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  • Python: Recursively access dict via attributes as well as index access?

    - by Luke Stanley
    I'd like to be able to do something like this: from dotDict import dotdictify life = {'bigBang': {'stars': {'planets': [] } } } dotdictify(life) #this would be the regular way: life['bigBang']['stars']['planets'] = {'earth': {'singleCellLife': {} }} #But how can we make this work? life.bigBang.stars.planets.earth = {'singleCellLife': {} } #Also creating new child objects if none exist, using the following syntax life.bigBang.stars.planets.earth.multiCellLife = {'reptiles':{},'mammals':{}} My motivations are to improve the succinctness of the code, and if possible use similar syntax to Javascript for accessing JSON objects for efficient cross platform development.(I also use Py2JS and similar.)

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  • Python - Why use anything other than uuid4() for unique strings?

    - by orokusaki
    I see quit a few implementations of unique string generation for things like uploaded image names, session IDs, et al, and many of them employ the usage of hashes like SHA1, or others. I'm not questioning the legitimacy of using custom methods like this, but rather just the reason. If I want a unique string, I just say this: >>> import uuid >>> uuid.uuid4() 07033084-5cfd-4812-90a4-e4d24ffb6e3d And I'm done with it. I wasn't very trusting before I read up on uuid, so I did this: >>> import uuid >>> s = set() >>> for i in range(5000000): # That's 5 million! >>> s.add(uuid.uuid4()) ... ... >>> len(s) 5000000 Not one repeater (I didn't expect one considering the odds are like 1.108e+50, but it's comforting to see it in action). You could even half the odds by just making your string by combining 2 uuid4()s. So, with that said, why do people spend time on random() and other stuff for unique strings, etc? Is there an important security issue or other regarding uuid?

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  • How to get the list of price offers on an item from Amazon with python-amazon-product-api item_looku

    - by miernik
    I am trying to write a function to get a list of offers (their prices) for an item based on the ASIN: def price_offers(asin): from amazonproduct import API, ResultPaginator, AWSError from config import AWS_KEY, SECRET_KEY api = API(AWS_KEY, SECRET_KEY, 'de') str_asin = str(asin) node = api.item_lookup(id=str_asin, ResponseGroup='Offers', Condition='All', MerchantId='All') for a in node: print a.Offer.OfferListing.Price.FormattedPrice I am reading http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AWSECommerceService/latest/DG/index.html?ItemLookup.html and trying to make this work, but all the time it just says: Failure instance: Traceback: <type 'exceptions.AttributeError'>: no such child: {http://webservices.amazon.com/AWSECommerceService/2009-10-01}Offer

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  • How to do this Python / MySQL manipulation (match) more efficiently?

    - by NJTechie
    Following is my data : Company Table : ID Company Address City State Zip Phone 1 ABC 123 Oak St Philly PA 17542 7329878901 2 CDE 111 Joe St Newark NJ 08654 3 GHI 211 Foe St Brick NJ 07740 7321178901 4 JAK 777 Wall Ocean NJ 07764 7322278901 5 KLE 87 Ilk St Plains NY 07654 7376578901 6 AB 1 W.House SField PA 87656 7329878901 Branch Office Table : ID Address City State Zip Phone 1 323 Alk St Philly PA 17542 7329832221 1 171 Joe St Newark NJ 08654 3 287 Foe St Brick NJ 07740 7321178901 3 700 Wall Ocean NJ 07764 7322278901 1 89 Blk St Surrey NY 07154 7376222901 File to be Matched (In MySQL): ID Company Address City State Zip Phone 1 ABC 123 Oak St Philly PA 17542 7329878901 2 AB 171 Joe St Newark NJ 08654 3 GHI 211 Foe St Brick NJ 07740 7321178901 4 JAK 777 Wall Ocean NJ 07764 7322278901 5 K 87 Ilk St Plains NY 07654 7376578901 Resulting File : ID Company Address City State Zip Phone appendedID 1 ABC 123 Oak St Philly PA 17542 7329878901 [Original record, field always empty] 1 ABC 171 Joe St Newark NJ 08654 1 [Company Table] 1 ABC 323 Alk St Philly PA 17542 7329832221 1 [Branch Office Table] 1 AB 1 W.House SField PA 87656 7329878901 6 [Partial firm and State, Zip match] 2 CDE 111 Joe St Newark NJ 08654 3 GHI 211 Foe St Brick NJ 07740 7321178901 3 GHI 700 Wall Ocean NJ 07764 7322278901 3 3 GHI 287 Foe St Brick NJ 07740 7321178901 3 4 JAK 777 Wall Ocean NJ 07764 7322278901 5 KLE 87 Ilk St Surrey NY 07654 7376578901 5 KLE 89 Blk St Surrey NY 07154 7376222901 5 Requirement : 1) I have to match each firm on the 'File to be Matched' to that of Company and Branch Office tables (MySQL). 2) If there are multiple exact/partial matches, then the ID from Company, Branch Office table is inserted as a new row in the resulting file. 3) Not all the firms will be matched perfectly, in that case I have to match on partial Company names (like 5/8th of the company name) and any of the address fields and insert them in the resulting file. Please help me out in the most efficient solution for this problem.

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  • python and paramiko: how to check if end of ssh tunnel is still alive and reestablish if not?

    - by Christian
    Hello all, I'm trying to achieve the following: I have two hosts A and B. A establishes a remote port forwarding tunnel on B, i.e. B is the one a port is forwarded on to some where else and A is the one that sets up the tunnel. I tried the script rforward.py that ships with paramiko and it works very well so far. (I'm running rforward.py on A, which connects to B and forwards a port of B to somewhere else) However, when B is shutting down, A doesn't seem to recognize it. I'd rather like A to recognize that B is down and to try to reestablish the connection periodically in case B comes up again. Is there a way to do this? Thanks.

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  • How do I split filenames from paths using python?

    - by Rasputin Jones
    I have a list of files that look like this: Input /foo/bar/baz/d4dc7c496100e8ce0166e84699b4e267fe652faeb070db18c76669d1c6f69f92.mp4 /foo/baz/bar/60d24a24f19a6b6c1c4734e0f288720c9ce429bc41c2620d32e01e934bfcd344.mp4 /bar/baz/foo/cd53fe086717a9f6fecb1d0567f6d76e93c48d7790c55e83e83dd1c43251e40e.mp4 And I would like to split out the filenames from the path while retaining both. Output ['/foo/bar/baz/', 'd4dc7c496100e8ce0166e84699b4e267fe652faeb070db18c76669d1c6f69f92.mp4'] ['/foo/baz/bar/', '60d24a24f19a6b6c1c4734e0f288720c9ce429bc41c2620d32e01e934bfcd344.mp4'] ['/bar/baz/foo', 'd53fe086717a9f6fecb1d0567f6d76e93c48d7790c55e83e83dd1c43251e40e.mp4'] How would one go about this? Thanks!

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  • How do I format positional argument help using Python's optparse?

    - by cdleary
    As mentioned in the docs the optparse.OptionParser uses an IndentedHelpFormatter to output the formatted option help, for which which I found some API documentation. I want to display a similarly formatted help text for the required, positional arguments in the usage text. Is there an adapter or a simple usage pattern that can be used for similar positional argument formatting? Clarification Preferably only using the stdlib. Optparse does great except for this one formatting nuance, which I feel like we should be able to fix without importing whole other packages. :-)

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  • How to make Python check if ftp directory exists?

    - by Phil
    I'm using this script to connect to sample ftp server and list available directories: from ftplib import FTP ftp = FTP('ftp.cwi.nl') # connect to host, default port (some example server, i'll use other one) ftp.login() # user anonymous, passwd anonymous@ ftp.retrlines('LIST') # list directory contents ftp.quit() How do I use ftp.retrlines('LIST') output to check if directory (for example public_html) exists, if it exists cd to it and then execute some other code and exit; if not execute code right away and exit?

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  • Problem with Python 3.1(syntax error). Im a beginner please help!

    - by Jonathan
    Hi there, im new to pragraming :) I got a problem with sytax error while making a guessing game. the problem is in (if Gender = boy or Boy), the equal(=) letter is a syntax error. Please help! Answer = 23 Guess = () Gender = input("Are you a boy, a girl or an alien? ") if Gender = boy or Boy: print("Nice!", Gender) if Gender = girl or Girl: print("Prepare do die!", Gender) if Gender = alien or Alien: print("AWESOME my", Gender, "Friend!") While Guess != Answer: if Guess < Answer: print("Too low! try again") else: print("too high!" print("Congratulations you guessed correct!", Gender, "Have fun!" Thank

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  • What are good Python and/or Django deployment solutions?

    - by e-satis
    For now I use some mix between virtual_env, pip and Fabric. This allows to: install required libs; generate dynamic content; isolate installation; push everything through ssh. It works well, I just want to know if there are other tools around. The only problem I could think of is that it's a lot of to set up every time. It doesn't solve database / media files migration issues either, but maybe I should just open another question for this specific subject. Eventually, I don't know how to automatize the server setup. I'd love to have a tool to let me configure Apache/Lighttp/Cherokee and MySQL automatically. Related : How django projects can be deployed with minimal installation works?

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  • Python - wxPython custom button -> unbound method __init__()? what?

    - by Wallter
    After looking at questions like this it doesn't make sense that my __init__(self, parrent, id) would be throwing a unbound error? help? main.py import wx from customButton import customButton from wxPython.wx import * class MyFrame(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, parent, ID, title): wxFrame.__init__(self, parent, ID, title, wxDefaultPosition, wxSize(400, 400)) # Non-important code here... # This is the first declaration of the Button1 # This is also where the ERROR is thrown. # Omitting this line causes the window to execute # flawlessly. self.Button1 = customButton.__init__(self, parent, -1) # ... finishes in a basic wx.program style... customButton.py # I've included all of the code in the file # because have no idea where the bug/error happens import wx from wxPython.wx import * class Custom_Button(wx.PyControl): # The BMP's Over_bmp = None #wxEmptyBitmap(1,1,1) # When the mouse is over Norm_bmp = None #wxEmptyBitmap(1,1,1) # The normal BMP Push_bmp = None #wxEmptyBitmap(1,1,1) # The down BMP def __init__(self, parent, id, **kwargs): wx.PyControl.__init__(self,parent, id, **kwargs) # Set the BMP's to the ones given in the constructor #self.Over_bmp = wx.Bitmap(wx.Image(MOUSE_OVER_BMP, wx.BITMAP_TYPE_ANY).ConvertToBitmap()) #self.Norm_bmp = wx.Bitmap(wx.Image(NORM_BMP, wx.BITMAP_TYPE_ANY).ConvertToBitmap()) #self.Push_bmp = wx.Bitmap(wx.Image(PUSH_BMP, wx.BITMAP_TYPE_ANY).ConvertToBitmap()) #self.Pos_bmp = self.pos self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_DOWN, self._onMouseDown) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_UP, self._onMouseUp) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEAVE_WINDOW, self._onMouseLeave) self.Bind(wx.EVT_ENTER_WINDOW, self._onMouseEnter) self.Bind(wx.EVT_ERASE_BACKGROUND,self._onEraseBackground) self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT,self._onPaint) self._mouseIn = self._mouseDown = False def _onMouseEnter(self, event): self._mouseIn = True def _onMouseLeave(self, event): self._mouseIn = False def _onMouseDown(self, event): self._mouseDown = True def _onMouseUp(self, event): self._mouseDown = False self.sendButtonEvent() def sendButtonEvent(self): event = wx.CommandEvent(wx.wxEVT_COMMAND_BUTTON_CLICKED, self.GetId()) event.SetInt(0) event.SetEventObject(self) self.GetEventHandler().ProcessEvent(event) def _onEraseBackground(self,event): # reduce flicker pass def _onPaint(self, event): dc = wx.BufferedPaintDC(self) dc.SetFont(self.GetFont()) dc.SetBackground(wx.Brush(self.GetBackgroundColour())) dc.Clear() dc.DrawBitmap(self.Norm_bmp) # draw whatever you want to draw # draw glossy bitmaps e.g. dc.DrawBitmap if self._mouseIn: # If the Mouse is over the button dc.DrawBitmap(self, self.Mouse_over_bmp, self.Pos_bmp, useMask=False) if self._mouseDown: # If the Mouse clicks the button dc.DrawBitmap(self, self.Push_bmp, self.Pos_bmp, useMask=False)

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  • Python Turtle Graphics, how to plot functions over an interval?

    - by TheDragonAce
    I need to plot a function over a specified interval. The function is f1, which is shown below in the code, and the interval is [-7, -3]; [-1, 1]; [3, 7] with a step of .01. When I execute the program, nothing is drawn. Any ideas? import turtle from math import sqrt wn = turtle.Screen() wn.bgcolor("white") wn.title("Plotting") mypen = turtle.Turtle() mypen.shape("classic") mypen.color("black") mypen.speed(10) while True: try: def f1(x): return 2 * sqrt((-abs(abs(x)-1)) * abs(3 - abs(x))/((abs(x)-1)*(3-abs(x)))) * \ (1 + abs(abs(x)-3)/(abs(x)-3))*sqrt(1-(x/7)**2)+(5+0.97*(abs(x-0.5)+abs(x+0.5))-\ 3*(abs(x-0.75)+abs(x+0.75)))*(1+abs(1-abs(x))/(1-abs(x))) mypen.penup() step=.01 startf11=-7 stopf11=-3 startf12=-1 stopf12=1 startf13=3 stopf13=7 def f11 (startf11,stopf11,step): rc=[] y = f1(startf11) while y<=stopf11: rc.append(startf11) #y+=step mypen.setpos(f1(startf11)*25,y*25) mypen.dot() def f12 (startf12,stopf12,step): rc=[] y = f1(startf12) while y<=stopf12: rc.append(startf12) #y+=step mypen.setpos(f1(startf12)*25, y*25) mypen.dot() def f13 (startf13,stopf13,step): rc=[] y = f1(startf13) while y<=stopf13: rc.append(startf13) #y+=step mypen.setpos(f1(startf13)*25, y*25) mypen.dot() f11(startf11,stopf11,step) f12(startf12,stopf12,step) f13(startf13,stopf13,step) except ZeroDivisionError: continue

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  • How do I abort a socket.recv() from another thread in python?

    - by Samuel Skånberg
    I have a main thread that waits for connection. It spawns client threads that will echo the response from the client (telnet in this case). But say that I want to close down all sockets and all threads after some time, like after 1 connection. How would I do? If I do clientSocket.close() from the main thread, it won't stop doing the recv. It will only stop if I first send something through telnet, then it will fail doing further sends and recvs. My code look like this: # Echo server program import socket from threading import Thread import time class ClientThread(Thread): def __init__(self, clientSocket): Thread.__init__(self) self.clientSocket = clientSocket def run(self): while 1: try: # It will hang here, even if I do close on the socket data = self.clientSocket.recv(1024) print "Got data: ", data self.clientSocket.send(data) except: break self.clientSocket.close() HOST = '' PORT = 6000 serverSocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) serverSocket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) serverSocket.bind((HOST, PORT)) serverSocket.listen(1) clientSocket, addr = serverSocket.accept() print 'Got a new connection from: ', addr clientThread = ClientThread(clientSocket) clientThread.start() time.sleep(1) # This won't make the recv in the clientThread to stop immediately, # nor will it generate an exception clientSocket.close()

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  • Python: re-initialize a function's default value for subsequent calls to the function.

    - by Peter Stewart
    I have a function that calls itself to increment and decrement a stack. I need to call it a number of times, and I'd like it to work the same way in subsequent calls but, as expected, it doesn't re-use the default value. I've read that this is a newbie trap and I've seen suggested solutions, but I haven't been able to make any solution work. It would be nice to be able to "fun.reset" def a(x, stack = [None]): print x,' ', stack if x > 5: temp = stack.pop() if x <=5: stack.append(1) if stack == []: return a(x + 1) print a(0) print a(2) #second call print a(3) #third call I expected this to work, but it doesn't. print a(0, [None]) print a(2, [None]) #second call print a(3, [None]) #third call Can I reset the function to it's initial state? Any help would be appreciated.

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  • Is frozenset adequate for caching of symmetric input data in a python dict?

    - by Debilski
    The title more or less says it all: I have a function which takes symmetric input in two arguments, e.g. something like def f(a1, a2): return heavy_stuff(abs(a1 - a2)) Now, I want to introduce some caching method. Would it be correct / pythonic / reasonably efficient to do something like this: cache = {} def g(a1, a2): return cache.setdefault(frozenset((tuple(a1), tuple(a2))), f(a1, a2)) Or would there be some better way?

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  • How to read a file byte by byte in Python?

    - by zaplec
    Hi, I'm trying to read a file byte by byte, but I'm not sure how to do that. I'm trying to do it like that: file = open(filename, 'rb') while 1: byte = file.read(8) # Do something... So does that make the variable byte to contain 8 next bits at the beginning of every loop? It doesn't matter what those bytes really are. The only thing that matters is that I need to read a file in 8-bit stacks.

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