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  • Python: does it make sense to refactor this check into it's own method?

    - by Jeff Fry
    I'm still learning python. I just wrote this method to determine if a player has won a game of tic-tac-toe yet, given a board state like:'[['o','x','x'],['x','o','-'],['x','o','o']]' def hasWon(board): players = ['x', 'o'] for player in players: for row in board: if row.count(player) == 3: return player top, mid, low = board for i in range(3): if [ top[i],mid[i],low[i] ].count(player) == 3: return player if [top[0],mid[1],low[2]].count(player) == 3: return player if [top[2],mid[1],low[0]].count(player) == 3: return player return None It occurred to me that I check lists of 3 chars several times and could refactor the checking to its own method like so: def check(list, player): if list.count(player) == 3: return player ...but then realized that all that really does is change lines like: if [ top[i],mid[i],low[i] ].count(player) == 3: return player to: if check( [top[i],mid[i],low[i]], player ): return player ...which frankly doesn't seem like much of an improvement. Do you see a better way to refactor this? Or in general a more Pythonic option? I'd love to hear it!

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  • Python file input string: how to handle escaped unicode characters?

    - by Michi
    In a text file (test.txt), my string looks like this: Gro\u00DFbritannien Reading it, python escapes the backslash: >>> file = open('test.txt', 'r') >>> input = file.readline() >>> input 'Gro\\u00DFbritannien' How can I have this interpreted as unicode? decode() and unicode() won't do the job. The following code writes Gro\u00DFbritannien back to the file, but I want it to be Großbritannien >>> input.decode('latin-1') u'Gro\\u00DFbritannien' >>> out = codecs.open('out.txt', 'w', 'utf-8') >>> out.write(input)

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  • Find out 20th, 30th, nth prime number. (I'm getting 20th but not 30th?) [Python]

    - by gsin
    The question is to find the 1000th prime number. I wrote the following python code for this. The problem is, I get the right answer for the 10th , 20th prime but after that each increment of 10 leaves me one off the mark. I can't catch the bug here :( count=1 #to keep count of prime numbers primes=() #tuple to hold primes candidate=3 #variable to test for primes while count<20: for x in range(2,candidate): if candidate%x==0: candidate=candidate+2 else : pass primes=primes+(candidate,) candidate=candidate+2 count=count+1 print primes print "20th prime is ", primes[-1] In case you're wondering, count is initialised as 1 because I am not testing for 2 as a prime number(I'm starting from 3) and candidate is being incremented by 2 because only odd numbers can be prime numbers. I know there are other ways of solving this problem, such as the prime number theorem but I wanna know what's wrong with this approach. Also if there are any optimisations you have in mind, please suggest. Thank You

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  • Python del() built-in can't be used in assignment?

    - by emcee
    I noticed a problem when I was trying to use del in a lambda to thin out a list of threads to just those running: map(lambda x: del(x) if not x.isAlive() else x, self.threads) Ignore for a second that this doesn't do anything, I'm just fooling around with map, reduce, and lambda. This fails with a syntax error at del(x). With some messing around, I think the problem is del() doesn't return a value. For example, this fails with the same error: b = 5 x = del(b) This doesn't, however: def rmThis(x): del(x) Which means I'm using this workaround: map(lambda x: rmThis(x) if not x.isAlive() else x, self.threads) So is the limitation just because del() doesn't return a value? Why not? I'm using python 2.6.2

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  • Error while trying to parse a website url using python . how to debug it ?

    - by mekasperasky
    #!/usr/bin/python import json import urllib from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulStoneSoup import BeautifulSoup def showsome(searchfor): query = urllib.urlencode({'q': searchfor}) url = 'http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/services/search/web?v=1.0&%s' % query search_response = urllib.urlopen(url) search_results = search_response.read() results = json.loads(search_results) data = results['responseData'] print 'Total results: %s' % data['cursor']['estimatedResultCount'] hits = data['results'] print 'Top %d hits:' % len(hits) for h in hits: print ' ', h['url'] resp = urllib.urlopen(h['url']) res = resp.read() soup = BeautifulSoup(res) print soup.prettify() print 'For more results, see %s' % data['cursor']['moreResultsUrl'] showsome('sachin') What is the wrong in this code ? Note all the 4 links that I am getting out of the search , I am feeding it back to extract the contents out of it , and then use BeautifulSoup to parse it . How should I go about it ?

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  • Why doesn't negative values for the second index in a jagged array work in Python?

    - by univerio
    For example, if I have the following (data from Project Euler): s = [[75], [95, 64], [17, 47, 82], [18, 35, 87, 10], [20, 4, 82, 47, 65], [19, 1, 23, 75, 3, 34], [88, 2, 77, 73, 7, 63, 67], [99, 65, 4, 28, 6, 16, 70, 92], [41, 41, 26, 56, 83, 40, 80, 70, 33], [41, 48, 72, 33, 47, 32, 37, 16, 94, 29], [53, 71, 44, 65, 25, 43, 91, 52, 97, 51, 14], [70, 11, 33, 28, 77, 73, 17, 78, 39, 68, 17, 57], [91, 71, 52, 38, 17, 14, 91, 43, 58, 50, 27, 29, 48], [63, 66, 4, 68,89, 53, 67, 30, 73, 16, 69, 87, 40, 31], [4, 62, 98, 27, 23, 9, 70, 98, 73, 93, 38, 53, 60, 4, 23]] Why does s[1:][:-1] give me the same thing as s[1:] instead of (what I want) [s[i][:-1] for i in range(1,len(s))]. In other words, why does Python ignore my second index?

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  • What's the right way to use idlestartup on python 2.6.5?

    - by user210481
    Idlestartup is analogous to pythonstartup variable, but for IDLE, instead of command line. But it seems not to work properly. I'm using python 2.6.5 on Windows. I have the following script assigned to it: from pprint import pprint import sys newPath = 'C:\\Python26\test') sys.path.append(newPath) print "initial config loaded" Both variables Idlestartup and pythonstartup are assigned to the same file (script above). When running IDLE, pprint and sys are NOT available, the final message is NOT printed, but newPath was added to sys.path. Running the command line, pprint and sys are available, the final message is printed and newPath was added to sys.path. Is it a bug? Am I doing something wrong? Thanks

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  • Can I add custom methods/attributes to built-in Python types?

    - by sfjedi
    For example—say I want to add a helloWorld() method to Python's dict type. Can I do this? JavaScript has a prototype object that behaves this way. Maybe it's bad design and I should subclass the dict object, but then it only works on the subclasses and I want it to work on any and all future dictionaries. Here's how it would go down in JavaScript: String.prototype.hello = function() { alert("Hello, " + this + "!"); } "Jed".hello() //alerts "Hello, Jed!" Here's a useful link with more examples— http://www.javascriptkit.com/javatutors/proto3.shtml

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  • How can I set Invitee in Google Calendar through Python?

    - by Dhaval dave
    I am Setting Google Calendar via python command like this def _InsertQuickAddEvent(self, content="Tennis with dddddd on 5/19/2010 4am-5:30am"): """Creates an event with the quick_add property set to true so the content is processed as quick add content instead of as an event description.""" event = gdata.calendar.CalendarEventEntry() who = whois("[email protected]") event.content = atom.Content(text=content) event.quick_add = gdata.calendar.QuickAdd(value='true'); new_event = self.cal_client.InsertEvent(event, '/calendar/feeds/default/private/full') return new_event this code is given by Google API Can any one suggest what to do to add invitee in this? Important links for that http://code.google.com/apis/calendar/data/1.0/developers_guide_python.html

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  • Configuring dhcp module in FreeRadius (3.0.2 - Centos 6.5)

    - by mixja
    I am using the REST module to authorise a DHCP request. I would like to send an explicit DHCP NAK if the authorisation fails, however the DHCP module seems to return immediately if there is a failure and just ignores the DHCP request without any response. Here is my DHCP module configuration - if rest.authorize is successful, the if (ok) control block is hit, but if rest.authorize fails the if (fail) is never hit. dhcp DHCP-Discover { rest.authorize if (fail) { update reply { DHCP-Message-Type = DHCP-Nak } } if (ok) { update reply { DHCP-Message-Type = DHCP-Offer } update reply { DHCP-Domain-Name-Server = x.x.x.x DHCP-Domain-Name-Server = x.x.x.x DHCP-Subnet-Mask = 255.255.255.0 DHCP-Router-Address = x.x.x.x DHCP-IP-Address-Lease-Time = 3600 DHCP-DHCP-Server-Identifier = x.x.x.x } mac2ip } } Below is the output after a 401 Unauthorized is received. I am wanting to achieve a temporary block on DHCP for a specified (small) period of time. However the FreeRADIUS behaviour is to ignore duplicate requests for same DHCP transaction, meaning DHCP on client is blocked until it begins a new transaction. If a DHCP NAK can be sent, the DHCP client will initiate a new transaction after each NAK (i.e. DHCP Discover), meaning FreeRADIUS will process each DHCP Discover from the client, and the block will be removed much closer to the desired block time. Tue Jun 3 03:00:57 2014 : Debug: (3) rest : Sending HTTP GET to "http://xxxxxx//api/v1/dhcp/80%3Aea%3A96%3A2a%3Ab6%3Aaa" Tue Jun 3 03:00:57 2014 : Debug: (3) rest : Processing response header Tue Jun 3 03:00:57 2014 : Debug: (3) rest : Status : 401 (Unauthorized) Tue Jun 3 03:00:57 2014 : Debug: (3) rest : Skipping attribute processing, no body data received Tue Jun 3 03:00:57 2014 : Debug: rlm_rest (rest): Released connection (4) Tue Jun 3 03:00:57 2014 : Debug: (3) modsingle[authorize]: returned from rest (rlm_rest) for request 3 Tue Jun 3 03:00:57 2014 : Debug: (3) [rest.authorize] = fail Tue Jun 3 03:00:57 2014 : Debug: (3) } # dhcp DHCP-Discover = fail Tue Jun 3 03:00:57 2014 : Debug: (3) Finished request 3. Tue Jun 3 03:00:57 2014 : Debug: Waking up in 0.2 seconds. Tue Jun 3 03:00:58 2014 : Debug: Waking up in 4.6 seconds. Received DHCP-Discover of id 7b0fb2de from 172.19.0.9:67 to 172.19.0.12:67 Tue Jun 3 03:00:59 2014 : Debug: (3) No reply. Ignoring retransmit. Tue Jun 3 03:00:59 2014 : Debug: Waking up in 2.9 seconds. Received DHCP-Discover of id 7b0fb2de from 172.19.0.9:67 to 172.19.0.12:67 Tue Jun 3 03:01:02 2014 : Debug: (3) No reply. Ignoring retransmit. Tue Jun 3 03:01:02 2014 : Debug: Waking up in 0.4 seconds. Tue Jun 3 03:01:02 2014 : Debug: (2) Cleaning up request packet ID 2064626397 with timestamp +56 Tue Jun 3 03:01:02 2014 : Debug: Waking up in 1999991.0 seconds. Received DHCP-Discover of id 7b0fb2de from 172.19.0.9:67 to 172.19.0.12:67 Tue Jun 3 03:01:06 2014 : Debug: (3) No reply. Ignoring retransmit. Tue Jun 3 03:01:06 2014 : Debug: Waking up in 3999983.1 seconds. Received DHCP-Discover of id 7b0fb2de from 172.19.0.9:67 to 172.19.0.12:67 Tue Jun 3 03:01:15 2014 : Debug: (3) No reply. Ignoring retransmit. Tue Jun 3 03:01:15 2014 : Debug: Waking up in 7999966.3 seconds. Received DHCP-Discover of id 7b0fb2de from 172.19.0.9:67 to 172.19.0.12:67 Tue Jun 3 03:01:23 2014 : Debug: (3) No reply. Ignoring retransmit. Tue Jun 3 03:01:23 2014 : Debug: Waking up in 15999942.1 seconds.

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  • Python: How do I pass a variable by reference?

    - by David Sykes
    The Python documentation seems unclear about whether parameters are passed by reference or value, and the following code produces the unchanged value 'Original' class PassByReference: def __init__(self): self.variable = 'Original' self.Change(self.variable) print self.variable def Change(self, var): var = 'Changed' Is there something I can do to pass the variable by actual reference? Update: I am coming to the conclusion that while Andrea answered my actual question (Can you... No but you can...), on the subject of pass by reference Blair Conrad is more technically correct. As I understand it the crux is that a copy of a reference is being passed. If you assign that copy, as in my example, then you lose the reference to the original and it remains unchanged. If, however, you 'use' that reference, for example append on a passed list, then the original is changed. I will see how the comments and votes go before choosing the answer people think is the best

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  • How to display a PostScript file in a Python GUI application.

    - by Mike Graham
    I would like to build a cross-platform GUI application in Python that displays PostScript files I generate, among some other stuff. What is the best way to accomplish this? Ideally I would be able to do things like zoom and pan the displayed graphic. Do any/some/all of the GUI toolkits have something I can drop in to do this, and if so what are they called and how do they work? If necessary, I can convert the postscript file to PDF or a raster format behind the scenes, but I'd rather not do the latter.

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  • How do I read user input in python thread?

    - by Sid H
    I'm trying to read from a thread in python as follows import threading, time, random var = True class MyThread(threading.Thread): def set_name(self, name): self.name = name def run(self): global var while var == True: print "In mythread " + self.name time.sleep(random.randint(2,5)) class MyReader(threading.Thread): def run(self): global var while var == True: input = raw_input("Quit?") if input == "q": var = False t1 = MyThread() t1.set_name("One") t2 = MyReader() t1.start() t2.start() However, if I enter 'q', I see the following error. In mythread One Quit?q Exception in thread Thread-2: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/python2.6/threading.py", line 522, in __bootstrap_inner self.run() File "test.py", line 20, in run input = raw_input("Quit?") EOFError In mythread One In mythread One How does on get user input from a thread?

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  • FOSS HTML to PDF in Python, .Net or command line?

    - by jle
    I have google as much as I possible, checked stackoverflow several times, and yet I can not find a good html to pdf converter that can handle css. Is there a free and open source solution (even for commercial usage)? There are many solutions, with huge variety of price ranges, but I was looking for something open source and free. I have tried PISA for Python and it works fairly well, but is not free for commercial usage. Is there anything for .Net? I have not had success with iTextSharp.

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  • Python Desktop Application with the Browser as an interface?

    - by Eli
    I want to create an application that runs on the users computer, a stand-alone application, with installation and what-not, but I want the interface to be a browser, either internal and displayed as an OS window or external accessible using the browser (i.e. some http server). The reason would be because I know a little about Python, but I think I can manage as long as I have some basic roots that I can use and manipulate, and those would be HTML, CSS, and Javascript. I've yet to find a good GUI tool which I can use, and always abandon the idea after trying to mess around and eventually not getting anything.

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  • Is str.replace(..).replace(..) ad nauseam a standard idiom in Python?

    - by meeselet
    For instance, say I wanted a function to escape a string for use in HTML (as in Django's escape filter): def escape(string): """ Returns the given string with ampersands, quotes and angle brackets encoded. """ return string.replace('&', '&amp;').replace('<', '&lt;').replace('>', '&gt;').replace("'", '&#39;').replace('"', '&quot;') This works, but it gets ugly quickly and appears to have poor algorithmic performance (in this example, the string is repeatedly traversed 5 times). What would be better is something like this: def escape(string): """ Returns the given string with ampersands, quotes and angle brackets encoded. """ # Note that ampersands must be escaped first; the rest can be escaped in # any order. return replace_multi(string.replace('&', '&amp;'), {'<': '&lt;', '>': '&gt;', "'": '&#39;', '"': '&quot;'}) Does such a function exist, or is the standard Python idiom to use what I wrote before?

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  • How do I change the default format of log messages in python app engine?

    - by dazed-n-confused
    I would like to log the module and classname by default in log messages from my request handlers. The usual way to do this seems to be to set a custom format string by calling logging.basicConfig, but this can only be called once and has already been called by the time my code runs. Another method is to create a new log Handler which can be passed a new log Formatter, but this doesn't seem right as I want to use the existing log handler that App Engine has installed. What is the right way to have extra information added to all log messages in python App Engine, but otherwise use the existing log format and sink?

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  • Email notifications of exceptions happening in a Python app?

    - by ming yeow
    Hi folks, I want to set up email notifications when there is an error happening in my application. In ruby, there is a very elegant solution called ExceptionNotifier, which wraps around the exception handler and uses the built-in mailer to send an email. What is the best way of doing this in Python? I know that this is a very common issue, so would love for any tips that you folks can share! PS: Code samples, pointers to modules would be AWESOME! Thanks!

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  • How to generate graphs and statistics from SQLAlchemy tables [Python]?

    - by Az
    Hi all, After running a bunch of simulations I'm going to be outputting the results into a table created using SQLAlchemy. I plan to use this data to generatw statistics - mean and variance being key. These, in turn, will be used to generate some graphs - histograms/line graphs, pie-charts and box-and-whisker plots specifically. I'm aware of the Python graphing libraries like matplotlib. The thing is, I'm not sure how to have this integrate with the information contained within the database tables. Any suggestions on how to make these two play with each other? The main problem is that I'm not sure how to supply the information as "data sets" to the graphing library. Thanks in advance.

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  • Long running, polling, queueing process for Python. What's the best stuff to use?

    - by Bialecki
    Feel free to close and/or redirect if this has been asked, but here's my situation: I've got an application that will require doing a bunch of small units of work (polling a web service until something is done, then parsing about 1MB worth of XML and putting it in a database). I want to have a simple async queueing mechanism that'll poll for work to do in a queue, execute the units of work that need to be done, and have the flexibility to allow for spawning multiple worker processes so these units of work can be done in parallel. (Bonus if there's some kind of event framework that would also me to listen for when work is complete.) I'm sure there is stuff to do this. Am I describing Twisted? I poked through the documentation, I'm just not sure exactly how my problems maps onto their framework, but I haven't spent much time with it. Should I just look at the multiprocess libraries in Python? Something else?

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  • What's the fastest way to strip and replace a document of high unicode characters using Python?

    - by Rhubarb
    I am looking to replace from a large document all high unicode characters, such as accented Es, left and right quotes, etc., with "normal" counterparts in the low range, such as a regular 'E', and straight quotes. I need to perform this on a very large document rather often. I see an example of this in what I think might be perl here: http://www.designmeme.com/mtplugins/lowdown.txt Is there a fast way of doing this in Python without using s.replace(...).replace(...).replace(...)...? I've tried this on just a few characters to replace and the document stripping became really slow.

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  • Is it bad practice to use python's getattr extensively?

    - by Wilduck
    I'm creating a shell-like environment. My original method of handleing user input was to use a dictionary mapping commands (strings) to methods of various classes, making use of the fact that functions are first class objects in python. For flexibility's sake (mostly for parsing commands), I'm thinking of changing my setup such that I'm using getattr(command), to grab the method I need and then passing arguments to it at the end of my parser. Another advantage of this approach is not having to update my (currently statically implemented) command dictionary every time I add a new method/command. My question is, will I be taking a hit to the efficiency of my shell? Does it matter how many methods/commands I have? I'm currently looking at 30 some commands, which could eventually double.

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  • Doing arithmetic with up to two decimal places in Python?

    - by user248237
    I have two floats in Python that I'd like to subtract, i.e. v1 = float(value1) v2 = float(value2) diff = v1 - v2 I want "diff" to be computed up to two decimal places, that is compute it using %.2f of v1 and %.2f of v2. How can I do this? I know how to print v1 and v2 up to two decimals, but not how to do arithmetic like that. The particular issue I am trying to avoid is this. Suppose that: v1 = 0.982769777778 v2 = 0.985980444444 diff = v1 - v2 and then I print to file the following: myfile.write("%.2f\t%.2f\t%.2f\n" %(v1, v2, diff)) then I will get the output: 0.98 0.99 0.00, suggesting that there's no difference between v1 and v2, even though the printed result suggests there's a 0.01 difference. How can I get around this? thanks.

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  • Setting an ASIHTTPRequest post to a SimpleHTTPServer Python server?

    - by Rob
    I am working on a project (that i will not be releasing to the app store - just for fun) that will upload an image via an HTTP Post request from my iPhone to a server that I have running the Python script SimpleHTTPServer. I have successfully used the ASIHTTP APIs in the past for text strings, but can't for the life of me figure out how to upload an image. I have tried all of the following: NSString *path = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"Image" ofType:@".png"]; [request setFile:@"Image.png" forKey:@"file"]; [request setFile:path forKey:@"file"]; [request setFile:path withFileName:@"Image.png" andContentType:@"image/jpeg" forKey:@"file"]; [request setData:[UIImage imageNamed:@"Image.png"] withFileName:@"Image.png" andContentType:@"Image" forKey:@"file"]; Any thoughts on where i could be going wrong?

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  • How to programmatically blur an area in a movie (in python) ?

    - by Stefano Borini
    I have a movie, and I want to produce a new movie out of it with an area blurred (e.g. an object, a writing or a face). The area is moving, so I must have fine control of the current frame and move the position of the blur area accordingly. Blur is an option, but also a dark mask is fine too. Now, I have a question open at superuser on which software to use, but since I suspect I will have to buy adobe premiere to do something like this, and I don't want to shell out a kidney for something I have to do once, I am thinking about coding it myself in python. What are the best libraries available for this task ?

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