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  • How to assure applying order of function decorators in Python?

    - by Satoru.Logic
    Some decorators should only be used in the outermost layer. A decorator that augments the original function and add a configure parameter is one example. from functools import wraps def special_case(f): @wraps(f) def _(a, b, config_x=False): if config_x: print "Special case here" return return f(a, b) How can I avoid decorators like this getting decorated by another decorator? EDIT It is really disgusting to let everyone trying to apply a new decorator worry about the application order. So, is it possible to avoid this kind of situation? Is it possible to add a config option without introducing a new parameter?

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  • Are python list comprehensions always a good programming practice?

    - by dln385
    To make the question clear, I'll use a specific example. I have a list of college courses, and each course has a few fields (all of which are strings). The user gives me a string of search terms, and I return a list of courses that match all of the search terms. This can be done in a single list comprehension or a few nested for loops. Here's the implementation. First, the Course class: class Course: def __init__(self, date, title, instructor, ID, description, instructorDescription, *args): self.date = date self.title = title self.instructor = instructor self.ID = ID self.description = description self.instructorDescription = instructorDescription self.misc = args Every field is a string, except misc, which is a list of strings. Here's the search as a single list comprehension. courses is the list of courses, and query is the string of search terms, for example "history project". def searchCourses(courses, query): terms = query.lower().strip().split() return tuple(course for course in courses if all( term in course.date.lower() or term in course.title.lower() or term in course.instructor.lower() or term in course.ID.lower() or term in course.description.lower() or term in course.instructorDescription.lower() or any(term in item.lower() for item in course.misc) for term in terms)) You'll notice that a complex list comprehension is difficult to read. I implemented the same logic as nested for loops, and created this alternative: def searchCourses2(courses, query): terms = query.lower().strip().split() results = [] for course in courses: for term in terms: if (term in course.date.lower() or term in course.title.lower() or term in course.instructor.lower() or term in course.ID.lower() or term in course.description.lower() or term in course.instructorDescription.lower()): break for item in course.misc: if term in item.lower(): break else: continue break else: continue results.append(course) return tuple(results) That logic can be hard to follow too. I have verified that both methods return the correct results. Both methods are nearly equivalent in speed, except in some cases. I ran some tests with timeit, and found that the former is three times faster when the user searches for multiple uncommon terms, while the latter is three times faster when the user searches for multiple common terms. Still, this is not a big enough difference to make me worry. So my question is this: which is better? Are list comprehensions always the way to go, or should complicated statements be handled with nested for loops? Or is there a better solution altogether?

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  • Python raises a KeyError (for an out of dictionary key) even though the key IS in the dictionary

    - by ignorantslut
    I'm getting a KeyError for an out of dictionary key, even though I know the key IS in fact in the dictionary. Any ideas as to what might be causing this? print G.keys() returns the following: ['24', '25', '20', '21', '22', '23', '1', '3', '2', '5', '4', '7', '6', '9', '8', '11', '10', '13', '12', '15', '14', '17', '16', '19', '18'] but when I try to access a value in the dictionary on the next line of code... for w in G[v]: #note that in this example, v = 17 I get the following error message: KeyError: 17 Any help, tips, or advice are all appreciated. Thanks.

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  • Python - Find where in string regex match was found?

    - by nb
    I'm currently using regular expressions to search through RSS feeds to find if certain words and phrases are mentioned, and would then like to extract the text on either side of the match as well. For example: String = "This is an example sentence, it is for demonstration only" re.search("is", String) I'd like to know where the is was found so that I can extract and output something like this: 1 match found: "This is an example sentence" I know that it would be easy to do with splits, but I'd need to know what the index of first character of the match was in the string, which I don't know how to find

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  • How to select random image of specific size using Django / Python?

    - by Jonathan
    I've been using this little snippet to select random images. However I would like to change it to select only images of a certain size. I'm running into trouble checking against image size. If I use get_image_dimensions() I need to use a conditional statement, which then requires that I allow exceptions. So, I guess I need some pointers on just limiting by image dimensions. Thanks. import os import random import posixpath from django import template from django.conf import settings register = template.Library() def is_image_file(filename): """Does `filename` appear to be an image file?""" img_types = [".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".gif"] ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1] return ext in img_types @register.simple_tag def random_image(path): """ Select a random image file from the provided directory and return its href. `path` should be relative to MEDIA_ROOT. Usage: <img src='{% random_image "images/whatever/" %}'> """ fullpath = os.path.join(settings.MEDIA_ROOT, path) filenames = [f for f in os.listdir(fullpath) if is_image_file(f)] pick = random.choice(filenames) return posixpath.join(settings.MEDIA_URL, path, pick)

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  • Extracting data from a text file to use in a python script?

    - by Rob
    Basically, I have a file like this: Url/Host: www.example.com Login: user Password: password How can I use RegEx to separate the details to place them into variables? Sorry if this is a terrible question, I can just never grasp RegEx. So another question would be, can you provide the RegEx, but kind of explain what each part of it is for?

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  • Building up an array in numpy/scipy by iteration in Python?

    - by user248237
    Often, I am building an array by iterating through some data, e.g.: my_array = [] for n in range(1000): # do operation, get value my_array.append(value) # cast to array my_array = array(my_array) I find that I have to first build a list and then cast it (using "array") to an array. Is there a way around these? all these casting calls clutter the code... how can I iteratively build up "my_array", with it being an array from the start? thanks.

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  • Python: What's a correct and good way to implement __hash__()?

    - by random-name
    What's a correct and good way to implement hash()? I am talking about the function that returns a hashcode that is then used to insert objects into hashtables aka dictionaries. As hash() returns an integer and is used for "binning" objects into hashtables I assume that the values of the returned integer should be uniformly distributed for common data (to minimize collisions). What's a good practice to get such values? Are collisions a problem? In my case I have a small class which acts as a container class holding some ints, some floats and a string.

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  • Why is this writing part of the text to a new line? (Python)

    - by whatsherface
    I'm adding some new bits to one of the lines in a text file and then writing it along with the rest of the lines in the file to a new file. Referring to the if statement, I that to be all on the same line: x = 13.55553e9 y = 14.55553e9 z = 15.55553e9 infname = 'afilename' outfname = 'anotherone' oldfile = open(infname) lnum=1 for line in oldfile: if (lnum==18): line = "{0:.2e}".format(x)+' '+line+' '+"{0:.2e}".format(y)+' '+ {0:.2e}".format(z) newfile = open(outfname,'w') newfile.write(line) lnum=lnum+1 oldfile.close() newfile.close() but y and z are being written on the line below the rest of it. What am I missing here?

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  • Is there a way to change lookandfeel for wx Python?

    - by uberjumper
    Hi, i was curious if there is some sort of way to change the look and feel of wxpython to something that is more standardized. I am writing a small application for windows and mac os x. And i noticed that Mac formats the layout and look of my application pretty terribly. I looked around online and could not find anything. Any ideas?

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  • How do I send this email in Python, opening files and stuff?

    - by alex
    msg = EmailMessage(subject, body, from_email, [to_email]) msg.content_subtype = "html" msg.send() This is how I send an email in Django. But what if I want to open a text file and take into account all its line breaks and tabs. I want to take the body of the text file (with line breaks \n) and email it as text of the "body".

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