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• What is some good lossless video codec for recording gameplay?

  - by Don Salva

  I'm an avid gamer and I like to record my gameplay. Usually I've been using Fraps to do it, however I'm thinking of switching to Dxtory as it allows to write on multiple HDDs at once. Say I have 3 HDDs with the following write speeds: HDD1 with 50 mb/s, HDD2 with 22 mb/s and HDD3 with 45 mb/s. Combined write speed would be: 117 mb/s. Dxtory allows you to utilize all 3 HDD's at once while recording your gameplay. Using this formula: RGB24 YUV24: Width x Height x 3 x fps = bitrate (byte/sec) YUV420: Width x Height x 3 / 2 x fps = bitrate (byte/sec) YUV410: Width x Height x 9 / 8 x fps = bitrate (byte/sec) And recording in YUV420 colorspace at 1920x1080 with 30 fps I'd need about 95 mb/s write speed. Dxtory is good because it allows me to play with constant 60 fps while recording in 30 fps. Fraps does not (even though they say it does), once you start recording with Fraps, the game's fps drops. So I'm looking for a codec that doesn't need a very high write speed (bitrate) yet records in good (lossless) quality. Dxtory comes with its own codec, the Dxtory codec. Which allows me some experimentation. Fraps has it's own codec which I can use in Dxtory to expirement around. I also came across http://lags.leetcode.net/codec.html . Are there more lossless codecs out there (besides Fraps' and Dxtory's) which are good for what I want to do? Edit: To clarify, yes, I'm aware a lossless codec always has "good" quality. But that's not what I'm looking for. Let me take the Fraps codec and Dxtory codec to clarify what I'm looking for. When I record with the Dxtory codec in RGB colorspace at 1920x1080 with targeted 30 fps, I can play the game at 60 fps, BUT I'm recording with 10-15 fps, that's because RGB with Dxtory needs much, much more write speed than my hdd can handle. When recording with Dxtory codec in YUV410 colorspace at 1920x1080 with targeted 30 fps, I can play at 60 fps and record at 30 fps, again, that's because YUV410 in Dxtory's codec takes much, much less write speed than RGB When recording with Fraps codec in ??? (I dunno the color space Fraps records in, I guess YUV420), I can play with 60 fps and record with 30 fps. What I'm looking for is a lossless codec that can record in YUV420 (or even RGB??) which does not exceed a write speed (or bitrate if you will) of 100 mb/s in 1920x1080 or in other words, which will allow me to record in constant 30fps. Obviously the best solution would be to buy an SDD, but that's not what I'm after.

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• where on disk is space allocated for new files inside LVM lv with ext4 file system?

  - by Jost

  I run a multi-disk server with LVM2. Several large disks serve as LVM2 physical volumes for one volume group, containing one logical volume formatted with ext4. Nothing fancy, just your standard linear setup. Recently an additional, very small disk was added as physical volume to that volume group and I expanded both the logical volume, and the ext4 file system therein onto that disk. This lv is used to store incremental backups using rsync and is only about 30% full, there have rarely been any files deleted from it, only incremental writes. Now this new HDD I added to the pre-existing volume group has unexpectedly died on me, and the volume group won't come up because it is missing one physical volume. As fate will have it, this WAS the "in an event of catastrophic failure on the primary server"-backup, the event happened, the boss is not happy, so this kinda has to work... According to this (Part 3): http://www.novell.com/coolsolutions/appnote/19386.html it is possible to trick LVM into starting anyway by creating a new pv with identical metadata to the failed disk, which will make the volume accessible, but of course leave giant holes in the file system. I have'n tried it yet, because it involves repairing (writing to) the file system which eliminates the possibility of trying other things if it fails. Now my question is: How does this setup actually allocate disk space for new data? Is it allocated linearly from beginning to end of PVs, in the order they were added to the vg? Is it striped somehow in order to increase performance/balance load? since this defective disk was added only later to an existing lvm2 vg and lv, containing a half-empty ext4, what are the chances that there was never any data written to the defective disk? In other words: what are the chances of recovering all my data, even without the defective disk, by just starting the volume group as-is? Am I about to go spend $1500 on having 250GB of empty space recovered when I send the defective disk in for repair? Is there a way to check without mounting the file system and opening the files, hoping they contain something other than zeros? (comparing addresses of used data blocks inside ext4 to address ranges that were on the missing pv, something like that, preferably easy to automate) I know bitwise-copying the entire lv into an image file before trying to repair the ext4 would probably be a good idea, but since this lv is very large and I just suffered major file system failure on several systems it is probably a luxury I don't have... Any suggestions?

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• Why does Process Explorer cause highly targeted failure of some applications / basic UI functions in a high-power EC2 Windows instance?

  - by Dan Nissenbaum

  Update: I have determined that Process Explorer itself - the program I am using to debug a performance issue - seems to be the cause of the issue. See note, with updated question, at end. I am running a high-power (cc2.8xlarge) Amazon AWS EC2 Windows instance off of a boot EBS volume, provisioned at 2500 PIOPS, which was created from a snapshot of a previous boot volume. My purpose with the instance is to use it as a development workstation with many developer tools installed, such as Visual Studio, a local XAMPP stack, etc. I have upwards of 40 programs installed on the machine. The usability of the instance as a development machine often works quite well. The RDP lag is adequately small. I have used it for hours on end without problems for some of my most intense development tasks. As a result, I have just purchased a reserved instance, and I opted to rebuild my development machine starting from scratch with a Windows Server 2012 AMI. After having installed all of my desired/required applications for development over this past week, again the machine seems to often work well and I have worked for up to an hour at a time without problems doing heavy development work. However, I continue to run into catastrophic OS usability issues that may prevent me from being able to rely on this machine as a development machine. I would like to track down the source of the problem, if there is an easily identifiable source. (Update: I have tracked down the source to be Process Explorer, the very program I was using to debug the problem. See update at end.) The issues are as follows. (These are some primary examples) Some applications, after a period of adequate responsiveness, suddenly begin to respond very, very slowly to basic user interface actions such as clicking on menus and pressing Ctrl-Tab to switch between open documents. Two examples are UltraEdit and PhpEd. It typically takes ~2 seconds for a menu to appear, and ~4 seconds to switch between open documents. Additionally, insertion point motion in the editor is lagged by upwards of ~2 seconds. Process Explorer, which I am using to help debug the problem, seems to run acceptably for a couple of minutes, but on multiple occasions Process Explorer itself hangs completely. It hangs at the same time as the problems noted above. When it hangs, it is 100% unresponsive. Clicking on its taskbar icon neither causes it to come to the top or go behind, and its viewable area is filled with nothing but a region partially containing pure white and partially containing incomplete windows widgets that are unreadable, and that never change. Waiting 10 minutes does not clear the problem. Attempting to force-quit Process Explorer by right-clicking on its taskbar icon and choosing "Close Window" takes about 5 full minutes to exit (Process Explorer itself can't be used to exit Process Explorer, and it is registered as a Task Manager substitute). Other programs work just fine during this time. For example, Chrome tabs flip very quickly back and forth, menus pop open instantly, web pages load quickly, and typing in forms/web applications inside the browser works promptly. Another example of an application that works crisply is Filemaker - its menus open instantly, and switching views in this application occurs promptly. Other applications also work without issue. Also, switching between applications occurs promptly as well. It is only a handful of applications that exhibit the problem, with some primary examples given above. At first I thought that EBS IOPS might be a problem. Therefore, I ran Performance Monitor, and watched the "Disk Transfers/sec" monitor in real time. At no point did this measure come anywhere close to hitting the 2500 PIOPS provisioned for the EBS volume. The RAM was also well under the limit (~10 GB used out of 60 GB). I did notice that one CPU core (out of 32 logical cores) was fully thrashing at 100% (i.e., ~3.1%) during the problematic periods. This seems to indicate that a single CPU core is handling the menus / flipping between open documents (for some applications only) / managing the Process Explorer user interface, and that this single core was hosed for some reason during the problematic periods. Also note that I have a desktop workstation (Windows 7) that I also use as a development machine, via a remote connection, with a nearly identical set of programs installed, and this desktop workstation does not exhibit any of the problems I've discussed above. I have been using it heavily for well over a year now. Any suggestions regarding either the source of the problem, or steps I might take to investigate the source of the problem, would be appreciated. Thanks. Note: After extensive testing & investigation, I have noticed that when I quit Process Explorer, the problem vanishes and the system performance returns to normal, and then reappears quickly when I run Process Explorer again (note: again, the performance problems only appear for a subset of applications - other applications work perfectly fine during the same period). My question is therefore (thankfully) more specific: Why does Process Explorer cause highly targeted failure of some applications (including itself) and basic UI functions, in a high-power EC2 Windows instance?

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• Windows XP long login (15 minutes +)

  - by Emily Pinkerton

  I'm having a lot of issues with our Windows XP SP3 machines (about 5, but every week another gets on the bandwagon of this issue). They take forever (15 minutes) to apply the user settings once our employee's enter their username and password to login to our domain. It only happens say if a user has reboot the machine and then when they go to log back in then it hangs forever. Reboot and restart are the key words for sure I've noticed with this issue. Here are things I have tested: •Made sure the DNS was set to point to our two servers (Server01 & Server02 are DNS Domain Controllers, 01 is primary and 02 backup). •No major changes have been applied to our network. •All profiles are local, so I have deleted out local profiles that aren't being used on those machines that run slow. •Also I have tried to enable and disable the Enable Fast Login under the local machines GP. It was not configured originally and when I tested both, it made the computer hang on "applying computer settings" for about 15 minutes. When it finally came up to the login screen the it was very quick to login to the domain. However this doesn't fix my issue, and even more frustrating upon setting it back to being not configured it now still takes for forever to apply computer settings. •I enabled the userenv log and here is what I see, but my experience is limited and I'm not sure how to read it exactly. (see below for log, this isn't the whole thing because it's really long) USERENV(2ec.2f0) 10:50:41:843 LoadUserProfile: LoadUserProfileP succeeded USERENV(2ec.2f0) 10:50:41:843 LoadUserProfile: Returning success. Final Information follows: USERENV(2ec.2f0) 10:50:41:843 lpProfileInfo-UserName = USERENV(2ec.2f0) 10:50:41:843 lpProfileInfo-lpProfilePath = < USERENV(2ec.2f0) 10:50:41:843 lpProfileInfo-dwFlags = 0x0 USERENV(2ec.2f0) 10:50:41:843 LoadUserProfile: Returning TRUE. hProfile = <0x818 USERENV(2ec.2f0) 10:50:41:984 IsSyncForegroundPolicyRefresh: Synchronous, Reason:NonCachedCredentials USERENV(2ec.248) 10:50:41:984 IsSyncForegroundPolicyRefresh: Synchronous, Reason:NonCachedCredentials USERENV(3c4.3dc) 10:51:26:166 LibMain: Process Name: C:\WINDOWS\system\wbem\wmiprvse.exe USERENV(2ec.5cc) 11:05:08:741 ProcessGPOs: network name is 192.168.49.0 USERENV(4a8.888) 11:05:08:804 GetProfileType: Profile already loaded. USERENV(4a8.888) 11:05:08:804 LoadProfileInfo: Failed to query central profile with error 2 USERENV(4a8.888) 11:05:08:804 GetProfileType: ProfileFlags is 0 Also this error is in the file quite a lot: USERENV(328.5bc) 11:05:29:733 GetUserDNSDomainName: Failed to impersonate user USERENV(328.834) 11:05:29:733 ImpersonateUser: Failed to impersonate user with 5. I'm really not sure what else to do with my limited experience, but I'm hoping someone can help me. I feel like I'm dealing with an issue way above my level and any knowledge I can gain out of getting this issue fixed would be amazing.

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• Downloading Python 2.5.4 (from official website) in order to install it

  - by brilliant

  I was quite hesitant about whether I should post this question here on "StackOverflow" or on "SuperUser", but finally decided to post it here as Python is more a programming language rather than a piece of software. I've been recently using Python 2.5.4 that is installed on my computer, but at the moment I am not at home (and won't be for about two weeks from now), so I need to install the same version of Python on another computer. This computer has Windows XP installed – just like the one that I have at home. The reason why I need Python 2.5.4 is because I am using “Google App Engine”, and I was told that it only supports Python 2.5 However, when I went to the official Python page for the download, I discovered that certain things have changed, and I don’t quite remember where exactly from that site I had downloaded Python 2.5.4 on my computer at home. I found this page: http://www.python.org/download/releases/2.5.4/ Here is how it looks: (If you can’t see it here, please check it out at this address: http://brad.cwahi.net/some_pictures/python_page.jpg ) A few things here are not clear to me. It says: For x86 processors: python-2.5.4.msi For Win64-Itanium users: python-2.5.4.ia64.msi For Win64-AMD64 users: python-2.5.4.amd64.msi First of all, I don’t know what processor I am using – whether mine is “x86” or not; and also, I don’t know whether I am an “Win64-Itanium” or an “Win64-AMD64” user. Are Itanium and AMD64 also processors? Later it says: Windows XP and later already have MSI; many older machines will already have MSI installed. I guess, it is my case, but then I am totally puzzled as to which link I should click as it seems now that I don’t need those three previous links (as MSI is already installed on Windows XP), but there is no fourth link provided for those who use “Windows XP” or older machines. Of course, there are these words after that: Windows users may also be interested in Mark Hammond's win32all package, available from Sourceforge. but it seems to me that it is something additional rather than the main file. So, my question is simple: Where in the official Python website I can download Python 2.5.4, precisely, which link I should click?

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• Windows XP machine not seeing external FAT32 partitions correctly

  - by Rob_before_edits

  About 8 months ago my Windows XP machine stopped being able to see FAT32 external drives when I plug them in... mostly. I will explain... It happens with all my FAT32 drives, whether they be unpowered external hard drives, powered external hard drives, SDHC cards plugged directly into the machine's card reader, or SDHC cards plugged in via a separate USB card reader. All of these drives/cards used to work fine on this machine. They all stopped working at about the same time. NTFS volumes are not affected. If I plug in NTFS external drives they are recognized right away. I even have one external drive with two partitions on it, one is NTFS which is recognized, the other is FAT32, which is not recognized. If I attach a FAT32 drive, then reboot, then the drive almost always becomes visible to the machine after the reboot. Sometimes I can plug in a FAT32 drive and it works right away. Not often though. I'd say I get lucky more often with SDHC cards than hard drives. I'm developing a theory that I only get lucky with hard drives if I'm running Acronis Disk Director when I plug them in, though that usually doesn't work either - I need more data here, this may be a red herring. Getting lucky with a hard drive is really rare, usually I have to reboot. When a FAT32 is recognized, either because I got lucky or because I rebooted, I can almost never safely disconnect it. It tells me "The device 'Generic volume' cannot be stopped right now. Try stopping the device again later". I can't seem to get around this. IIRC, I've tried closing every open window, and still no luck. Since I care about my data usually the only way to disconnect a FAT32 drive is to shut down the machine. As you can imagine, two reboots just to read a drive is getting pretty old... When the machine fails to see a FAT32 drive it usually comes up with the appropriate drive letter and the words "Local Disk" in Windows Explorer instead of the correct partition name. If I click on it I get "J:\ is not accessible. The parameter is incorrect." Before this problem arose I always clicked the "safely remove" button for everything, including SDHC cards where I think it's not necessary. I've known for a long time that this is the correct procedure for hard drives, so I don't think failing to do this was the cause of this problem (before someone asks :) Any answers or suggestions most welcome.

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• Recover RAID 5 data after created new array instead of re-using

  - by Brigadieren

  Folks please help - I am a newb with a major headache at hand (perfect storm situation). I have a 3 1tb hdd on my ubuntu 11.04 configured as software raid 5. The data had been copied weekly onto another separate off the computer hard drive until that completely failed and was thrown away. A few days back we had a power outage and after rebooting my box wouldn't mount the raid. In my infinite wisdom I entered mdadm --create -f... command instead of mdadm --assemble and didn't notice the travesty that I had done until after. It started the array degraded and proceeded with building and syncing it which took ~10 hours. After I was back I saw that that the array is successfully up and running but the raid is not I mean the individual drives are partitioned (partition type f8 ) but the md0 device is not. Realizing in horror what I have done I am trying to find some solutions. I just pray that --create didn't overwrite entire content of the hard driver. Could someone PLEASE help me out with this - the data that's on the drive is very important and unique ~10 years of photos, docs, etc. Is it possible that by specifying the participating hard drives in wrong order can make mdadm overwrite them? when I do mdadm --examine --scan I get something like ARRAY /dev/md/0 metadata=1.2 UUID=f1b4084a:720b5712:6d03b9e9:43afe51b name=<hostname>:0 Interestingly enough name used to be 'raid' and not the host hame with :0 appended. Here is the 'sanitized' config entries: DEVICE /dev/sdf1 /dev/sde1 /dev/sdd1 CREATE owner=root group=disk mode=0660 auto=yes HOMEHOST <system> MAILADDR root ARRAY /dev/md0 metadata=1.2 name=tanserv:0 UUID=f1b4084a:720b5712:6d03b9e9:43afe51b Here is the output from mdstat cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10] md0 : active raid5 sdd1[0] sdf1[3] sde1[1] 1953517568 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 512k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU] unused devices: <none> fdisk shows the following: fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000bf62e Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 9443 75846656 83 Linux /dev/sda2 9443 9730 2301953 5 Extended /dev/sda5 9443 9730 2301952 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sdb: 750.2 GB, 750156374016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 91201 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000de8dd Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 91201 732572001 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/sdc: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00056a17 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 1 60801 488384001 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/sdd: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000ca948 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdd1 1 121601 976760001 fd Linux raid autodetect Disk /dev/dm-0: 1250.3 GB, 1250254913536 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 152001 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/dm-0 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/sde: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x93a66687 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sde1 1 121601 976760001 fd Linux raid autodetect Disk /dev/sdf: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xe6edc059 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdf1 1 121601 976760001 fd Linux raid autodetect Disk /dev/md0: 2000.4 GB, 2000401989632 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 488379392 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8 * 512 = 4096 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 524288 bytes / 1048576 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md0 doesn't contain a valid partition table Per suggestions I did clean up the superblocks and re-created the array with --assume-clean option but with no luck at all. Is there any tool that will help me to revive at least some of the data? Can someone tell me what and how the mdadm --create does when syncs to destroy the data so I can write a tool to un-do whatever was done? After the re-creating of the raid I run fsck.ext4 /dev/md0 and here is the output root@tanserv:/etc/mdadm# fsck.ext4 /dev/md0 e2fsck 1.41.14 (22-Dec-2010) fsck.ext4: Superblock invalid, trying backup blocks... fsck.ext4: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/md0 The superblock could not be read or does not describe a correct ext2 filesystem. If the device is valid and it really contains an ext2 filesystem (and not swap or ufs or something else), then the superblock is corrupt, and you might try running e2fsck with an alternate superblock: e2fsck -b 8193 Per Shanes' suggestion I tried root@tanserv:/home/mushegh# mkfs.ext4 -n /dev/md0 mke2fs 1.41.14 (22-Dec-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=128 blocks, Stripe width=256 blocks 122101760 inodes, 488379392 blocks 24418969 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=0 14905 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968, 102400000, 214990848 and run fsck.ext4 with every backup block but all returned the following: root@tanserv:/home/mushegh# fsck.ext4 -b 214990848 /dev/md0 e2fsck 1.41.14 (22-Dec-2010) fsck.ext4: Invalid argument while trying to open /dev/md0 The superblock could not be read or does not describe a correct ext2 filesystem. If the device is valid and it really contains an ext2 filesystem (and not swap or ufs or something else), then the superblock is corrupt, and you might try running e2fsck with an alternate superblock: e2fsck -b 8193 <device> Any suggestions? Regards!

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• networking tunnel adapter connections?

  - by Karthik Balaguru

  I understand that Tunnel Adapter LAN is for encapsulating IPv6 packets with an IPv4 header so that they can be sent across an IPv4 network. Few queries popped up in my mind based on this :- If i do 'ipconfig', Apart from ethernet adapter LAN details, I get a series of statments as below - Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 6 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 7 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 12 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 13 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 14 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 15 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 16 Except for the *16, all the other Tunnel Adapter Local Area Connections show Media Disconnected. Why is the numbering for the Tunnel adapter LAN not sequential? It is like 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. A strange numbering scheme! I tried to figure it out by thinking of some arithmetic series. But, it does not seem to fit in. There is a huge gap between 7 and 12. Any ideas? What is the need for so many Tunnel Adapter LAN connections? Can you tell me a scenario that requires all of those ? I did ipconfig /all to get more information. From the listing, I understand that: 16, 15, 14, 12 are Microsoft 6to4 Adapters 13, 6 are isatap Adapters 7 is Teredo Tunneling Pseudo-interface I understand that the above are for automatic tunneling so that the tunnel endpoints are determined automatically by the routing infrastructure. 6to4 is recommended by RFC3056 for automatic tunneling that uses protocol 41 for encapsulation. It is typically used when an end-user wants to connect to the IPv6 Internet using their existing IPv4 connection. Teredo is an automatic tunneling technique that uses UDP encapsulation across multiple NATs. That is, It is to grant IPv6 connectivity to nodes that are located behind IPv6-unaware NAT devices ISATAP treats the IPv4 network as a virtual IPv6 local link, with mappings from each IPv4 address to a link-local IPv6 address. That is to transmit IPv6 packets between dual-stack nodes on top of an IPv4 network. That is, to put in simple words, ISATAP is an intra-site mechanism, while the 6to4 and Teredo are for inter-site tunnelling mechanisms. It seems that Teredo should alone enabled by default in Vista, But my system does not show it to be enabled by default. Interestingly, it shows a 6to4 tunnel adapter (Tunnel adapter LAN connection 16) to be enabled by default? Any specific reasons for it? If i do ipconfig /all, why is only one Teredo present while four 6to4 are present ? I searched the internet for answers to the above queries, but I am unable to find clear answers.

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• Creating a USB stick for installing centos 6.x using DVD1 and DVD2 iso files

  - by user250563

  First, we create 2 partitions on the USB stick that is let's say 16GB. first partition is let's say only 1GB and the second partition is the rest of what is available. after we "w" write the changes, the USB now has 2 partitions. 1 is 1GB 1 is more than 14GB so , we have... sdb1 and sdb2 now. now we need to turn these partitions into filesystems some say i should run these commands after those procedures. mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sdb1 mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb2 but some web pages recommend using: mkfs.vfat -n BOOT /dev/sdb1 mkfs.ext2 -m 0 -b 4096 -L DATA /dev/sdb2 which is it? so let's say the DVDs are called: CentOS-6.4-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso CentOS-6.4-x86_64-bin-DVD2.iso so we make a directory: mkdir -p /mnt/dvd1 and then mount it: mount -o loop CentOS-6.4-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso /mnt/dvd1 and i suppose we don't make a directory for dvd2 and we don't have to mount it ? at this point i do not know what should be done. but i think this step might be next: we make the USB bootable by finding the file named mbr.bin and then moving it to there via these commnad. dd conv=notrunc bs=440 count=1 if=/usr/lib/syslinux/mbr.bin of=/dev/sdb parted /dev/sdb set 1 boot on in other words we are "dd-ing it to 'sdb' not sdb1' or 'sdb2'. and then we use parted to set the boot to on for sdb so far everything looks good? here is the confusing parts.. how exactly do i move these iso files to the usb drive? EVERYTHING BELOW IS A GUESS. so at this point i should copy the folder /mnt/dvd1/isolinux to usb's sdb1 or sdb2 ? rename it to syslinux ? and then inside this syslinux folder there will be a file called... isolinux.cfg ? which should be renamed to syslinux.cfg ? and then copy the contents of /mnt/dvd1/images/* to USB's sdb2 ? but i think i am also suppose to copy and paste the both CentOS-6.4-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso CentOS-6.4-x86_64-bin-DVD2.iso somewhere into this USB's sdb2 partition, correct ? almost like a drag and drop kind of a thing? or do they go into any folders ? centos' own web site has some instructions but those instructions do not work. http://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/InstallFromUSBkey i once got this working but things got ruined, i have to do it again and this time take notes.

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• How to set up port forwarding and firewall settings for torrents using Transmsission on Mac OSX 10.5

  - by Liz

  I have picked up bits of advice here and there on the internet and got someway through this tortuous exercise (after it took 18 hours to download the first torrent I tried yesterday - magnet-link for a film). Where I have got stuck is with configuring the firewall on the Netgear Router but I am not sure if I have caused the problem myself by something else I have done configuring the Mac System Preferences for Security or Networking. I have been following the sections of these instructions that seem to apply, although they are written for a different OSX version (don't know which one, but the screen shots do not match what I see) and I am not wanting to set up my Mac as a server and attending to the parts that apply to port forwarding for Netgear rather than LinkSys: http://homepage.mac.com/car1son/static_port_fwd_intro.html I have been trying to follow these instructions: Instructions for DG834, DG834G, DG824M, FR114W, FM114P, FR114P, FR328S, FVL328, FVS328, FVS338, FVX538, FWAG114, FWG114P, or FVS318v3 These routers do port forwarding by assigning port numbers to a "service" associated with the application you want to run. "Rules" are set for particular services. Rules block or allow access, based on various conditions such as the time of day and the name of the service. To Create a New Inbound or Outbound Rule 1. Submit the router's address in an Internet browser. (The default is 192.168.0.1). 2. Enter the router's username and password. 3. From the main menu, click Security > Rules. 4. Click Add for inbound or outbound traffic, as appropriate to the application you are planning to run. 5. Select the Service. The services the router knows about are listed in the drop down. If the service you want is not listed, add it as described in the next section. 6. Select the Action, for example ALLOW always. 7. For Send to LAN Server, enter the IP address of the local server. Note that this is also the IP address the computers on your LAN will access. 8. For WAN User choose Any, or limit access to particular IP addresses. 9. For Log selection it is reasonable to turn logs on, especially at the beginning when you are unsure of the result of the changes you are making. Later, you may want to set logs to "Never" for performance reasons. 10. Click Apply. As noted in user manual for some models: * Consider using the Dynamic DNS feature on the Advanced menu, so that external users can find your network when the DHCP lease is renewed by your ISP. * If your own LAN server uses DHCP, and your IPs change on rebooting, consider using the Reserved IP Address feature in the LAN IP menu. To Add a Service for These Routers 1. Click Security > Services > Add Custom Service. 2. Enter any name you choose for the service. 3. Select whether the service is to use TCP or UDP. If you are unsure, select both. 4. Enter the lowest port number used by the service. 5. Enter the highest port number used. If the service uses only one port number, enter the same number. 6. Click Apply. There is no "Security - Rules" submenu in the Netgear page, so I have been trying to access "Security - Firewall Rules". I can access everthing else in the Netgear settings as Admin but I cannot get the "Firewall Rules" section to open up. (I am not 100% sure I will know exactly what to do if and when I do get it opened up!) I haven't managed to find though searching the internet any instructions that would seem to apply specifically to what I am trying to achieve, so would be very grateful if someone could either point me in the right direction or give me some advice directly. Best wishes, Liz

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• networking tunnel adapter connections?

  - by Karthik Balaguru

  I understand that Tunnel Adapter LAN is for encapsulating IPv6 packets with an IPv4 header so that they can be sent across an IPv4 network. Few queries popped up in my mind based on this :- If i do 'ipconfig', Apart from ethernet adapter LAN details, I get a series of statments as below - Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 6 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 7 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 12 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 13 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 14 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 15 Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 16 Except for the *16, all the other Tunnel Adapter Local Area Connections show Media Disconnected. Why is the numbering for the Tunnel adapter LAN not sequential? It is like 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. A strange numbering scheme! I tried to figure it out by thinking of some arithmetic series. But, it does not seem to fit in. There is a huge gap between 7 and 12. Any ideas? What is the need for so many Tunnel Adapter LAN connections? Can you tell me a scenario that requires all of those ? I did ipconfig /all to get more information. From the listing, I understand that: 16, 15, 14, 12 are Microsoft 6to4 Adapters 13, 6 are isatap Adapters 7 is Teredo Tunneling Pseudo-interface I understand that the above are for automatic tunneling so that the tunnel endpoints are determined automatically by the routing infrastructure. 6to4 is recommended by RFC3056 for automatic tunneling that uses protocol 41 for encapsulation. It is typically used when an end-user wants to connect to the IPv6 Internet using their existing IPv4 connection. Teredo is an automatic tunneling technique that uses UDP encapsulation across multiple NATs. That is, It is to grant IPv6 connectivity to nodes that are located behind IPv6-unaware NAT devices ISATAP treats the IPv4 network as a virtual IPv6 local link, with mappings from each IPv4 address to a link-local IPv6 address. That is to transmit IPv6 packets between dual-stack nodes on top of an IPv4 network. That is, to put in simple words, ISATAP is an intra-site mechanism, while the 6to4 and Teredo are for inter-site tunnelling mechanisms. It seems that Teredo should alone enabled by default in Vista, But my system does not show it to be enabled by default. Interestingly, it shows a 6to4 tunnel adapter (Tunnel adapter LAN connection 16) to be enabled by default? Any specific reasons for it? If i do ipconfig /all, why is only one Teredo present while four 6to4 are present ? I searched the internet for answers to the above queries, but I am unable to find clear answers.

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• adress-chunk: separate data stored in one collumn - into three (street, postal-code, town)

  - by zero

  hello dear community. Hello dear friends form all over the planet first of all - this is a great great forum. I like this place to share the ideas. It is so great to see such a supportive place - featuring the knowledge exchange! today i have the following thing to discuss: i want to separate the following data that are stored in one column of a calc-spreadsheet: See the following data: You see that there are the following categories:_ steet, postal-code, town All the data are stored in only one Colum; Well to be honest: i want to separate them into three colums steet, postal-code, town see the data: what can i do? note - you see that there are commas inbetween the enties: and besides this we see that we have a postal-code with four digits: that is a good thing. Perhaps we can use this as a marker that helps us to separate the data?! Perhaps See a data-sample! Here you can see some exceptions: eg. the town that has two words combinde with a "-" ... or somethims without any signs and characters... see the following... as an example: Max-Bader-Platz 1, 5620 Schwarzach im Pongau Pestalozzistraße 4, 9990 Nussdorf-Debant Schulstraße 4, 5162 Obertrum am See But i guess that this means no problem... What do you think about this? I am very very interested to get your opinion! i look forward to hear from you! regards see a snipped of the dataset - that is stored in one column -[b]Goal: [/b]i want to separate the datas into three collumns... : Schulweg 6, 9871 Seeboden Khevenhüllerstraße 45, 4861 Schörfling Franz Xaver Rennstr.18, 6460 Imst Schulstraße 4, 5162 Obertrum am See Schulweg 6, 7432 Oberschützen Pestalozzistraße 4, 9990 Nussdorf-Debant Niederndorf bei Kufstein 53c, 6342 Niederndorf bei Kufstein Hauptschulstraße 18, 2183 Neusiedl an der Zaya Seeweg 14, 5202 Neumarkt am Wallersee Europaplatz 1, 8820 Neumarkt in Steiermark Schulstraße 7, 4212 Neumarkt im Mühlkreis Schulstraße 20, 4720 Neumarkt im Hausruckkreis Bahnhofstr. 10, 4872 Neukirchen an der Vöckla Schulstraße 5b, 4780 Schärding Reitbergstraße 2, 4311 Schwertberg Europaplatz 1, 2320 Schwechat Am Schulberg 5, 3931 Schweiggers Waidach 8, 6130 Schwaz Waidach 8, 6130 Schwaz Max-Bader-Platz 1, 5620 Schwarzach im Pongau Markt 29, 2662 Schwarzau im Gebirge Hofsteigstraße 68, 6858 Schwarzach Gmundner Straße 7, 4690 Schwanenstadt Mühlfeldstraße 1, 4690 Schwanenstadt Mainsdorferstraße 18, 8541 Schwanberg Jakob Stemer-Weg 3, 6780 Schruns Obere Umfahrungsstraße 16, 2432 Schwadorf bei Wien Battloggstraße 54, 6780 Schruns Schloss-Straße 19, 5020 Salzburg Schillerplatz 2, 8280 Fürstenfeld Erzherzog-Johann-Str. 400, 8970 Schladming Schulgasse 261, 8811 Scheifling i look forward to hear from you!! regards

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• Notepad++: Adding color highlighting for PHP functions?

  - by Jebego

  I've recently begun using Notepad++, and have found a part of its styling functionality that confuses me. I'm currently attempting to color all of PHP's defined functions (such as count(), strlen(), etc.). In the Settings-Style Configurator, you cannot add a new style for such a function list. Instead, I have begun editing the stylers.xml and langs.xml. To add the new coloring, in langs.xml, I've modified the php section to the following: <Language name="php" ext="php php3 phtml" commentLine="//" commentStart="/*" commentEnd="*/"> <Keywords name="instre1">[default keywords]</Keywords> <Keywords name="instre2">[my function list]</Keywords> </Language> The [default keywords] and [my function list] are replaced with wordlists. I've also edited the php section in stylers.xml to look like the following: <LexerType name="php" desc="php" ext=""> <WordsStyle name="QUESTION MARK" styleID="18" fgColor="FF0000" bgColor="FDF8E3" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="DEFAULT" styleID="118" fgColor="000000" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="STRING" styleID="119" fgColor="FF0000" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="STRING VARIABLE" styleID="126" fgColor="FF0000" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="1" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="SIMPLESTRING" styleID="120" fgColor="FF0000" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="WORD" styleID="121" fgColor="008040" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="1" fontSize="" keywordClass="instre1">True False</WordsStyle> <WordsStyle name="NUMBER" styleID="122" fgColor="FF0000" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="VARIABLE" styleID="123" fgColor="0080FF" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="COMMENT" styleID="124" fgColor="FF8040" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="COMMENTLINE" styleID="125" fgColor="FF8040" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="OPERATOR" styleID="127" fgColor="8000FF" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="FUNCTIONS" styleID="128" fgColor="000080" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="1" fontSize="" keywordClass="instre2"></WordsStyle> </LexerType> The changed part is the last "FUNCTIONS" line. When I restart Notepad++ and go into the Settings-Style Configurator section, under the php language, the FUNCTIONS style exists. I can change the style's color, and can see the entire keyword list under 'Default Keywords'. However, it is not changing the coloring of the words in my code. When I edit the WORD style, which contains stuff like 'if', 'and', and 'true', things change accordingly in my code. Any ideas on how to make this work?

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• Lag spikes at full CPU usage, maybe video card

  - by Roberts

  I am posting this thread in hurry so few things may be missed (I will update tomorrow). My PC specs: Motherboard Name - Gigabyte GA-945PL-S3 CPU Type - DualCore Intel Core 2 Duo E4300, 1800 MHz (9 x 200) OS - Microsoft Windows 7 Ultimate OS Kernel Type - 32-bit OS Version - 6.1.7601 I bougth a new video card one month ago. GeForce 210. I didn't have any problems. I wanted to overclock it, in other words: "Play with it". So I installed Gigabyte EasyBoost from CD and overclocked the GPU 590 + 110 mhz, memory to max to 960mhz from 800mhz. Benchmarks showed a little bit bigger score. Then I overclocked shader clock from 1405 to [..] (don't remeber really). So I was playing Modern Warfare 2 when off sudden computer froze when I wanted to select team, I was afk before that. I had to reset CMOS. After that I had problems with Skype: unread messages and no sound. Then I figured it out that when ever I open EasyBoost - Skype starts to glitch again. Now I use EVGA Precission X. Now after a month, I cleaned computer and closed the case, it was open all the time. I started to overclock GPU clock only (just a bit) because there was no problems that would stop me. So sometimes on heavy CPU load graphics starts to lag. Dragging a window is painful to watch too. Sometimes the screen freezes for 5 to 10 seconds (I can see that hard disk activity is maximal). You may say that CPU fault it is, isn't it? But sometimes lag spikes starts randomly when CPU load is at maximum. All 3 benchmark softwares (PerformanceTest, NovaBench and MSI Kombustor) shows that performance of my video card has dropped about 25%. BUT! CPU score is lower too. I ignored these problems but when I refreshed Windows Experience Index I was shocked. Month before (in latvian language but not so hard to understand): Now (upgraded RAM): This happened when I tried to capture Minecraft with Fraps on underclocked GPU to 580mhz (def: 590mhz): All drivers are up to date. Average CPU temperature from 55°C to 75°C (at 70°C sometimes starts these lag spikes). Video card's tempratures are from 45°C to 60°C (very hard to reach 60°C). So my hope is that the video card is fine, cause this card is very new and I want to upgrade CPU anyways. Aplogies for my mistakes in vocabulary (I am trying to type this as fast I can).

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• Active Directory Corrupted In Windows Small Business Server 2011 - Server No Longer Domain Controller

  - by ThinkerIV

  I have a rather bad problem with my Windows SBS 2011. First of all, I'll give the background to what caused the problem. I was setting up a new small business server network. I had my job about finished. The server was working great, all the workstations had joined the domain, and I had all my applications and data moved to the server. I thought I was done. But then it happened. I tried adding one more computer to the domain, and to my dismay the computer name was set to the same name as the server. Apparently when a computer joins a domain with the same name as another machine that is already on the domain, it overrides the first one. For normal workstations, this is not a big deal, you just delete the computer from AD and rejoin the original computer to the domain. However, for a server that is the domain controller it is a whole different story. Since the server got overridden in AD, it is no longer the domain controller. The DNS service is not working and all kinds of other services are failing also. So the question is, what are my options? I am embarrassed to admit it, but since this is a new server one thing I did not have setup yet was backup. So I have no backups to work from. I am worried that things are broken enough that I might need to do a reinstall. However, I already have several days worth of configuration into this server, so I would obviously prefer if there was a fix that would prevent me from needing to do a reinstall. All the server components are there and installed correctly, but they are misconfigured (I think it is basically just Active Directory). So I have the feeling that if I did the right thing I could solve the issue without a reinstall. Is there anyway to rerun the component that installs the initial configuration to "convert" the base windows server 2008 r2 install into a SBS? In other words in the program files folder there is an application called SBSsetup.exe, is there anyway to rerun this and have it reconfigure AD, etc. to work with SBS? Any insight will be greatly appreciated. Thanks.

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• How can I add color highlighting for PHP functions?

  - by Jeff Gortmaker

  I've recently begun using Notepad++, and have found a part of its styling functionality that confuses me. I'm currently attempting to color all of PHP's defined functions (such as count(), strlen(), etc.). In the Settings-Style Configurator, you cannot add a new style for such a function list. Instead, I have begun editing the stylers.xml and langs.xml. To add the new coloring, in langs.xml, I've modified the php section to the following: <Language name="php" ext="php php3 phtml" commentLine="//" commentStart="/*" commentEnd="*/"> <Keywords name="instre1">[default keywords]</Keywords> <Keywords name="instre2">[my function list]</Keywords> </Language> The [default keywords] and [my function list] are replaced with wordlists. I've also edited the php section in stylers.xml to look like the following: <LexerType name="php" desc="php" ext=""> <WordsStyle name="QUESTION MARK" styleID="18" fgColor="FF0000" bgColor="FDF8E3" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="DEFAULT" styleID="118" fgColor="000000" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="STRING" styleID="119" fgColor="FF0000" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="STRING VARIABLE" styleID="126" fgColor="FF0000" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="1" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="SIMPLESTRING" styleID="120" fgColor="FF0000" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="WORD" styleID="121" fgColor="008040" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="1" fontSize="" keywordClass="instre1">True False</WordsStyle> <WordsStyle name="NUMBER" styleID="122" fgColor="FF0000" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="VARIABLE" styleID="123" fgColor="0080FF" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="COMMENT" styleID="124" fgColor="FF8040" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="COMMENTLINE" styleID="125" fgColor="FF8040" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="OPERATOR" styleID="127" fgColor="8000FF" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="0" fontSize="" /> <WordsStyle name="FUNCTIONS" styleID="128" fgColor="000080" bgColor="FEFCF5" fontName="" fontStyle="1" fontSize="" keywordClass="instre2"></WordsStyle> </LexerType> The changed part is the last "FUNCTIONS" line. When I restart Notepad++ and go into the Settings-Style Configurator section, under the php language, the FUNCTIONS style exists. I can change the style's color, and can see the entire keyword list under 'Default Keywords'. However, it is not changing the coloring of the words in my code. When I edit the WORD style, which contains stuff like 'if', 'and', and 'true', things change accordingly in my code. Any ideas on how to make this work?

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• Both nginx and php5-fpm init.d startup scripts are non-functional and returning no errors..? But they used to work perfectly

  - by Ollie Treend

  I have been using nginx and php5-fpm on my Ubuntu box for a while now. Everything has been configured and setup correctly, and it ran like a charm. I have been keeping the packages updated & upgraded as usual, but haven't touched the nginx OR php5-fpm config files at all (thus I'm pretty sure this isn't my fault... ) Basically, I noticed nginx wasn't running as it should be. I ran the command sudo service nginx start, and the script did nothing. The same thing happens when trying to do anything - start, stop, restart or reload. This also happens for the "php5-fpm" init script - although all other init scripts seem to be functioning correctly. When trying to start nginx OR php5-fpm, this is what happens: root@HAL:/etc# service php5-fpm start root@HAL:/etc# I can't understand what is going wrong. The script isn't returning errors, but similarly it isn't starting the daemon or reporting success as usual. For reference, both installations are from the official nginx and php5-fpm PPAs. The fact that both started doing this at the same time has thrown me - since they are both unrelated packages. I have since purged both sets of packages from my system with apt-get purge ... and also apt-get remove --purge ... both of which have successfully removed the packages, their config files, and their init.d startup scripts. After having reinstalled nginx, I now have a functioning startup script again - I can start the web server as usual. However, php5-fpm is still experiencing the strange premature exiting of the startup script.. and I really can't figure out what's causing it. I have no idea what caused this to occur initially, but have managed to fix nginx. I now need to fix the php5-fpm startup script. If anybody could shed some light on this situation, I would be very grateful! The chances are both these issues are related - and they were caused by me doing something stupid. But now I need to fix it. This time I was lucky - because these problems are just on my development server. But I have 2 other live servers which are configured in a similar way, and I am worried the same thing will happen to these two as well! Has anybody else come across this? Do you have any words of advice? Thank you

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• What the best way to achieve RPO of zero and lowest possible RTO (less than 15 minutes) with SQL 2008 R2?

  - by Adrian Hope-Bailie

  We are running a payments (EFT transaction processing) application which is processing high volumes of transactions 24/7 and are currently investigating a better way of doing DB replication to our disaster recovery site. Our current and previous strategies have included using both DoubleTake and Redgate to replicate data to a warm stand-by. DoubleTake is the supported solution from the payments software vendor however their (DoubleTake's) support in South Africa is very poor. We had a few issues and simply couldn't ever resolve them so we had to give up on DoubleTake. We have been using Redgate to manually read the data from the primary site (via queries) and write to the DR site but this is: A bad solution Getting the software vendor hot and bothered whenever we have support issues as it has a tendency to interfere with the payment application which is very DB intensive. We recently upgraded the whole system to run on SQL 2008 R2 Enterprise which means we should probably be looking at using some of the built-in replication features. The server has 2 fairly large databases with a mixture of tables containing highly volatile transactional data and pretty static configuration data. Replication would be done over a WAN link to a separate physical site and needs to achieve the following objectives. RPO: Zero loss - This is transactional data with financial impact so we can't lose anything. RTO: Tending to zero - The business depends on our ability to process transactions every minute we are down we are losing money I have looked at a few of the other questions/answers but none meet our case exactly: SQL Server 2008 failover strategy - Log shipping or replication? How to achieve the following RTO & RPO with logshipping only using SQL Server? What is the best of two approaches to achieve DB Replication? My current thinking is that we should use mirroring but I am concerned that for RPO:0 we will need to do delayed commits and this could impact the performance of the primary DB which is not an option. Our current DR process is to: Stop incoming traffic to the primary site and allow all in-flight transaction to complete. Allow the replication to DR to complete. Change network routing to route to DR site. Start all applications and services on the secondary site (Ideally we can change this to a warmer stand-by whereby the applications are already running but not processing any transactions). In other words the DR database needs to, as quickly as possible, catch up with primary and be ready for processing as the new primary. We would then need to be able to reverse this when we are ready to switch back. Is there a better option than mirroring (should we be doing log-shipping too) and can anyone suggest other considerations that we should keep in mind?

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• How to tune system settings for mongoDB on Linux?

  - by jsh

  Trying to squeeze a lot out of one question here -- please bear with me. Although the MongoDB man pages make several useful recommendations about system settings like ulimit (http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/reference/ulimit/), and other production factors (http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/administration/production-notes/) they seem mysteriously silent on things like virtual memory and swap settings. The closest we get to a hint is that "...the operating system’s virtual memory subsystem manages MongoDB’s memory..." (http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/faq/fundamentals/#does-mongodb-require-a-lot-of-ram). Running the same job - high writes and high reads on about 10,000,000 records in a single collection -- on my 4-processor, 4GB RAM macbook and an 8-core ubuntu box with 64GB RAM I saw dramatically WORSE read performance on the linux box with factory settings, and could hear the disk constantly spinning, indicating high I/O and presumably swapping. Yes, other things were happening on the box, but there was plenty of free RAM, disk space, etc.; furthermore, I did not see evidence that Mongo was expanding to take advantage of all that free RAM as it is touted to do. Linux box default settings were as follows: vm.swappiness =60 vm.dirty_background_ratio = 10 vm.dirty_ratio = 20 vm.dirty_expire_centisecs =3000 vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs=500 I hazarded some guesses looking at docs and blogs for other types of databases (Oracle, MYSQL, etc.), experimented, and adjusted as below. vm.swappiness=10 vm.dirty_background_ratio=5 vm.dirty_ratio=5 vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs=250 vm.dirty_expire_centisecs=500 I saw some immediate apparent improvements in read time. However, when I ran my test jobs again, read performance continued to be painfully sluggish during heavy writes. Then, I REBUILT the collection from an available data source - and suddenly I can read at 1ms or less per record WHILE doing the write job! So the question is really two-fold: 1) What are appropriate VM settings for MongoDB on Linux? 2) (bonus) Does Mongo do some checking or optimization with the OS while data is being built? In other words, if I have built a large data set with suboptimal VM or I/O settings, does Mongo make assumptions during the memory-mapping process that will fail to take advantage of optimizations down the road? Obviously I don't fully grok memory mapping under the hood (I was hoping I wouldn't have to). Any help appreciated...thanks! -j

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• One user sometimes gets an unknown certificate error opening Outlook

  - by Chris

  Let me clarify a little. This isn't an unknown certificate error it's an unknown certificate error in so much as I can't figure out where the certificate comes from. This happens on a Win 7 Enterprise machine connecting to Exchange 2010 with Outlook 2010. The error he gets is that the root is not trusted because it's a self-signed cert. Take a look at this screenshot because even if I had generated this myself I wouldn't have put "SomeOrganizationalUnit" or "SomeCity" or "SomeState", etc. (Red block covers our domain name.) I'm a little concerned this is a symptom of a security breach. Exchange 2010 has three certificates installed but none of them are this certificate. They all have different expiration dates (one is expired) and different meta-data. edit: There are two scenarios that I see the certificate warning and one of them I can reliably repeat. When the user leaves his computer on over night Outlook pops the Security Warning window. I don't know what time this happens. Using Outlook Anywhere if I connect to Exchange externally via a cellular USB modem the Security Warning window will appear every time I close and reopen Outlook. Whether I say Yes or No does not make a difference on whether or not I can connect to Exchange and send/receive email. In other words, I can always connect to Exchange. I've checked my two Exchange servers and my Cisco router for a certificate that matches this one and I can't find it. edit 2: Here is a screenshot of the Security Alert window. (I've been calling it Security Warning... My mistake.) edit 3: I stopped seeing this error several weeks ago but I can't tie it to any single event (because I just sort of realized that warning had stopped showing up) but I think I found the source of the certificate. Last week I found out that the certificate on our website DomainA.com was invalid. I knew that our web admin had installed a valid certificate so when I look into the problem I found out I was being presented with the invalid certificate that this posting is in regards to. The Exchange server's domain is mail.DomainA.com so I can only guess that Outlook was passing this invalid certificate through as it did some kind of check on DomainA.com. This issue is still a mystery because the certificate warning stopped appearing several weeks ago whereas the invalid certificate issue on the website was only fixed last week. It ended up being a problem with the website control panel. The valid certificate was installed but not being served for some reason and instead the self-signed cert was being served.

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• Page allocation failures on iSCSI storage

  - by Dave

  We have a CentOS 6.3 iscsi server (16GB RAM) running on Infiniband bus (ipoib). When the load is high I can see multiple errors: Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: tgtd: page allocation failure. order:2, mode:0x20 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Pid: 3637, comm: tgtd Not tainted 2.6.32 #1 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Call Trace: Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x77f/0x940 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? kmem_getpages+0x62/0x170 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? fallback_alloc+0x1ba/0x270 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? cache_grow+0x2cf/0x320 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? ____cache_alloc_node+0x99/0x160 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? pskb_expand_head+0x64/0x270 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? __kmalloc+0x189/0x220 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? pskb_expand_head+0x64/0x270 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? __pskb_pull_tail+0x2aa/0x360 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? tcp_init_tso_segs+0x37/0x50 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? dev_queue_xmit+0x4bb/0x6f0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? neigh_connected_output+0xbd/0x100 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? ip_finish_output+0x237/0x310 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? ip_output+0xb8/0xc0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? __ip_local_out+0x9f/0xb0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? ip_local_out+0x25/0x30 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? ip_queue_xmit+0x190/0x420 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? sock_aio_write+0x167/0x180 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? tcp_transmit_skb+0x3fe/0x7b0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? tcp_write_xmit+0x1fb/0xa20 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? __tcp_push_pending_frames+0x30/0xe0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? tcp_push_pending_frames+0x33/0x40 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? do_tcp_setsockopt+0x3d6/0x480 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? tcp_setsockopt+0x2a/0x30 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? sock_common_setsockopt+0x14/0x20 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? sys_setsockopt+0x7f/0xe0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: [] ? system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Mem-Info: Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 DMA per-cpu: Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 0: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 1: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 2: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 3: hi: 0, btch: 1 usd: 0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 DMA32 per-cpu: Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 0: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 183 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 1: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 23 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 2: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 183 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 3: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 181 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 Normal per-cpu: Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 0: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 171 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 1: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 29 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 2: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 32 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: CPU 3: hi: 186, btch: 31 usd: 32 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: active_anon:1875 inactive_anon:2473 isolated_anon:0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: active_file:1243637 inactive_file:2505055 isolated_file:0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: unevictable:0 dirty:268338 writeback:0 unstable:0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: free:86050 slab_reclaimable:132377 slab_unreclaimable:23744 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: mapped:1293 shmem:222 pagetables:720 bounce:0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 DMA free:15732kB min:124kB low:152kB high:184kB active_anon:0kB inactive_anon:0kB active_file:0kB inactive_file:0kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:15332kB mlocked:0kB dirty:0kB writeback:0kB mapped:0kB shmem:0kB slab_reclaimable:0kB slab_unreclaimable:0kB kernel_stack:0kB pagetables:0kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? yes Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 2172 16060 16060 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 DMA32 free:107544kB min:18268kB low:22832kB high:27400kB active_anon:468kB inactive_anon:2364kB active_file:566208kB inactive_file:976112kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:2224900kB mlocked:0kB dirty:96816kB writeback:0kB mapped:908kB shmem:12kB slab_reclaimable:176940kB slab_unreclaimable:968kB kernel_stack:64kB pagetables:192kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 13887 13887 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 Normal free:220924kB min:116772kB low:145964kB high:175156kB active_anon:7032kB inactive_anon:7528kB active_file:4408340kB inactive_file:9044108kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:14220800kB mlocked:0kB dirty:976536kB writeback:0kB mapped:4264kB shmem:876kB slab_reclaimable:352568kB slab_unreclaimable:94008kB kernel_stack:2048kB pagetables:2688kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 DMA: 1*4kB 0*8kB 1*16kB 1*32kB 1*64kB 0*128kB 1*256kB 0*512kB 1*1024kB 1*2048kB 3*4096kB = 15732kB Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 DMA32: 16305*4kB 4381*8kB 353*16kB 8*32kB 1*64kB 1*128kB 0*256kB 1*512kB 1*1024kB 0*2048kB 0*4096kB = 107900kB Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Node 0 Normal: 14548*4kB 14808*8kB 2420*16kB 31*32kB 5*64kB 0*128kB 0*256kB 0*512kB 0*1024kB 0*2048kB 1*4096kB = 220784kB Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: 3748822 total pagecache pages Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: 0 pages in swap cache Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Swap cache stats: add 0, delete 0, find 0/0 Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Free swap = 975864kB Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: Total swap = 975864kB Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: 4194303 pages RAM Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: 126915 pages reserved Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: 3753534 pages shared Sep 3 23:22:20 stor4 kernel: 213500 pages non-shared TCP stack and VM config: net.core.rmem_max = 83886080 net.core.wmem_max = 83886080 net.core.rmem_default = 65536 net.core.wmem_default = 65536 net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 40960 1048560 4194304 net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 40960 196608 4194304 net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 16388608 16388608 16388608 vm.min_free_kbytes=135168 Additional tweaks: /sbin/blockdev --setra 16384 /dev/sdb echo 2048 /sys/block/sdb/queue/nr_requests Where might the problem be? Thank you.

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• Is this iptables NAT exploitable from the external side?

  - by Karma Fusebox

  Could you please have a short look on this simple iptables/NAT-Setup, I believe it has a fairly serious security issue (due to being too simple). On this network there is one internet-connected machine (running Debian Squeeze/2.6.32-5 with iptables 1.4.8) acting as NAT/Gateway for the handful of clients in 192.168/24. The machine has two NICs: eth0: internet-faced eth1: LAN-faced, 192.168.0.1, the default GW for 192.168/24 Routing table is two-NICs-default without manual changes: Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 (externalNet) 0.0.0.0 255.255.252.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 (externalGW) 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 The NAT is then enabled only and merely by these actions, there are no more iptables rules: echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward /sbin/iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE # (all iptables policies are ACCEPT) This does the job, but I miss several things here which I believe could be a security issue: there is no restriction about allowed source interfaces or source networks at all there is no firewalling part such as: (set policies to DROP) /sbin/iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o eth1 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT /sbin/iptables -A FORWARD -i eth1 -o eth0 -j ACCEPT And thus, the questions of my sleepless nights are: Is this NAT-service available to anyone in the world who sets this machine as his default gateway? I'd say yes it is, because there is nothing indicating that an incoming external connection (via eth0) should be handled any different than an incoming internal connection (via eth1) as long as the output-interface is eth0 - and routing-wise that holds true for both external und internal clients that want to access the internet. So if I am right, anyone could use this machine as open proxy by having his packets NATted here. So please tell me if that's right or why it is not. As a "hotfix" I have added a "-s 192.168.0.0/24" option to the NAT-starting command. I would like to know if not using this option was indeed a security issue or just irrelevant thanks to some mechanism I am not aware of. As the policies are all ACCEPT, there is currently no restriction on forwarding eth1 to eth0 (internal to external). But what are the effective implications of currently NOT having the restriction that only RELATED and ESTABLISHED states are forwarded from eth0 to eth1 (external to internal)? In other words, should I rather change the policies to DROP and apply the two "firewalling" rules I mentioned above or is the lack of them not affecting security? Thanks for clarification!

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• Routing with VPN and asymmetric communication

  - by Louis

  I'm stumbling on a problem that requires your advice. Keywords : networking, route, openVPN Problem : I have a local network with several physical servers and VMs. These machines have ip's in the range 10.10.x.x. I can access these machines from the Internet with the help of openVPN. These machines can : access each other within the local 10.10.x.x subnet access the Internet via the VPN can themselves be accessed (via SSH) from the Internet via the VPN. There is one machine however that behaves strangely and I don't know why. I can SSH into this machine from anywhere via SSH and I can also PING it from anywhere (including the Internet). However from this machine (i.e. when logged into it) I cannot access the Internet or ping machines outside the local network. In other words it will not go beyond the VPN. My question is why? Here are some technical details: The machine's Network Config (running Debian 6.0.3): allow-hotplug eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 10.10.10.200 netmask 255.255.0.0 network 10.10.10.0 broadcast 10.10.10.255 gateway 10.10.10.200 The machine's Routing : Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 127.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 lo 10.10.0.0 10.10.10.250 255.255.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 10.10.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 10.10.10.250 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 10.10.10.200 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 The VPN's Network Config (running Debian 6.0.3): # This is the local network interface auto eth1 allow-hotplug eth1 iface eth1 inet static address 10.10.10.250 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 10.10.10.255 gateway 10.10.10.250 The VPN's routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 10.10.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 tun0 private 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.10.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 0.0.0.0 10.10.10.250 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 0.0.0.0 private 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 on both machines. there are no iptables set anywhere. Thanks in advance for any feedback.

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• Excel 2010: dynamic update of drop down list based upon datasource validation worksheet changes

  - by hornetbzz

  I have one worksheet for setting up the data sources of multiple data validation lists. in other words, I'm using this worksheet to provide drop down lists to multiple other worksheets. I need to dynamically update all worksheets upon any of a single or several changes on the data source worksheet. I may understand this should come with event macro over the entire workbook. My question is how to achieve this keeping the "OFFSET" formula across the whole workbook ? Thx To support my question, I put the piece of code that I'm trying to get it working : Provided the following informations : I'm using such a formula for a pseudo dynamic update of the drop down lists, for example : =OFFSET(MyDataSourceSheet!$O$2;0;0;COUNTA(MyDataSourceSheet!O:O)-1) I looked into the pearson book event chapter but I'm too noob for this. I understand this macro and implemented it successfully as a test with the drop down list on the same worksheet as the data source. My point is that I don't know how to deploy this over a complete workbook. Macro related to the datasource worksheet : Option Explicit Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range) ' Macro to update all worksheets with drop down list referenced upon ' this data source worksheet, base on ref names Dim cell As Range Dim isect As Range Dim vOldValue As Variant, vNewValue As Variant Dim dvLists(1 To 6) As String 'data validation area Dim OneValidationListName As Variant dvLists(1) = "mylist1" dvLists(2) = "mylist2" dvLists(3) = "mylist3" dvLists(4) = "mylist4" dvLists(5) = "mylist5" dvLists(6) = "mylist6" On Error GoTo errorHandler For Each OneValidationListName In dvLists 'Set isect = Application.Intersect(Target, ThisWorkbook.Names("STEP").RefersToRange) Set isect = Application.Intersect(Target, ThisWorkbook.Names(OneValidationListName).RefersToRange) ' If a change occured in the source data sheet If Not isect Is Nothing Then ' Prevent infinite loops Application.EnableEvents = False ' Get previous value of this cell With Target vNewValue = .Value Application.Undo vOldValue = .Value .Value = vNewValue End With ' LOCAL dropdown lists : For every cell with validation For Each cell In Me.UsedRange.SpecialCells(xlCellTypeAllValidation) With cell ' If it has list validation AND the validation formula matches AND the value is the old value If .Validation.Type = 3 And .Validation.Formula1 = "=" & OneValidationListName And .Value = vOldValue Then ' Debug ' MsgBox "Address: " & Target.Address ' Change the cell value cell.Value = vNewValue End If End With Next cell ' Call to other worksheets update macros Call Sheets(5).UpdateDropDownList(vOldValue, vNewValue) ' GoTo NowGetOut Application.EnableEvents = True End If Next OneValidationListName NowGetOut: Application.EnableEvents = True Exit Sub errorHandler: MsgBox "Err " & Err.Number & " : " & Err.Description Resume NowGetOut End Sub Macro UpdateDropDownList related to the destination worksheet : Sub UpdateDropDownList(Optional vOldValue As Variant, Optional vNewValue As Variant) ' Debug MsgBox "Received info for update : " & vNewValue ' For every cell with validation For Each cell In Me.UsedRange.SpecialCells(xlCellTypeAllValidation) With cell ' If it has list validation AND the validation formula matches AND the value is the old value ' If .Validation.Type = 3 And .Value = vOldValue Then If .Validation.Type = 3 And .Value = vOldValue Then ' Change the cell value cell.Value = vNewValue End If End With Next cell End Sub

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• Tips for maximizing Nginx requests/sec?

  - by linkedlinked

  I'm building an analytics package, and project requirements state that I need to support 1 billion hits per day. Yep, "billion". In other words, no less than 12,000 hits per second sustained, and preferably some room to burst. I know I'll need multiple servers for this, but I'm trying to get maximum performance out of each node before "throwing more hardware at it". Right now, I have the hits-tracking portion completed, and well optimized. I pretty much just save the requests straight into Redis (for later processing with Hadoop). The application is Python/Django with a gunicorn for the gateway. My 2GB Ubuntu 10.04 Rackspace server (not a production machine) can serve about 1200 static files per second (benchmarked using Apache AB against a single static asset). To compare, if I swap out the static file link with my tracking link, I still get about 600 requests per second -- I think this means my tracker is well optimized, because it's only a factor of 2 slower than serving static assets. However, when I benchmark with millions of hits, I notice a few things -- No disk usage -- this is expected, because I've turned off all Nginx logs, and my custom code doesn't do anything but save the request details into Redis. Non-constant memory usage -- Presumably due to Redis' memory managing, my memory usage will gradually climb up and then drop back down, but it's never once been my bottleneck. System load hovers around 2-4, the system is still responsive during even my heaviest benchmarks, and I can still manually view http://mysite.com/tracking/pixel with little visible delay while my (other) server performs 600 requests per second. If I run a short test, say 50,000 hits (takes about 2m), I get a steady, reliable 600 requests per second. If I run a longer test (tried up to 3.5m so far), my r/s degrades to about 250. My questions -- a. Does it look like I'm maxing out this server yet? Is 1,200/s static files nginx performance comparable to what others have experienced? b. Are there common nginx tunings for such high-volume applications? I have worker threads set to 64, and gunicorn worker threads set to 8, but tweaking these values doesn't seem to help or harm me much. c. Are there any linux-level settings that could be limiting my incoming connections? d. What could cause my performance to degrade to 250r/s on long-running tests? Again, the memory is not maxing out during these tests, and HDD use is nil. Thanks in advance, all :)

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