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  • Yet another Python Windows CMD mklink problem ... can't get it to work!

    - by Felix Dombek
    OK I have just posted another question which outlined my program but the specific problem was different. Now, my program just stops working without any message whatsoever. I'd be grateful if someone could help me here. I want to create symlinks for each file in a directory structure, all in one large flat folder, and have the following code by now: # loop over directory structure: # for all items in current directory, # if item is directory, recurse into it; # else it's a file, then create a symlink for it def makelinks(folder, targetfolder, cmdprocess = None): if not cmdprocess: cmdprocess = subprocess.Popen("cmd", stdin = subprocess.PIPE, stdout = subprocess.PIPE, stderr = subprocess.PIPE) print(folder) for name in os.listdir(folder): fullname = os.path.join(folder, name) if os.path.isdir(fullname): makelinks(fullname, targetfolder, cmdprocess) else: makelink(fullname, targetfolder, cmdprocess) #for a given file, create one symlink in the target folder def makelink(fullname, targetfolder, cmdprocess): linkname = os.path.join(targetfolder, re.sub(r"[\/\\\:\*\?\"\<\>\|]", "-", fullname)) if not os.path.exists(linkname): try: os.remove(linkname) print("Invalid symlink removed:", linkname) except: pass if not os.path.exists(linkname): cmdprocess.stdin.write("mklink " + linkname + " " + fullname + "\r\n") So this is a top-down recursion where first the folder name is printed, then the subdirectories are processed. If I run this now over some folder, the whole thing just stops after 10 or so symbolic links. Here is the output: D:\Musik\neu D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic\# tag & reencode D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic\# tag & reencode\ChillOutMix D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic\# tag & reencode\Unknown D&B D:\Musik\neu\# Electronic\# tag & reencode\Unknown D&B 2 The program still seems to run but no new output is generated. It created 9 symlinks for some files in the # tag & reencode and the first three files in the ChillOutMix folder. The cmd.exe Window is still open and empty, and shows in its title bar that it is currently processing the mklink command for the third file in ChillOutMix. I tried to insert a time.sleep(2) after each cmdprocess.stdin.write in case Python is just too fast for the cmd process, but it doesn't help. Does anyone know what the problem might be?

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  • How is it that json serialization is so much faster than yaml serialization in python?

    - by guidoism
    I have code that relies heavily on yaml for cross-language serialization and while working on speeding some stuff up I noticed that yaml was insanely slow compared to other serialization methods (e.g., pickle, json). So what really blows my mind is that json is so much faster that yaml when the output is nearly identical. >>> import yaml, cjson; d={'foo': {'bar': 1}} >>> yaml.dump(d, Dumper=yaml.SafeDumper) 'foo: {bar: 1}\n' >>> cjson.encode(d) '{"foo": {"bar": 1}}' >>> import yaml, cjson; >>> timeit("yaml.dump(d, Dumper=yaml.SafeDumper)", setup="import yaml; d={'foo': {'bar': 1}}", number=10000) 44.506911039352417 >>> timeit("yaml.dump(d, Dumper=yaml.CSafeDumper)", setup="import yaml; d={'foo': {'bar': 1}}", number=10000) 16.852826118469238 >>> timeit("cjson.encode(d)", setup="import cjson; d={'foo': {'bar': 1}}", number=10000) 0.073784112930297852 PyYaml's CSafeDumper and cjson are both written in C so it's not like this is a C vs Python speed issue. I've even added some random data to it to see if cjson is doing any caching, but it's still way faster than PyYaml. I realize that yaml is a superset of json, but how could the yaml serializer be 2 orders of magnitude slower with such simple input?

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  • Convert array to CSV/TSV-formated string in Python.

    - by dreeves
    Python provides csv.DictWriter for outputting CSV to a file. What is the simplest way to output CSV to a string or to stdout? For example, given a 2D array like this: [["a b c", "1,2,3"], ["i \"comma-heart\" you", "i \",heart\" u, too"]] return the following string: "a b c, \"1, 2, 3\"\n\"i \"\"comma-heart\"\" you\", \"i \"\",heart\"\" u, too\"" which when printed would look like this: a b c, "1,2,3" "i ""heart"" you", "i "",heart"" u, too" (I'm taking csv.DictWriter's word for it that that is in fact the canonical way to output that array as CSV. Excel does parse it correctly that way, though Mathematica does not. From a quick look at the wikipedia page on CSV it seems Mathematica is wrong.) One way would be to write to a temp file with csv.DictWriter and read it back with csv.DictReader. What's a better way? TSV instead of CSV It also occurs to me that I'm not wedded to CSV. TSV would make a lot of the headaches with delimiters and quotes go away: just replace tabs with spaces in the entries of the 2D array and then just intersperse tabs and newlines and you're done. Let's include solutions for both TSV and CSV in the answers to make this as useful as possible for future searchers.

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  • A UnicodeDecodeError that occurs with json in python on Windows, but not Mac.

    - by ventolin
    On windows, I have the following problem: >>> string = "Don´t Forget To Breathe" >>> import json,os,codecs >>> f = codecs.open("C:\\temp.txt","w","UTF-8") >>> json.dump(string,f) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "C:\Python26\lib\json\__init__.py", line 180, in dump for chunk in iterable: File "C:\Python26\lib\json\encoder.py", line 294, in _iterencode yield encoder(o) UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf8' codec can't decode bytes in position 3-5: invalid data (Notice the non-ascii apostrophe in the string.) However, my friend, on his mac (also using python2.6), can run through this like a breeze: > string = "Don´t Forget To Breathe" > import json,os,codecs > f = codecs.open("/tmp/temp.txt","w","UTF-8") > json.dump(string,f) > f.close(); open('/tmp/temp.txt').read() '"Don\\u00b4t Forget To Breathe"' Why is this? I've also tried using UTF-16 and UTF-32 with json and codecs, but to no avail.

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  • What is the best way to translate this recursive python method into Java?

    - by Simucal
    In another question I was provided with a great answer involving generating certain sets for the Chinese Postman Problem. The answer provided was: def get_pairs(s): if not s: yield [] else: i = min(s) for j in s - set([i]): for r in get_pairs(s - set([i, j])): yield [(i, j)] + r for x in get_pairs(set([1,2,3,4,5,6])): print x This will output the desire result of: [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)] [(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 6)] [(1, 2), (3, 6), (4, 5)] [(1, 3), (2, 4), (5, 6)] [(1, 3), (2, 5), (4, 6)] [(1, 3), (2, 6), (4, 5)] [(1, 4), (2, 3), (5, 6)] [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)] [(1, 4), (2, 6), (3, 5)] [(1, 5), (2, 3), (4, 6)] [(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 6)] [(1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4)] [(1, 6), (2, 3), (4, 5)] [(1, 6), (2, 4), (3, 5)] [(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4)] This really shows off the expressiveness of Python because this is almost exactly how I would write the pseudo-code for the algorithm. I especially like the usage of yield and and the way that sets are treated as first class citizens. However, there in lies my problem. What would be the best way to: 1.Duplicate the functionality of the yield return construct in Java? Would it instead be best to maintain a list and append my partial results to this list? How would you handle the yield keyword. 2.Handle the dealing with the sets? I know that I could probably use one of the Java collections which implements that implements the Set interface and then using things like removeAll() to give me a set difference. Is this what you would do in that case? Ultimately, I'm looking to reduce this method into as concise and straightforward way as possible in Java. I'm thinking the return type of the java version of this method will likely return a list of int arrays or something similar. How would you handle the situations above when converting this method into Java?

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  • Return a list of imported Python modules used in a script?

    - by Jono Bacon
    Hi All, I am writing a program that categorizes a list of Python files by which modules they import. As such I need to scan the collection of .py files ad return a list of which modules they import. As an example, if one of the files I import has the following lines: import os import sys, gtk I would like it to return: ["os", "sys", "gtk"] I played with modulefinder and wrote: from modulefinder import ModuleFinder finder = ModuleFinder() finder.run_script('testscript.py') print 'Loaded modules:' for name, mod in finder.modules.iteritems(): print '%s ' % name, but this returns more than just the modules used in the script. As an example in a script which merely has: import os print os.getenv('USERNAME') The modules returned from the ModuleFinder script return: tokenize heapq __future__ copy_reg sre_compile _collections cStringIO _sre functools random cPickle __builtin__ subprocess cmd gc __main__ operator array select _heapq _threading_local abc _bisect posixpath _random os2emxpath tempfile errno pprint binascii token sre_constants re _abcoll collections ntpath threading opcode _struct _warnings math shlex fcntl genericpath stat string warnings UserDict inspect repr struct sys pwd imp getopt readline copy bdb types strop _functools keyword thread StringIO bisect pickle signal traceback difflib marshal linecache itertools dummy_thread posix doctest unittest time sre_parse os pdb dis ...whereas I just want it to return 'os', as that was the module used in the script. Can anyone help me achieve this?

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  • Return a list of important Python modules in a script?

    - by Jono Bacon
    Hi All, I am writing a program that categorizes a list of Python files by which modules they import. As such I need to scan the collection of .py files ad return a list of which modules they import. As an example, if one of the files I import has the following lines: import os import sys, gtk I would like it to return: ["os", "sys", "gtk"] I played with modulefinder and wrote: from modulefinder import ModuleFinder finder = ModuleFinder() finder.run_script('testscript.py') print 'Loaded modules:' for name, mod in finder.modules.iteritems(): print '%s ' % name, but this returns more than just the modules used in the script. As an example in a script which merely has: import os print os.getenv('USERNAME') The modules returned from the ModuleFinder script return: tokenize heapq __future__ copy_reg sre_compile _collections cStringIO _sre functools random cPickle __builtin__ subprocess cmd gc __main__ operator array select _heapq _threading_local abc _bisect posixpath _random os2emxpath tempfile errno pprint binascii token sre_constants re _abcoll collections ntpath threading opcode _struct _warnings math shlex fcntl genericpath stat string warnings UserDict inspect repr struct sys pwd imp getopt readline copy bdb types strop _functools keyword thread StringIO bisect pickle signal traceback difflib marshal linecache itertools dummy_thread posix doctest unittest time sre_parse os pdb dis ...whereas I just want it to return 'os', as that was the module used in the script. Can anyone help me achieve this?

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  • Setting an Excel Range with an Array using Python and comtypes?

    - by technomalogical
    Using comtypes to drive Python, it seems some magic is happening behind the scenes that is not converting tuples and lists to VARIANT types: # RANGE(“C14:D21”) has values # Setting the Value on the Range with a Variant should work, but # list or tuple is not getting converted properly it seems >>>from comtypes.client import CreateObject >>>xl = CreateObject("Excel.application") >>>xl.Workbooks.Open(r'C:\temp\my_file.xlsx') >>>xl.Visible = True >>>vals=tuple([(x,y) for x,y in zip('abcdefgh',xrange(8))]) # creates: #(('a', 0), ('b', 1), ('c', 2), ('d', 3), ('e', 4), ('f', 5), ('g', 6), ('h', 7)) >>>sheet = xl.Workbooks[1].Sheets["Sheet1"] >>>sheet.Range["C14","D21"].Value() (('foo',1),('foo',2),('foo',3),('foo',4),('foo',6),('foo',6),('foo',7),('foo',8)) >>>sheet.Range["C14","D21"].Value[()] = vals # no error, this blanks out the cells in the Range According to the comtypes docs: When you pass simple sequences (lists or tuples) as VARIANT parameters, the COM server will receive a VARIANT containing a SAFEARRAY of VARIANTs with the typecode VT_ARRAY | VT_VARIANT. This seems to be inline with what MSDN says about passing an array to a Range's Value. I also found this page showing something similar in C#. Can anybody tell me what I'm doing wrong? EDIT I've come up with a simpler example that performs the same way (in that, it does not work): >>>from comtypes.client import CreateObject >>>xl = CreateObject("Excel.application") >>>xl.Workbooks.Add() >>>sheet = xl.Workbooks[1].Sheets["Sheet1"] # at this point, I manually typed into the range A1:B3 >>> sheet.Range("A1","B3").Value() ((u'AAA', 1.0), (u'BBB', 2.0), (u'CCC', 3.0)) >>>sheet.Range("A1","B3").Value[()] = [(x,y) for x,y in zip('xyz',xrange(3))] # Using a generator expression, per @Mike's comment # However, this still blanks out my range :(

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  • Python: How can I use Twisted as the transport for SUDS?

    - by jathanism
    I have a project that is based on Twisted used to communicate with network devices and I am adding support for a new vendor (Citrix NetScaler) whose API is SOAP. Unfortunately the support for SOAP in Twisted still relies on SOAPpy, which is badly out of date. In fact as of this question (I just checked), twisted.web.soap itself hasn't even been updated in 21 months! I would like to ask if anyone has any experience they would be willing to share with utilizing Twisted's superb asynchronous transport functionality with SUDS. It seems like plugging in a custom Twisted transport would be a natural fit in SUDS' Client.options.transport, I'm just having a hard time wrapping my head around it. I did come up with a way to call the SOAP method with SUDS asynchronously by utilizing twisted.internet.threads.deferToThread(), but this feels like a hack to me. Here is an example of what I've done, to give you an idea: # netscaler is a module I wrote using suds to interface with NetScaler SOAP # Source: http://bitbucket.org/jathanism/netscaler-api/src import netscaler import os import sys from twisted.internet import reactor, defer, threads # netscaler.API is the class that sets up the suds.client.Client object host = 'netscaler.local' username = password = 'nsroot' wsdl_url = 'file://' + os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'NSUserAdmin.wsdl') api = netscaler.API(host, username=username, password=password, wsdl_url=wsdl_url) results = [] errors = [] def handleResult(result): print '\tgot result: %s' % (result,) results.append(result) def handleError(err): sys.stderr.write('\tgot failure: %s' % (err,)) errors.append(err) # this converts the api.login() call to a Twisted thread. # api.login() should return True and is is equivalent to: # api.service.login(username=self.username, password=self.password) deferred = threads.deferToThread(api.login) deferred.addCallbacks(handleResult, handleError) reactor.run() This works as expected and defers return of the api.login() call until it is complete, instead of blocking. But as I said, it doesn't feel right. Thanks in advance for any help, guidance, feedback, criticism, insults, or total solutions.

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  • Python/Sqlite program, write as browser app or desktop app?

    - by ChrisC
    I am in the planning stages of rewriting an Access db I wrote several years ago in a full fledged program. I have very slight experience coding, but not enough to call myself a programmer by far. I'll definitely be learning as I go, so I'd like to keep everything as simple as possible. I've decided on Python and SQLite for my program, but I need help on my next decision. Here is my situation 1) It'll be a desktop program, run locally on each machine, all Windows 2) I would really like a nice looking GUI with colors, nice screens, menus, lists, etc, 3) I'm thinking about using a browser interface because (a) from what I've read, browser apps can look really great, and (b) I understand there are lots of free tools to assist in setting up the GUI/GUI code with drag and drop tools, so that helps my "keep it simple" goal. 4) I want the program to be totally portable so it runs completely from one single folder on a user's PC, with no installation(s) needed for it to run (If I did it as a browser app, isn't there the possibility that a user's browser settings could affect or break the app. How likely is this?) For my situation, should I make it a desktop app or browser app?

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  • Best way to convert a Unicode URL to ASCII (UTF-8 percent-escaped) in Python?

    - by benhoyt
    I'm wondering what's the best way -- or if there's a simple way with the standard library -- to convert a URL with Unicode chars in the domain name and path to the equivalent ASCII URL, encoded with domain as IDNA and the path %-encoded, as per RFC 3986. I get from the user a URL in UTF-8. So if they've typed in http://?.ws/? I get 'http://\xe2\x9e\xa1.ws/\xe2\x99\xa5' in Python. And what I want out is the ASCII version: 'http://xn--hgi.ws/%E2%99%A5'. What I do at the moment is split the URL up into parts via a regex, and then manually IDNA-encode the domain, and separately encode the path and query string with different urllib.quote() calls. # url is UTF-8 here, eg: url = u'http://?.ws/?'.encode('utf-8') match = re.match(r'([a-z]{3,5})://(.+\.[a-z0-9]{1,6})' r'(:\d{1,5})?(/.*?)(\?.*)?$', url, flags=re.I) if not match: raise BadURLException(url) protocol, domain, port, path, query = match.groups() try: domain = unicode(domain, 'utf-8') except UnicodeDecodeError: return '' # bad UTF-8 chars in domain domain = domain.encode('idna') if port is None: port = '' path = urllib.quote(path) if query is None: query = '' else: query = urllib.quote(query, safe='=&?/') url = protocol + '://' + domain + port + path + query # url is ASCII here, eg: url = 'http://xn--hgi.ws/%E3%89%8C' Is this correct? Any better suggestions? Is there a simple standard-library function to do this?

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  • How to compare 2 lists and merge them in Python/MySQL?

    - by NJTechGuy
    I want to merge data. Following are my MySQL tables. I want to use Python to traverse though a list of both Lists (one with dupe = 'x' and other with null dupes). For instance : a b c d e f key dupe -------------------- 1 d c f k l 1 x 2 g h j 1 3 i h u u 2 4 u r t 2 x From the above sample table, the desired output is : a b c d e f key dupe -------------------- 2 g c h k j 1 3 i r h u u 2 What I have so far : import string, os, sys import MySQLdb from EncryptedFile import EncryptedFile enc = EncryptedFile( os.getenv("HOME") + '/.py-encrypted-file') user = enc.getValue("user") pw = enc.getValue("pw") db = MySQLdb.connect(host="127.0.0.1", user=user, passwd=pw,db=user) cursor = db.cursor() cursor2 = db.cursor() cursor.execute("select * from delThisTable where dupe is null") cursor2.execute("select * from delThisTable where dupe is not null") result = cursor.fetchall() result2 = cursor2.fetchall() for cursorFieldname in cursor.description: for cursorFieldname2 in cursor2.description: if cursorFieldname[0] == cursorFieldname2[0]: ### How do I compare the record with same key value and update the original row null field value with the non-null value from the duplicate? Please fill this void... cursor.close() cursor2.close() db.close() Thanks guys!

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  • Python's asyncore to periodically send data using a variable timeout. Is there a better way?

    - by Nick Sonneveld
    I wanted to write a server that a client could connect to and receive periodic updates without having to poll. The problem I have experienced with asyncore is that if you do not return true when dispatcher.writable() is called, you have to wait until after the asyncore.loop has timed out (default is 30s). The two ways I have tried to work around this is 1) reduce timeout to a low value or 2) query connections for when they will next update and generate an adequate timeout value. However if you refer to 'Select Law' in 'man 2 select_tut', it states, "You should always try to use select() without a timeout." Is there a better way to do this? Twisted maybe? I wanted to try and avoid extra threads. I'll include the variable timeout example here: #!/usr/bin/python import time import socket import asyncore # in seconds UPDATE_PERIOD = 4.0 class Channel(asyncore.dispatcher): def __init__(self, sock, sck_map): asyncore.dispatcher.__init__(self, sock=sock, map=sck_map) self.last_update = 0.0 # should update immediately self.send_buf = '' self.recv_buf = '' def writable(self): return len(self.send_buf) > 0 def handle_write(self): nbytes = self.send(self.send_buf) self.send_buf = self.send_buf[nbytes:] def handle_read(self): print 'read' print 'recv:', self.recv(4096) def handle_close(self): print 'close' self.close() # added for variable timeout def update(self): if time.time() >= self.next_update(): self.send_buf += 'hello %f\n'%(time.time()) self.last_update = time.time() def next_update(self): return self.last_update + UPDATE_PERIOD class Server(asyncore.dispatcher): def __init__(self, port, sck_map): asyncore.dispatcher.__init__(self, map=sck_map) self.port = port self.sck_map = sck_map self.create_socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) self.bind( ("", port)) self.listen(16) print "listening on port", self.port def handle_accept(self): (conn, addr) = self.accept() Channel(sock=conn, sck_map=self.sck_map) # added for variable timeout def update(self): pass def next_update(self): return None sck_map = {} server = Server(9090, sck_map) while True: next_update = time.time() + 30.0 for c in sck_map.values(): c.update() # <-- fill write buffers n = c.next_update() #print 'n:',n if n is not None: next_update = min(next_update, n) _timeout = max(0.1, next_update - time.time()) asyncore.loop(timeout=_timeout, count=1, map=sck_map)

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  • django + south + python: strange behavior when using a text string received as a parameter in a func

    - by carlosescri
    Hello, this is my first question. I'm trying to execute a SQL query in django (south migration): from django.db import connection # ... class Migration(SchemaMigration): # ... def transform_id_to_pk(self, table): try: db.delete_primary_key(table) except: pass finally: cursor = connection.cursor() # This does not work cursor.execute('SELECT MAX("id") FROM "%s"', [table]) # I don't know if this works. try: minvalue = cursor.fetchone()[0] except: minvalue = 1 seq_name = table + '_id_seq' db.execute('CREATE SEQUENCE "%s" START WITH %s OWNED BY "%s"."id"', [seq_name, minvalue, table]) db.execute('ALTER TABLE "%s" ALTER COLUMN id SET DEFAULT nextval("%s")', [table, seq_name + '::regclass']) db.create_primary_key(table, ['id']) # ... I use this function like this: self.transform_id_to_pk('my_table_name') So it should: Find the biggest existent ID or 0 (it crashes) Create a sequence name Create the sequence Update the ID field to use sequence Update the ID as PK But it crashes and the error says: File "../apps/accounting/migrations/0003_setup_tables.py", line 45, in forwards self.delegation_table_setup(orm) File "../apps/accounting/migrations/0003_setup_tables.py", line 478, in delegation_table_setup self.transform_id_to_pk('accounting_delegation') File "../apps/accounting/migrations/0003_setup_tables.py", line 20, in transform_id_to_pk cursor.execute(u'SELECT MAX("id") FROM "%s"', [table.encode('utf-8')]) File "/Library/Python/2.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/util.py", line 19, in execute return self.cursor.execute(sql, params) psycopg2.ProgrammingError: relation "E'accounting_delegation'" does not exist LINE 1: SELECT MAX("id") FROM "E'accounting_delegation'" ^ I have shortened the file paths for convenience. What does that "E'accounting_delegation'" mean? How could I get rid of it? Thank you! Carlos.

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  • Why can't I pass self as a named argument to an instance method in Python?

    - by Joseph Garvin
    This works: >>> def bar(x, y): ... print x, y ... >>> bar(y=3, x=1) 1 3 And this works: >>> class foo(object): ... def bar(self, x, y): ... print x, y ... >>> z = foo() >>> z.bar(y=3, x=1) 1 3 And even this works: >>> foo.bar(z, y=3, x=1) 1 3 But why doesn't this work? >>> foo.bar(self=z, y=3, x=1) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: unbound method bar() must be called with foo instance as first argument (got nothing instead) This makes metaprogramming more difficult, because it requires special case handling. I'm curious if it's somehow necessary by Python's semantics or just an artifact of implementation.

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  • How can you get the call tree with python profilers?

    - by Oliver
    I used to use a nice Apple profiler that is built into the System Monitor application. As long as your C++ code was compiled with debug information, you could sample your running application and it would print out an indented tree telling you what percent of the parent function's time was spent in this function (and the body vs. other function calls). For instance, if main called function_1 and function_2, function_2 calls function_3, and then main calls function_3: main (100%, 1% in function body): function_1 (9%, 9% in function body): function_2 (90%, 85% in function body): function_3 (100%, 100% in function body) function_3 (1%, 1% in function body) I would see this and think, "Something is taking a long time in the code in the body of function_2. If I want my program to be faster, that's where I should start." Does anyone know how I can most easily get this exact profiling output for a python program? I've seen people say to do this: import cProfile, pstats prof = cProfile.Profile() prof = prof.runctx("real_main(argv)", globals(), locals()) stats = pstats.Stats(prof) stats.sort_stats("time") # Or cumulative stats.print_stats(80) # 80 = how many to print but it's quite messy compared to that elegant call tree. Please let me know if you can easily do this, it would help quite a bit. Cheers!

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  • Why is my simple python gtk+cairo program running so slowly/stutteringly?

    - by synapz
    My program draws circles moving on the window. I think I must be missing some basic gtk/cairo concept because it seems to be running too slowly/stutteringly for what I am doing. Any ideas? Thanks for any help! #!/usr/bin/python import gtk import gtk.gdk as gdk import math import random import gobject # The number of circles and the window size. num = 128 size = 512 # Initialize circle coordinates and velocities. x = [] y = [] xv = [] yv = [] for i in range(num): x.append(random.randint(0, size)) y.append(random.randint(0, size)) xv.append(random.randint(-4, 4)) yv.append(random.randint(-4, 4)) # Draw the circles and update their positions. def expose(*args): cr = darea.window.cairo_create() cr.set_line_width(4) for i in range(num): cr.set_source_rgb(1, 0, 0) cr.arc(x[i], y[i], 8, 0, 2 * math.pi) cr.stroke_preserve() cr.set_source_rgb(1, 1, 1) cr.fill() x[i] += xv[i] y[i] += yv[i] if x[i] > size or x[i] < 0: xv[i] = -xv[i] if y[i] > size or y[i] < 0: yv[i] = -yv[i] # Self-evident? def timeout(): darea.queue_draw() return True # Initialize the window. window = gtk.Window() window.resize(size, size) window.connect("destroy", gtk.main_quit) darea = gtk.DrawingArea() darea.connect("expose-event", expose) window.add(darea) window.show_all() # Self-evident? gobject.idle_add(timeout) gtk.main()

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  • How do I search & replace all occurrences of a string in a ms word doc with python?

    - by Mark
    Hello there, I am pretty stumped at the moment. Based on http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1045628/can-i-use-win32-com-to-replace-text-inside-a-word-document I was able to code a simple template system that generates word docs out of a template word doc (in Python). My problem is that text in "Text Fields" is not find that way. Even in Word itself there is no option to search everything - you actually have to choose between "Main Document" and "Text Fields". Being new to the Windows world I tried to browse the VBA docs for it but found no help (probably due to "text field" being a very common term). word.Documents.Open(f) wdFindContinue = 1 wdReplaceAll = 2 find_str = '\{\{(*)\}\}' find = word.Selection.Find find.Execute(find_str, False, False, True, False, False, \ True, wdFindContinue, False, False, False) while find.Found: t = word.Selection.Text.__str__() r = process_placeholder(t, answer_data, question_data) if type(r) == dict: errors.append(r) else: find.Execute(t, False, True, False, False, False, \ True, False, False, r, wdReplaceAll) This is the relevant portion of my code. I was able to get around all problems by myself by now (hint: if you want to replace strings with more than 256 chars, you have to do it via clipboard, etc ...) Hope, someone can help me.

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  • Python: Does one of these examples waste more memory?

    - by orokusaki
    In a Django view function which uses manual transaction committing, I have: context = RequestContext(request, data) transaction.commit() return render_to_response('basic.html', data, context) # Returns a Django ``HttpResponse`` object which is similar to a dictionary. I think it is a better idea to do this: context = RequestContext(request, data) response = render_to_response('basic.html', data, context) transaction.commit() return response If the page isn't rendered correctly in the second version, the transaction is rolled back. This seems like the logical way of doing it albeit there won't likely be many exceptions at that point in the function when the application is in production. But... I fear that this might cost more and this will be replete through a number of functions since the application is heavy with custom transaction handling, so now is the time to figure out. If the HttpResponse instance is in memory already (at the point of render_to_response()), then what does another reference cost? When the function ends, doesn't the reference (response variable) go away so that when Django is done converting the HttpResponse into a string for output Python can immediately garbage collect it? Is there any reason I would want to use the first version (other than "It's 1 less line of code.")?

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  • I don't like Python functions that take two or more iterables. Is it a good idea?

    - by Xavier Ho
    This question came from looking at this question on Stackoverflow. def fringe8((px, py), (x1, y1, x2, y2)): Personally, it's been one of my pet peeves to see a function that takes two arguments with fixed-number iterables (like a tuple) or two or more dictionaries (Like in the Shotgun API). It's just hard to use, because of all the verbosity and double-bracketed enclosures. Wouldn't this be better: >>> class Point(object): ... def __init__(self, x, y): ... self.x = x ... self.y = y ... >>> class Rect(object): ... def __init__(self, x1, y1, x2, y2): ... self.x1 = x1 ... self.y1 = y1 ... self.x2 = x2 ... self.y2 = y2 ... >>> def fringe8(point, rect): ... # ... ... >>> >>> point = Point(2, 2) >>> rect = Rect(1, 1, 3, 3) >>> >>> fringe8(point, rect) Is there a situation where taking two or more iterable arguments is justified? Obviously the standard itertools Python library needs that, but I can't see it being pretty in maintainable, flexible code design.

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  • My python program always brings down my internet connection after several hours running, how do I debug and fix this problem?

    - by Shane
    I'm writing a python script checking/monitoring several server/websites status(response time and similar stuff), it's a GUI program and I use separate thread to check different server/website, and the basic structure of each thread is using an infinite while loop to request that site every random time period(15 to 30 seconds), once there's changes in website/server each thread will start a new thread to do a thorough check(requesting more pages and similar stuff). The problem is, my internet connection always got blocked/jammed/messed up after several hours running of this script, the situation is, from my script side I got urlopen error timed out each time it's requesting a page, and from my FireFox browser side I cannot open any site. But the weird thing is, the moment I close my script my Internet connection got back on immediately which means now I can surf any site through my browser, so it must be the script causing all the problem. I've checked the program carefully and even use del to delete any connection once it's used, still get the same problem. I only use urllib2, urllib, mechanize to do network requests. Anybody knows why such thing happens? How do I debug this problem? Is there a tool or something to check my network status once such situation occurs? It's really bugging me for a while... By the way I'm behind a VPN, does it have something to do with this problem? Although I don't think so because my network always get back on once the script closed, and the VPN connection never drops(as it appears) during the whole process.

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  • Why does Python sometimes upgrade a string to unicode and sometimes not?

    - by samtregar
    I'm confused. Consider this code working the way I expect: >>> foo = u'Émilie and Juañ are turncoats.' >>> bar = "foo is %s" % foo >>> bar u'foo is \xc3\x89milie and Jua\xc3\xb1 are turncoats.' And this code not at all working the way I expect: >>> try: ... raise Exception(foo) ... except Exception as e: ... foo2 = e ... >>> bar = "foo2 is %s" % foo2 ------------------------------------------------------------ Traceback (most recent call last): File "<ipython console>", line 1, in <module> UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode characters in position 0-1: ordinal not in range(128) Can someone explain what's going on here? Why does it matter whether the unicode data is in a plain unicode string or stored in an Exception object? And why does this fix it: >>> bar = u"foo2 is %s" % foo2 >>> bar u'foo2 is \xc3\x89milie and Jua\xc3\xb1 are turncoats.' I am quite confused! Thanks for the help! UPDATE: My coding buddy Randall has added to my confusion in an attempt to help me! Send in the reinforcements to explain how this is supposed to make sense: >>> class A: ... def __str__(self): return "string" ... def __unicode__(self): return "unicode" ... >>> "%s %s" % (u'niño', A()) u'ni\xc3\xb1o unicode' >>> "%s %s" % (A(), u'niño') u'string ni\xc3\xb1o' Note that the order of the arguments here determines which method is called!

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  • In Ruby or Python can the very idea of Class be rewritten?

    - by John Berryman
    Howdy All... first time at stack overflow. I'm looking into using some of the metaprogramming features provided by Ruby or Python, but first I need to know the extent to which they will allow me to extend the language. The main thing I need to be able to do is to rewrite the concept of Class. This doesn't mean that I want to rewrite a specific class during run time, but rather I want to make my own conceptualization of what a Class is. To be a smidge more specific here, I want to make something that is like what people normally call a Class, but I want to follow an "open world" assumption. In the "closed world" of normal Classes, if I declare Poodle to be a subclass of Dog to be a subclass of Animal, then I know that Poodle is not going to also be a type of FurCoat. However, in an open world Class, then the Poodle object I've defined may or may not be and object of type FurCoat and we won't know for sure until I explain that I can wear the poodle. (Poor poodle.) This all has to do with a study I'm doing concerning OWL ontologies. Just so you know, I've tried to find information online, but due to the overloading of terms here I haven't found anything helpful. Super thanks, John

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  • Can you dynamically combine multiple conditional functions into one in Python?

    - by erich
    I'm curious if it's possible to take several conditional functions and create one function that checks them all (e.g. the way a generator takes a procedure for iterating through a series and creates an iterator). The basic usage case would be when you have a large number of conditional parameters (e.g. "max_a", "min_a", "max_b", "min_b", etc.), many of which could be blank. They would all be passed to this "function creating" function, which would then return one function that checked them all. Below is an example of a naive way of doing what I'm asking: def combining_function(max_a, min_a, max_b, min_b, ...): f_array = [] if max_a is not None: f_array.append( lambda x: x.a < max_a ) if min_a is not None: f_array.append( lambda x: x.a > min_a ) ... return lambda x: all( [ f(x) for f in f_array ] ) What I'm wondering is what is the most efficient to achieve what's being done above? It seems like executing a function call for every function in f_array would create a decent amount of overhead, but perhaps I'm engaging in premature/unnecessary optimization. Regardless, I'd be interested to see if anyone else has come across usage cases like this and how they proceeded. Also, if this isn't possible in Python, is it possible in other (perhaps more functional) languages?

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  • How can I override list methods to do vector addition and subtraction in python?

    - by Bobble
    I originally implemented this as a wrapper class around a list, but I was annoyed by the number of operator() methods I needed to provide, so I had a go at simply subclassing list. This is my test code: class CleverList(list): def __add__(self, other): copy = self[:] for i in range(len(self)): copy[i] += other[i] return copy def __sub__(self, other): copy = self[:] for i in range(len(self)): copy[i] -= other[i] return copy def __iadd__(self, other): for i in range(len(self)): self[i] += other[i] return self def __isub__(self, other): for i in range(len(self)): self[i] -= other[i] return self a = CleverList([0, 1]) b = CleverList([3, 4]) print('CleverList does vector arith: a, b, a+b, a-b = ', a, b, a+b, a-b) c = a[:] print('clone test: e = a[:]: a, e = ', a, c) c += a print('OOPS: augmented addition: c += a: a, c = ', a, c) c -= b print('OOPS: augmented subtraction: c -= b: b, c, a = ', b, c, a) Normal addition and subtraction work in the expected manner, but there are problems with the augmented addition and subtraction. Here is the output: >>> CleverList does vector arith: a, b, a+b, a-b = [0, 1] [3, 4] [3, 5] [-3, -3] clone test: e = a[:]: a, e = [0, 1] [0, 1] OOPS: augmented addition: c += a: a, c = [0, 1] [0, 1, 0, 1] Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/bob/Documents/Python/listTest.py", line 35, in <module> c -= b TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -=: 'list' and 'CleverList' >>> Is there a neat and simple way to get augmented operators working in this example?

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