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• email tracking image duplicate requests

  - by DEH

  I am embedding tracking images within emails that are being sent from a custom-built opt-in CRM system. The image src is an encoded .gif, such as src="12_34_675.gif". The image is served by an ASP.NET httphandler that decodes the src encoding and serves a transparent image. Everything works fine, but some email clients request the image multiple times, creating duplicate entries. Some clients make three calls all within one second, and some seem to make tens of calls over a day or so. Mostly email clients make single calls, but these few duplicates are very perplexing. I know I can code around them, but I'd really like to understand what's going on. I've checked the IIS log files, which show that the duplicate requests are coming from the client machines. I can't think what might be causing these duplicate http requests. Help!

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• Unknown http requests of type http://<domain>/cache/<32-digit-alphanumeric-key>

  - by Siva Bathula

  I am getting a lot of incoming requests with this structure: //domain_name/cache/22092e9b25c40809dfb94b6179166b26. I am running a .NET 4.0 website served from IIS 7.5. A lot of these URLs have no referrer URLs and come in randomly with a different 32 digit alphanumeric key. And I do not have any resource like '.../cache/...' on my website. I just want to eliminate such requests and want to understand where these are coming from at all. Any help would be appreciated.

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• Is it bad practice to use python's getattr extensively?

  - by Wilduck

  I'm creating a shell-like environment. My original method of handleing user input was to use a dictionary mapping commands (strings) to methods of various classes, making use of the fact that functions are first class objects in python. For flexibility's sake (mostly for parsing commands), I'm thinking of changing my setup such that I'm using getattr(command), to grab the method I need and then passing arguments to it at the end of my parser. Another advantage of this approach is not having to update my (currently statically implemented) command dictionary every time I add a new method/command. My question is, will I be taking a hit to the efficiency of my shell? Does it matter how many methods/commands I have? I'm currently looking at 30 some commands, which could eventually double.

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• What's the requests/second standard for scraping websites?

  - by feydr

  This was the closest question to my question and it wasn't really answered very well imo: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2022030/web-scraping-etiquette I'm looking for the answer to #1: How many requests/second should you be doing to scrape? Right now I pull from a queue of links. Every site that gets scraped has it's own thread and sleeps for 1 second in between requests. I ask for gzip compression to save bandwidth. Are there standards for this? Surely all the big search engines have some set of guidelines they follow in regards to this.

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• Doing arithmetic with up to two decimal places in Python?

  - by user248237

  I have two floats in Python that I'd like to subtract, i.e. v1 = float(value1) v2 = float(value2) diff = v1 - v2 I want "diff" to be computed up to two decimal places, that is compute it using %.2f of v1 and %.2f of v2. How can I do this? I know how to print v1 and v2 up to two decimals, but not how to do arithmetic like that. The particular issue I am trying to avoid is this. Suppose that: v1 = 0.982769777778 v2 = 0.985980444444 diff = v1 - v2 and then I print to file the following: myfile.write("%.2f\t%.2f\t%.2f\n" %(v1, v2, diff)) then I will get the output: 0.98 0.99 0.00, suggesting that there's no difference between v1 and v2, even though the printed result suggests there's a 0.01 difference. How can I get around this? thanks.

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• Setting an ASIHTTPRequest post to a SimpleHTTPServer Python server?

  - by Rob

  I am working on a project (that i will not be releasing to the app store - just for fun) that will upload an image via an HTTP Post request from my iPhone to a server that I have running the Python script SimpleHTTPServer. I have successfully used the ASIHTTP APIs in the past for text strings, but can't for the life of me figure out how to upload an image. I have tried all of the following: NSString *path = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"Image" ofType:@".png"]; [request setFile:@"Image.png" forKey:@"file"]; [request setFile:path forKey:@"file"]; [request setFile:path withFileName:@"Image.png" andContentType:@"image/jpeg" forKey:@"file"]; [request setData:[UIImage imageNamed:@"Image.png"] withFileName:@"Image.png" andContentType:@"Image" forKey:@"file"]; Any thoughts on where i could be going wrong?

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• Using list comprehension in Python to do something similar to zip()?

  - by jamieb

  I'm a Python newbie and one of the things I am trying to do is wrap my head around list comprehension. I can see that it's a pretty powerful feature that's worth learning. cities = ['Chicago', 'Detroit', 'Atlanta'] airports = ['ORD', 'DTW', 'ATL'] print zip(cities,airports) [('Chicago', 'ORD'), ('Detroit', 'DTW'), ('Atlanta', 'ATL')] How do I use list comprehension so I can get the results as a series of lists within a list, rather than a series of tuples within a list? [['Chicago', 'ORD'], ['Detroit', 'DTW'], ['Atlanta', 'ATL']] (I realize that dictionaries would probably be more appropriate in this situation, but I'm just trying to understand lists a bit better). Thanks!

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• How to programmatically blur an area in a movie (in python) ?

  - by Stefano Borini

  I have a movie, and I want to produce a new movie out of it with an area blurred (e.g. an object, a writing or a face). The area is moving, so I must have fine control of the current frame and move the position of the blur area accordingly. Blur is an option, but also a dark mask is fine too. Now, I have a question open at superuser on which software to use, but since I suspect I will have to buy adobe premiere to do something like this, and I don't want to shell out a kidney for something I have to do once, I am thinking about coding it myself in python. What are the best libraries available for this task ?

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• How do Ruby and Python implement their interactive consoles?

  - by sxa

  When implementing the interpreter for my programming language I first thought of a simple console window which allows the user to enter some code which is then executed as a standalone program as a shell. But there are severe problems: If every line of code the user enters is handled as a standalone program, it has to go through the tokenizer and parser and is then just executed by the interpreter - what about functions then? How can the Python/Ruby interactive consoles (IDLE, irb) "share" the code? How is the code entered handled? Example: >> def x: >> print("Blah") >> >> x() Where is the function stored so it can be called at any time again? How can the interactive console take everything entered as obviously one program without executing everything over and over again?

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• How use the google maps hand cursor in Python?

  - by aF

  Hello, I want to use the google maps hand cursor in Python but I don't know how to do it. I've downloaded the cursor but I only get to use the hand open, I also have a event that "closes" the hand when clicked but I don't know how can I change the style cursor on it. I say this because the google maps hand cursor has two style (the open and the closed hand). If you don't know how to use the other style you can also tell me how can I create another cursor where the close hand is the default style. If I have that, I only change the cursor and it's done. Thanks in advance :)

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• How do you get the logical xor of two variables in Python?

  - by Zach Hirsch

  How do you get the logical xor of two variables in Python? For example, I have two variables that I expect to be strings. I want to test that only one of them contains a True value (is not None or the empty string): str1 = raw_input("Enter string one:") str2 = raw_input("Enter string two:") if logical_xor(str1, str2): print "ok" else: print "bad" The ^ operator seems to be bitwise, and not defined on all objects: >>> 1 ^ 1 0 >>> 2 ^ 1 3 >>> "abc" ^ "" Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for ^: 'str' and 'str'

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• In Python, how to use a C++ function which returns an allocated array of structs via a ** parameter?

  - by Jon-Eric

  I'd like to use some existing C++ code, NvTriStrip, in a Python tool. SWIG easily handles the functions with simple parameters, but the main function, GenerateStrips, is much more complicated. What do I need to put in the SWIG interface file to indicate that primGroups is really an output parameter and that it must be cleaned up with delete[]? /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // GenerateStrips() // // in_indices: input index list, the indices you would use to render // in_numIndices: number of entries in in_indices // primGroups: array of optimized/stripified PrimitiveGroups // numGroups: number of groups returned // // Be sure to call delete[] on the returned primGroups to avoid leaking mem // bool GenerateStrips( const unsigned short* in_indices, const unsigned int in_numIndices, PrimitiveGroup** primGroups, unsigned short* numGroups, bool validateEnabled = false ); FYI, here is the PrimitiveGroup declaration: enum PrimType { PT_LIST, PT_STRIP, PT_FAN }; struct PrimitiveGroup { PrimType type; unsigned int numIndices; unsigned short* indices; PrimitiveGroup() : type(PT_STRIP), numIndices(0), indices(NULL) {} ~PrimitiveGroup() { if(indices) delete[] indices; indices = NULL; } };

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• Python, Matplotlib, subplot: How to set the axis range?

  - by someone

  How can I set the y axis range of the second subplot to e.g. [0,1000] ? The FFT plot of my data (a column in a text file) results in a (inf.?) spike so that the actual data is not visible. pylab.ylim([0,1000]) has no effect, unfortunately. This is the whole script: # based on http://www.swharden.com/blog/2009-01-21-signal-filtering-with-python/ import numpy, scipy, pylab, random xs = [] rawsignal = [] with open("test.dat", 'r') as f: for line in f: if line[0] != '#' and len(line) > 0: xs.append( int( line.split()[0] ) ) rawsignal.append( int( line.split()[1] ) ) h, w = 3, 1 pylab.figure(figsize=(12,9)) pylab.subplots_adjust(hspace=.7) pylab.subplot(h,w,1) pylab.title("Signal") pylab.plot(xs,rawsignal) pylab.subplot(h,w,2) pylab.title("FFT") fft = scipy.fft(rawsignal) #~ pylab.axis([None,None,0,1000]) pylab.ylim([0,1000]) pylab.plot(abs(fft)) pylab.savefig("SIG.png",dpi=200) pylab.show() Other improvements are also appreciated!

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• cd Terminal at a given directory after running a Python script?

  - by Dave Everitt

  I'm working on a simple Python script that can use subprocess and/or os to execute some commands, which is working fine. However, when the script exits I'd like to cd the actual Terminal (in this case OS X) so on exit, the new files are ready to use in the directory where the have been created. All the following (subprocess.Popen, os.system, os.chdir) can do what I want from within the script (i.e. they execute stuff in the target directory) but on exit leave the Terminal at the script's own directory, not the target directory. I'd like to avoid writing a shell script to temporary file just to achieve this, if this is at all possible anyway?

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• How can I deploy a Perl/Python/Ruby script without installing an interpreter?

  - by Brian G

  I want to write a piece of software which is essentially a regex data scrubber. I am going to take a contact list in CSV and remove all non-word characters and such from the person's name. This project has Perl written all over it but my client base is largely non-technical and installing Perl on Windows would not be worth it for them. Any ideas on how I can use a Perl/Python/Ruby type language without all the headaches of getting the interpreter on their computer? Thought about web for a second but it would not work for business reasons.

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• How to call a specific, unknown Python object attribute?

  - by Michael Morisy

  I'm working to create a simple Python script that will ultimately tell you how many blog entries were posted in a given month, and the pyblog app is proving very helpful. However, when I create the blog object, I don't know how to access it's various attributes. I can print them all out by printing one item from the dictionary, as shown (in excerpts) below: print blog.get_recent_posts(1) 'post_status': 'publish', 'date_created_gmt': <DateTime '20100601T19:27:17' at 2853300>, 'mt_excerpt': '', 'userid': '288', 'dateCreated': <DateTime '20100601T14:27:17' at 2853350>, 'custom_fields': [{'value': '', 'id': '1317', 'key': 'brightcove_code'}, {'value': 'http://bit.ly/d0Rywl', 'id': '1403', But how can I just get it to provide that DateTime information?

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• How can I import the sqlite3 module into Python 2.4?

  - by Tony

  The sqlite3 module is included in Python version 2.5+. However, I am stuck with version 2.4. I uploaded the sqlite3 module files, added the directory to sys.path, but I get the following error when I try to import it: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? File "sqlite3/__init__.py", line 23, in ? from dbapi2 import * File "sqlite3/dbapi2.py", line 26, in ? from _sqlite3 import * ImportError: No module named _sqlite3 The file '_sqlite3' is in lib-dynload, but if I include this in the sqlite3 directory, I get additional errors. Any suggestions? I am working in a limited environment; I don't have access to GCC, among other things.

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• how to merge file lines having the same first word in python?

  - by user1377135

  I have written a program to merge lines in a file containing the same first word in python. However I am unable to get the desired output. Can anyone please suggest me the mistake in my program? input "file.txt" line1: a b c line2: a b1 c1 line3: d e f line4: i j k line5: i s t line6: i m n ` output a b c a b1 c1 d e f i j k i s t i m n my code a = [line.split() for line in open('file.txt')] L=[] for i in range(0,len(a)): j=i while True: if a[j][0] == a[j+1][0]: L.append(a[j]) L.append(a[j+1]) j=j+2 else: print a[i] print L break

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• What's the most scalable way to handle somewhat large file uploads in a Python webapp?

  - by Jason Baker

  We have a web application that takes file uploads for some parts. The file uploads aren't terribly big (mostly word documents and such), but they're much larger than your typical web request and they tend to tie up our threaded servers (zope 2 servers running behind an Apache proxy). I'm mostly in the brainstorming phase right now and trying to figure out a general technique to use. Some ideas I have are: Using a python asynchronous server like tornado or diesel or gunicorn. Writing something in twisted to handle it. Just using nginx to handle the actual file uploads. It's surprisingly difficult to find information on which approach I should be taking. I'm sure there are plenty of details that would be needed to make an actual decision, but I'm more worried about figuring out how to make this decision than anything else. Can anyone give me some advice about how to proceed with this?

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• [LINQ noob] Please help me convert this Python 3.x snippet to .net LINQ.

  - by Hamish Grubijan

  I want to sort elements of a HashSet<string> and join them by a ; character. Python interpreter version: >>> st = {'jhg', 'uywer', 'nbcm', 'utr'} >>> strng = ';'.join(sorted(s)) >>> strng 'ASD;anmbh;ashgg;jhghjg' C# signature of a method I seek: private string getVersionsSorted(HashSet<string> versions); I can do this without using Linq, but I really want to learn it better. Many thanks!

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• Java or Python distributed compute job (on a student budget)?

  - by midget_sadhu

  I have a large dataset (c. 40G) that I want to use for some NLP (largely embarrassingly parallel) over a couple of computers in the lab, to which i do not have root access, and only 1G of user space. I experimented with hadoop, but of course this was dead in the water-- the data is stored on an external usb hard drive, and i cant load it on to the dfs because of the 1G user space cap. I have been looking into a couple of python based options (as I'd rather use NLTK instead of Java's lingpipe if I can help it), and it seems distributed compute options look like: Ipython DISCO After my hadoop experience, i am trying to make sure i try and make an informed choice -- any help on what might be more appropriate would be greatly appreciated. Amazon's EC2 etc not really an option, as i have next to no budget.

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• Anyone Know a Great Sparse One Dimensional Array Library in Python?

  - by TheJacobTaylor

  I am working on an algorithm in Python that uses arrays heavily. The arrays are typically sparse and are read from and written to constantly. I am currently using relatively large native arrays and the performance is good but the memory usage is high (as expected). I would like to be able to have the array implementation not waste space for values that are not used and allow an index offset other than zero. As an example, if my numbers start at 1,000,000 I would like to be able to index my array starting at 1,000,000 and not be required to waste memory with a million unused values. Array reads and writes needs to be fast. Expanding into new territory can be a small delay but reads and writes should be O(1) if possible. Does anybody know of a library that can do it? Thanks!

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• Python - what's your conventions to declare your attributes in a class ?

  - by SeyZ

  Hello, In Python, I can declare attributes all over the class. For example : class Foo: def __init__(self): self.a = 0 def foo(self): self.b = 0 It's difficult to retrieve all attributes in my class when I have a big class with a lot of attributes. Is it better to have the following code (a) or the next following code (b) : a) Here, it's difficult to locate all attributes : class Foo: def __init__(self): foo_1() foo_2() def foo_1(self): self.a = 0 self.b = 0 def foo_2(self): self.c = 0 b) Here, it's easy to locate all attributes but is it beautiful ? class Foo: def __init__(self): (self.a, self.b) = foo_1() self.c = foo_2() def foo_1(self): a = 0 b = 0 return (a, b) def foo_2(self): c = 0 return c In a nutshell, what is your conventions to declare your attributes in a class ?

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• idiomatic way to take groups of n items from a list in Python?

  - by Wang

  Given a list A = [1 2 3 4 5 6] Is there any idiomatic (Pythonic) way to iterate over it as though it were B = [(1, 2) (3, 4) (5, 6)] other than indexing? That feels like a holdover from C: for a1,a2 in [ (A[i], A[i+1]) for i in range(0, len(A), 2) ]: I can't help but feel there should be some clever hack using itertools or slicing or something. (Of course, two at a time is just an example; I'd like a solution that works for any n.) Edit: related http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1162592/iterate-over-a-string-2-or-n-characters-at-a-time-in-python but even the cleanest solution (accepted, using zip) doesn't generalize well to higher n without a list comprehension and *-notation.

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• How do I change my current directory from a python script?

  - by misterloogs

  I'm trying to implement my own version of the 'cd' command that presents the user with a list of hard-coded directories to choose from, and the user has to enter a number corresponding to an entry in the list. The program, named my_cd.py for now, should then effectively 'cd' the user to the chosen directory. Example of how this should work: /some/directory $ my_cd.py 1) ~ 2) /bin/ 3) /usr Enter menu selection, or q to quit: 2 /bin $ Currently, I'm trying to 'cd' using os.chdir('dir'). However, this doesn't work, probably because my_cd.py is kicked off in its own child process. I tried wrapping the call to my_cd.py in a sourced bash script named my_cd.sh: #! /bin/bash function my_cd() { /path/to/my_cd.py } /some/directory $ . my_cd.sh $ my_cd ... shows list of dirs, but doesn't 'cd' in the interactive shell Any ideas on how I can get this to work? Is it possible to change my interactive shell's current directory from a python script?

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