-enabled) server { server_name skilloverflow.de *.skilloverflow.de; root /var/www/blog.skilloverflow.de/htdocs; index index.php; error_log /var/log/nginx/skilloverflow.error.log; access_log /var/log/nginx/skilloverflow.access.log; location = /favicon.ico { log_not_found off; access_log off; } location = /robots.txt { allow all; log_not_found off; access_log off; } location / { # This is cool because no php is touched for static content. # include the "?$args" part so non-default permalinks doesn't break when using query string try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args; } location ~ [^/]\.php(/|$) { fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+?\.php)(/.*)$; if (!-f $document_root$fastcgi_script_name) { return 404; } fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:7777; fastcgi_index index.php; include fastcgi_params; } location ~* \.(js|css|png|jpg|jpeg|gif|ico)$ { expires max; log_not_found off; } # deny access to apache .htaccess files location ~ /\.ht { deny all; } # deny access to apache .htaccess files location ~ /\.ht { deny all; } } PHP Version: 5.4.17-1 nginx version: 1.2.1 Debian 6.0.7 Linux 2.6.32 Edit: Lighttpd is still installed, does that matter? It's not running though. Edit 2: No error or access log is generated. They're all empty.

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  • nginx + php-fpm “504 Gateway Time-out” after compiling with curl support

    - by Brian
    We recently switched to managing php with php-fpm. It was working great, but is now giving me issues. The most recent change was to install libcurl-devel and re-compile php (5.3.3) using --with-curl. Now I'm getting 504 timeouts with nginx and the pages won't load. HTML pages load fine, phpinfo() loads as well. Tried backing out the changes and re-compiling without curl support, but still not having any luck. Also tried adjusting request_terminate_timeout per some of the other posts here on SF without change. This is on a test machine that has no other clients hitting it. I also tried switching to unix socket instead of tcp--same result. What am I missing here? Am I barking up the wrong tree with curl?

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  • Linux router and firewall with IP accounting

    - by Andrew
    I'm working on a project to replace my organisation's aging Slackware gateway/router/firewall machine in our colo rack. Previously we used rc.firewall but we are now looking for something more modern and easily configurable. The requirements are: Act as a gateway router & firewall Port forwarding to a Terminal Server in the colo IP/traffic accounting, preferably accessible via SNMP (already using cacti for other servers) Possibility of acting as a PPTP server & routing these connections Is not an out-of-the-box Cisco product (don't have the finances or support to maintain it) I'd prefer to use Ubuntu or some other Debian-based distro but something that integrates everything we're looking for is certainly an option if it offers all the desired features and is easy to configure. Is there a simple set of packages that will provide me with the Firewall & Accounting features, or am I best served with a custom-built distro / other solution?

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  • 2 HP Procurve 4000M switches and Comcast SMC Gateway

    - by Cole Tierney
    We've got 2 HP Procurve 4000M switches joined by a trunk. Switch 1 is connected to a Cisco 2600 router which is connected to a T1. Internet traffic for hosts on switch 2 must pass through the trunk to switch 1. We're now switching to Comcast who's given us 4 port SMC router. I would like to connect each switch to the comcast router to reduce traffic on the trunk, but I don't want to create a loop. The switches support spanning tree protocol, but I don't know how this would work with the comcast router. Would a triangle network like this work? Thanks for any tips.

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  • One Comcast Business Gateway, One Router, Two Web Servers

    - by Kevin Scheidt
    I have a Comcast business account with a router and a web server (info) attached. behind the router there are multiple computers and a second web server (info) which also serves as a file server. (info) has two nics in it. One direct to comcast and one connected to the router. It needs to serve the world it's websites. It needs however, to also be able to see all the internal computers and (com)'s served files. With just 1 nic (the one connected to the router, not comcast), (info) works fine but no one outside can see it. (com) services port 80 and (info) needs to handle port 80 as well. I have two domain names registered, and 5 static ip's from comcast. right now h t t p: / /www.graceamazing.com handled by (com) works fine and h t t p: / /www.graceamazing.com:1307 handled by (info) works fine. but as soon as I enable the 2nd nic in (info) h t t p: / /www.graceamazing.info runs extremely slow (Horribly slow). however, h t t p: / /www.graceamazing.com:1307 and .com work fine. (com) has an ip address via the router 70.89.233.41 (info) has a ip addy of 70.89.233.46 via comcast (2nd nic) and a internal ip of 192.168.x.100 via static behind the router. Any suggestions or changes to make that will make h t t p: / /www.graceamazing.info perform with the same speed it has when going through h t t p: / /graceamazing.com:1307 is there a setting I should check / could have misssed?

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  • OpenWRT based gateway with dnsmasq and internal server with bind

    - by Peter
    I have router based on OpenWRT which has dnsmasq 2.59. Inside my local area network I have a NS server bind. This server has internal and external views for a couple of my domains. My router forwards port 53 TCP and UDP from outside IP (router WAN) to this server. For the external clients everything works fine. In order to organize the internal view, I decided to add the exception to /etc/dnsmasq.conf server=/mydomain1.com/192.168.1.1 server=/mydomain2.com/192.168.1.1 server=/mydomain3.com/192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1 - IP address of the NS server) According to dnsmasq manstrong text: More specific domains take precendence over less specific domains, so: --server=/google.com/1.2.3.4 --server=/www.google.com/2.3.4.5 will send queries for *.google.com to 1.2.3.4, except *www.google.com, which will go to 2.3.4.5 this domain name with all the sub-domains is supposed to be forward to my NS server. Everything works (SOA, NS, MX, CNAME, TXT, SRV etc.) except for A-record: # nslookup -type=a mydomain1.com Server: 192.168.1.100 Address: 192.168.1.100#53 *** Can't find mydomain1.com: No answer 192.168.1.100 - IP address of my router (dnsmasq) However, I can get the answer for the TXT-record query: # nslookup -type=txt mydomain1.com Server: 192.168.1.100 Address: 192.168.1.100#53 mydomain1.com text = "v=spf1 include:mydomain1.com -all" When I just specify the local IP of my NS server (direct access to the server without using dnsmasq) then the results are: # nslookup -type=a mydomain1.com 192.168.1.1 Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Name: mydomain1.com Address: 192.168.1.1 There is a similar situation with the MX-record: C:\>nslookup -type=mx mydomain1.com Server: router.lan Address: 192.168.1.100 mydomain1.com MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.mydomain1.com mydomain1.com nameserver = ns.mydomain1.com mail.mydomain1.com internet address = 192.168.1.1 ns.mydomain1.com internet address = 192.168.1.1 C:\>nslookup -type=a mail.mydomain1.com Server: router.lan Address: 192.168.1.100 *** No address (A) records available for mail.mydomain1.com This is a dig result: # dig +nocmd mydomain1.com any +multiline +noall +answer mydomain1.com. 86400 IN SOA ns.mydomain1.com. hostmaster.mydomain1.com. ( 121204007 ; serial 28800 ; refresh (8 hours) 7200 ; retry (2 hours) 604800 ; expire (1 week) 3600 ; minimum (1 hour) ) mydomain1.com. 86400 IN NS ns.mydomain1.com. mydomain1.com. 86400 IN A 192.168.1.1 mydomain1.com. 604800 IN MX 10 mail.mydomain1.com. mydomain1.com. 3600 IN TXT "v=spf1 include:mydomain1.com -all" When I try to ping: # ping mydomain1.com ping: cannot resolve mydomain1.com: Unknown host Is it a bug of dnsmasq 2.59? How to manage this problem?

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  • Two Routers, Two Internet (1 Open, 1 PPTP) - Routing?

    - by SomeUser
    Hi there, I'm trying to setup two routers - one to route specific sites to a always-on PPTP VPN connection, the other for open internet access w/ firewall. First router is connected to Internet w/ built-in firewall. Second router is connected to a PPTP VPN connection. I was going to connect a wire between the routers and would like some insight on how to get both groups of systems (connected to each router) to talk between automatically. Even better would be to setup one gateway for certain sites and another for general Internet. The other option is to default all sites to the net and shoot others to the gateway or vice versa... Any insight so I can get a better grasp of this? Thanks!

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  • Symantec Gateway Security 320 VPN/Port Forwarding trouble

    - by Owl
    How do I check to see if port forward is enabled with one of my dynamic tunnels on this device? I'm having trouble using a feature in our software that requires a vpn to be used. My firewalls shows it as connected but I'm unable to ping the subnet ip. Our software vendor told me that port forwarding might be causing this problem, but I didn't set up this network I'm on and I don't fully know symantec hardware.

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  • Nginx - Serve blank page on "Bad Gateway" error

    - by TheLittleCheeseburger
    Hello all. I want to use Nginx as a simple reverse proxy, but if the server behind Nginx is down I just was to display a blank page. For some reason this configuration isn't displaying a blank page on error 502 and I can't figure out why. Thanks for your help! user www-data; worker_processes 1; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; pid /var/run/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 1024; use epoll; # multi_accept on; } http { keepalive_timeout 65; proxy_read_timeout 200; upstream tornado { server 127.0.0.1:8001; } server { listen 80; server_name www.something.com; location / { error_page 502 = @blank; proxy_pass http://tornado; } location @blank { index index.html; root /web/blank; } } }

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  • Attach certificate to remote desktop connection - not gateway services

    - by Jordan S
    I have a Windows server that I want to attach a 3rd party signed certificate for remote desktop connections. This is not a remote desktop services server, i.e. it is just remote desktop administration. There is lots of info on the internet about attaching a certificate to remote desktop services, but I want to attach mine to just plain remote desktop connection for administration purposes. If anyone know how to do this, please holler! I have imported the certificate into the Remote Desktop store in the certificates mmc snap in, and have tried running the wmic command in this question (Configure custom SSL certificate for RDP on Windows Server 2012 in Remote Administration mode?) but this fails. THANKS!

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  • Access my router's gateway network?

    - by Danpe
    I have 2 routers in my place. Main Router (Connected to the Internet) - 192.168.1.1 Secondery Router (Connected to the Main Router) - 192.168.0.1 I have a Network Storage Device and few Shared Directorys connected to the Main Router. (Network Storage - 192.168.1.16) How can i acces one of them using a PC connected to the Secondery Router? Home Network Diagram: I currently have access to the internet using both laptop and Main PC. But i want to get access from my laptop to the Storage and to ym shared directorys. The problem is the my Main router always forwards all packets stright to the WAN.. (Internet)

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  • Ubuntu 11.10 firewall/gateway - no client internet access

    - by Siriss
    I have read many other posts but cannot figure this out. eth0 is my external connected to a Comcast modem. The server has internet access with no issues. eth1 is internal and running DHCP for the clients. I have DHCP working just fine, all my clients can get an IP and ping the server but they cannot access the internet. I am using ISC-DHCP-SERVER and have set /etc/default/isc-dhcp-server to INTERFACE="eht1" Here is my dhcpd.conf file located in /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf ddns-update-style interim; ignore client-updates; subnet 10.0.10.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { range 10.0.10.10 10.0.10.200; option routers 10.0.10.2; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; option domain-name-servers 208.67.222.222, 208.67.220.220; #OpenDNS # option domain-name "example.com"; default-lease-time 21600; max-lease-time 43200; authoritative; } I have made the *net.ipv4.ip_forward=1* change in /etc/sysctl.conf here is my interfaces file: auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto eth0 iface eth0 inet dhcp iface eth1 inet static address 10.0.10.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 10.0.10.0 auto eth1 And finally- here is my iptables.conf file: # Firewall configuration written by system-config-firewall # Manual customization of this file is not recommended. *nat :PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0] -A POSTROUTING -s 10.0.10.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE #-A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 59668 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.10.2:59668 COMMIT *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i eth1 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m udp -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -s 10.0.10.0/24 -o eth0 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -d 10.0.10.0/24 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -i eth0 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -p icmp -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -i lo -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -i eth1 -j ACCEPT #-A FORWARD -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp -d 10.0.10.2 --dport 59668 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited -A FORWARD -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited COMMIT I am completely stuck. I cannot figure out why the clients cannot access the internet. Am I missing a service? Is a service not running? Any help would be greatly appreciated. I tried to be as thorough as possible but please let me know if I have missed something. Thank you!

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  • Locked out of our Comcast Business Gateway for seemingly no reason

    - by Tyler
    A little backstory... Last fall we migrated our ISP from AT&T to Comcast at one of our offices. At that time, we received a new modem/router from Comcast and we configured everything to our liking. We've never really had very many issues with the router aside from having to restart it every once in a while. Here's the problem... About three months ago I changed the password on the router from the default. After that, I logged into the router several times to make changes with no issue. During May I logged into the router to add two new static routes, no problems. A week ago, I tried to log into the router and could not. I tried the non-default password that I changed it to, the default, anything and everything I could think of and no luck. I restarted the router on Monday thinking it may just be locked up, but after the restart it would still not let me log in. This router is at our other office about 2 hours from here and I want to avoid having to drive down there and reset to factory defaults, reconfigure, etc. Any ideas?

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  • Internet printing : print to iOS gateway -> AirPrint / something -> Laser printers

    - by user75129
    I've done a bit of research on the Internet, and it looks like I'm on a dead end. My goal is to minimize cost, and be able to send and print documents AUTOMATICALLY (may be 10 or 20 pages per day) to a laser printer in a remote office. The preliminary method is to use: iOS 5.1.1 (JB'ed) with 3G connection, HP (or other brands) printer with AirPrint, iCloud's Documents and may be write some launchd scripts to monitor any new documents in iCloud. May be with other software. I am not sure yet. By using the cloud, I can upload new docs to the cloud anywhere in my city, and the iOS will be able to see them within a reasonable amount of time, then print it. But it seems this combo is not workable. Anyone got any advice on how to make this set up work, or propose other alternatives that requires NO PC or Mac? Currently I have a 3GS with 3G connectivity spare. Need to buy a new printer though.

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  • Nginx Tornado Combination Causing 502 Bad Gateway Errors

    - by PlaidFan
    We are facing a problem with inconsistent 502 errors and tracking down the reasons has been a very frustrating exercise. We can reproduce the problem by sending several simultaneous requests quickly. The problem is that several is only in the range of 10 to 20 within a 5 seconds (not a typo). So clearly this type of load should be handled easily. We really like the Nginx + Tornado approach but are considering going to a more traditional (e.g. threading) approach because this problem has been very difficult to solve. I was wondering if you a) know how to fix this issue and b) how we can tracked down the culprit(s). The log files simply identify there being a connection refused. We have the same problem as this post: How do I debug a HTTP 502 error? But there is no answer provided on how to solve the problem so I'm hoping you can help because this may be a common issue with this type of setup. Thanks in advance, Paul

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  • Using Windows as a gateway to the internet

    - by James Wright
    My customer currently blocks outbound RDP and SSH, which means that none of their employees can get access to external Windows and Linux boxes (at the console level). However, a need has recently arisen to give access to an assortment of RDP and SSH endpoints scattered throughout the internet. The endpoint IP addresses are a moving target, and an access list exists to define what those IP addresses are. So now my customer wants to have a single Windows Server that they control as the sole outbound point for RDP/SSH to the internet. Consider it a jump box to the internet. If one of our admins have an access to this Windows box then they can log on, and from there bounce around to RDP/SSH endpoints on the internet. Is a standard Windows 2008 box going to work as a jump box? For example, I seem to recall that Win2k8 limits the number of users that can log on simultaneously, which means that the jump box may not be accessible if lots of users are on it. Advice as to how to make this work..?

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  • QNAP TS-419p as a VPN Gateway?

    - by heisenberg
    Hello, I am hoping one of you might be able to help. I want to make files stored on shared folders on a QNAP TS-409p available to users over a VPN link. How is the possible? Can someone explain what I need to do. What do I need to do at the router and what do I need to do on the QNAP NAS? Effectively, what I want do do is use the built in Windows vpn client to connect to my home network and then be able to browse the shared folders. Thanks in advance.

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  • Iptables port mapping from two PCs to one

    - by Anton
    We have 3 PCs, two of it are connected to internet (both of it have 2 NIC) PC1: eth0 - 1.0.0.1 (external IP) eth1 - 172.16.0.1 (internal IP) PC2: eth0 - 1.0.0.2 (external IP) eth1 - 172.16.0.2 (internal IP) PC3: eth0 - 172.16.0.3 (internal IP) Now we want to map port 80 from PC1 and PC2 to PC3. But there is the problem: iptables port forwarding works well from PC1 or PC2, but only in case if PC3 have PC1 or PC2 as gateway. So, question is: can we have port mapping from both PC1 and PC2 regardless of gateway settings on PC3? Thank you in advance.

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  • Zentyal Server : Setting up secure VPN Client

    - by JustShrey
    I have officially exhausted pretty much all my google-fu trying to set this up so I'm asking my question here. For the record, I am a mid level rookie who has played around with servers in his spare time but have never worked with Zentyal Server. Now, I have been able to set up the server as a gateway, with one Network card being external and the other facing the internal Network. The Internal network computers are able to access the internet without any issues. What I need to do is to setup a open-vpn client on the central server so that all Internet data goes though the secure VPN session. As far as I can see, I can't set up the vpn session through the web admin page. Could somebody point me in the right direction? How would I go about doing this? Regards Shreyas

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  • Protecting Consolidated Data on Engineered Systems

    - by Steve Enevold
    In this time of reduced budgets and cost cutting measures in Federal, State and Local governments, the requirement to provide services continues to grow. Many agencies are looking at consolidating their infrastructure to reduce cost and meet budget goals. Oracle's engineered systems are ideal platforms for accomplishing these goals. These systems provide unparalleled performance that is ideal for running applications and databases that traditionally run on separate dedicated environments. However, putting multiple critical applications and databases in a single architecture makes security more critical. You are putting a concentrated set of sensitive data on a single system, making it a more tempting target.  The environments were previously separated by iron so now you need to provide assurance that one group, department, or application's information is not visible to other personnel or applications resident in the Exadata system. Administration of the environments requires formal separation of duties so an administrator of one application environment cannot view or negatively impact others. Also, these systems need to be in protected environments just like other critical production servers. They should be in a data center protected by physical controls, network firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention, etc Exadata also provides unique security benefits, including a reducing attack surface by minimizing packages and services to only those required. In addition to reducing the possible system areas someone may attempt to infiltrate, Exadata has the following features: 1.    Infiniband, which functions as a secure private backplane 2.    IPTables  to perform stateful packet inspection for all nodes               Cellwall implements firewall services on each cell using IPTables 3.    Hardware accelerated encryption for data at rest on storage cells Oracle is uniquely positioned to provide the security necessary for implementing Exadata because security has been a core focus since the company's beginning. In addition to the security capabilities inherent in Exadata, Oracle security products are all certified to run in an Exadata environment. Database Vault Oracle Database Vault helps organizations increase the security of existing applications and address regulatory mandates that call for separation-of-duties, least privilege and other preventive controls to ensure data integrity and data privacy. Oracle Database Vault proactively protects application data stored in the Oracle database from being accessed by privileged database users. A unique feature of Database Vault is the ability to segregate administrative tasks including when a command can be executed, or that the DBA can manage the health of the database and objects, but may not see the data Advanced Security  helps organizations comply with privacy and regulatory mandates by transparently encrypting all application data or specific sensitive columns, such as credit cards, social security numbers, or personally identifiable information (PII). By encrypting data at rest and whenever it leaves the database over the network or via backups, Oracle Advanced Security provides the most cost-effective solution for comprehensive data protection. Label Security  is a powerful and easy-to-use tool for classifying data and mediating access to data based on its classification. Designed to meet public-sector requirements for multi-level security and mandatory access control, Oracle Label Security provides a flexible framework that both government and commercial entities worldwide can use to manage access to data on a "need to know" basis in order to protect data privacy and achieve regulatory compliance  Data Masking reduces the threat of someone in the development org taking data that has been copied from production to the development environment for testing, upgrades, etc by irreversibly replacing the original sensitive data with fictitious data so that production data can be shared safely with IT developers or offshore business partners  Audit Vault and Database Firewall Oracle Audit Vault and Database Firewall serves as a critical detective and preventive control across multiple operating systems and database platforms to protect against the abuse of legitimate access to databases responsible for almost all data breaches and cyber attacks.  Consolidation, cost-savings, and performance can now be achieved without sacrificing security. The combination of built in protection and Oracle’s industry-leading data protection solutions make Exadata an ideal platform for Federal, State, and local governments and agencies.

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