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• Unicast traffic between hosts on a switch leaving the switch by its uplink. Why?

  - by Rich Lafferty

  I have a weird thing happening on our network at my office which I can't quite get my head around. In particular I can't tell if it's a problem with a switch, or a problem with configuration. We have a Cisco SG300-52 switch (sw01) in the top of a rack in our server room, connected to another SG300-28 that acts as our core switch (core01). Both run layer 2 only, our firewalls do routing between VLANs. They have a dozen or so VLANs between them. Gi1 on sw01 is a trunk port connected to gi1 on core01. (Disclosure: There are other switches in our environment but I'm pretty sure I've isolated the problem down to these two. Happy to provide more info if necessary.) The behaviour I'm seeing is limited to one VLAN, vlan 12 -- or, at least, it's not happening on the other ones I checked (It's hard to guarantee the absence of packets), and it is: sw01 is forwarding, to core01, traffic which is between two hosts which are both plugged into sw01. (I noticed this because the IDS in our firewall gave a false positive on traffic which should not reach the firewall.) We noticed this mostly between our two dhcp/dns servers, net01 (10.12.0.10) and net02 (10.12.0.11). net01 is physical hardware and net02 is on a VMware ESX server. net01 is connected to gi44 on sw01 and net02's ESX server to gi11. [net01]----gi44-[sw01]-gi1----gi1-[core01] [net02]----gi11/ Let's see some interfaces! Remember, vlan 12 is the problem vlan. Of the others I explicitly verified that vlan 27 was not affected. Here's the two hosts' ports: esx01 contains net02. sw01#sh run int gi11 interface gigabitethernet11 description esx01 lldp med disable switchport trunk allowed vlan add 5-7,11-13,100 switchport trunk native vlan 27 ! sw01#sh run int gi44 interface gigabitethernet44 description net01-1 lldp med disable switchport mode access switchport access vlan 12 ! Here's the trunk on sw01. sw01#sh run int gi1 interface gigabitethernet1 description "trunk to core01" lldp med disable switchport trunk allowed vlan add 4-7,11-13,27,100 ! And the other end of the trunk on core01. interface gigabitethernet1 description sw01 macro description switch switchport trunk allowed vlan add 2-7,11-16,27,100 ! I have a monitor port on core01, thus: core01#sh run int gi12 interface gigabitethernet12 description "monitor port" port monitor GigabitEthernet 1 ! And the monitor port on core01 sees unicast traffic going between net01 and net02, both of which are on sw01! I've verified this with a monitor port on sw01 that sees the net01-net02 unicast traffic leaving via gi1 too. sw01 knows that both of those hosts are on ports that are not its trunk port: :) ratchet$ arp -a | grep net net02.2ndsiteinc.com (10.12.0.11) at 00:0C:29:1A:66:15 [ether] on eth0 net01.2ndsiteinc.com (10.12.0.10) at 00:11:43:D8:9F:94 [ether] on eth0 sw01#sh mac addr addr 00:0C:29:1A:66:15 Aging time is 300 sec Vlan Mac Address Port Type -------- --------------------- ---------- ---------- 12 00:0c:29:1a:66:15 gi11 dynamic sw01#sh mac addr addr 00:11:43:D8:9F:94 Aging time is 300 sec Vlan Mac Address Port Type -------- --------------------- ---------- ---------- 12 00:11:43:d8:9f:94 gi44 dynamic I also brought up an unused port on sw01 on vlan 12, but the unicast traffic was (as best as I could tell) not coming out that port. So it doesn't look like sw01 is pushing it out all its ports, just the right ports and also gi1! I've verified that sw01 is not filling up its address-table: sw01#sh mac addr count This may take some time. Capacity : 8192 Free : 7983 Used : 208 The full configs for both core01 and sw01 are available: core01, sw01. Finally, versions: sw01#sh ver SW version 1.1.2.0 ( date 12-Nov-2011 time 23:34:26 ) Boot version 1.0.0.4 ( date 08-Apr-2010 time 16:37:57 ) HW version V01 core01#sh ver SW version 1.1.2.0 ( date 12-Nov-2011 time 23:34:26 ) Boot version 1.1.0.6 ( date 11-May-2011 time 18:31:00 ) HW version V01 So my understanding is this: sw01 should take unicast traffic for net01 and send it only out net02's port, and vice versa; none of it should go out sw01's uplink. But core01, receiving traffic on gi1 for a host it knows is on gi1, is right in sending it out all of its ports. (That is: sw01 is misbehaving, but core01 is doing what it should given the circumstances.) My question is: Why is sw01 sending that unicast traffic out its uplink, gi1? (And pre-emptively: yes, I know SG300s leave much to be desired, and yes, we should have spanning-tree enabled, but that's where I'm at right now.)

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• Nearest PC equivalent to Mac Target Disk Mode?

  - by username

  Mac firmware has a special boot mode that allows you to offer its internal hdd to another computer as an external disk (you just connect the two machines via an IEEE 1394 cable). Only the second machine needs a functioning OS installed. Any good suggestions for something similar on the PC side of things? Block level access isn't important to me, I'd just like to be able to copy files off it. It doesn't matter to me if it uses Ethernet, IEEE 1394, or wifi - I just like having a quick way to access files on a client PC. Is there any single-purpose Linux distro specially designed to do this? It'd be nice to have something super simple, quickbooting, and small that I could install on a USB drive. I used to use Knoppix, but it's overkill as a Target Mode replacement.

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• securing source code with bitlocker

  - by Daniel Powell

  We need to deploy a web based application at a client site where it will be within their local intranet. Part of our requirement is to provide some basic security to protect our IP. I realise that nothings a 100% guaranteed fix but we are just looking to make it a bit harder for most people. The server will be running server 2008 and I was considering using bitlocker as a cheap and nasty way to protect it. From what I understand assuming the mobo supports it we can use the Transparent bitlocker mode and this means that moving the hdd to another pc will mean the hdd will be unreadable in that machine baring some sort of cold boot attack to steal the encryption keys. Is this assumption correct and in the case that the motherboard or any other component fails in the pc and we need to replace it do we lose access to our data or is there a way to unencrypt it (obviously accessible to only our company) EDIT: we do have legal documents that cover this and we will be locking the pc physically and the client will not have access to the pc (windows login) other than via the website we host on it

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• CentOS default never fsck root partition on start up?

  - by wwwpanda

  Most documentation or sites will say use "tune2fs -l " to check if the system will do fsck on the system partitions on next boot, in particular, should look at "Mount count" and "Maximum mount count" values. However, I notice for default CentOS 5 or 6 installation, when I check against the root partition, I always noticed something like this from tune2fs output: ... Mount count: 91 Maximum mount count: -1 Last checked: Thu Oct 29 18:48:14 2009 Check interval: 0 (<none>) ... i.e. the max. mount count is set to "-1". That makes me wonder does it mean CentOS (or Red Hat) won't check the root partition at all? I check the fstab, the last number for root partition is still "1" as usual. If the OS does fsck the root partition during startup, how can I tell when (i.e. after how many reboots or when) will the OS will start fsck the root parition during startup?

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• Can I trust that ZFS is consistent between Linux and FreeBSD?

  - by iconoclast

  I'm planning to build a FreeNAS box sometime soon, but if ZFS on Linux eventually proves to be reliable, I might want to switch, just to have a more familiar OS. So I'm wondering if I can trust that the different implementations of ZFS are compatible. In other words, if I just swap out the boot disk from FreeNAS to Linux or OpenIndiana, can I trust that nothing bad will happen to my data? This may seem like a stupid question--obviously it ought to be compatible--but I'm guessing that ZFS isn't commonly used in cases where drives are moved between computers, so I'm hoping someone can provide a better answer than just "it ought to be".

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• Can I use a Retail DVD media with an OEM key to install Windows Vista?

  - by Sammy

  I got a Fujitsu computer with OEM license key and Windows Vista. I would like to reinstall Windows on it. But I didn't get any Windows media with it. However, I do poses more than just one DVD installation disc from my Retail copies of Windows Vista that I use on other computers. Can I use this media instead? Or do I have to order a specialty OEM DVD media from the manufacturer or Microsoft? Update: I have found some partition called "EISA" configuration partition. It is a hidden partition that I found in Disk Management. How can I make use of this? Do I boot from it or do I mount it to a drive letter and access it inside Windows? Can this be used to restore the computer? It is about 11 GB in size.

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• Install 64-bit Windows 7 on Mac Using Bootcamp

  - by Paul Lefebvre

  Has anyone been able to install Windows 7 x64 under Bootcamp on a Mac? I was able to get the 32-bit version to install, but I cannot get x64 to install. The Mac doesn't seem to even want to boot the DVD. And even if I get it installed are there drivers that will work with it? I'd prefer to have Windows 7 x64 because I'd like to use the entire 6GB RAM in my MacBook Pro. I'd appreciate any tips or advice.

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• Problem with Windows activation on a VM (Virtual machine)

  - by Daisetsu

  I backed up a number of laptops to virtual machines before they are to be re-purposed, in case I need the data at some later time. While the Physical to VM processes worked fine I am encountering issues on some of the VMs. When I boot them I get an error message saying I MUST activate windows in order to login. This is expected because the hardware changed (from physical hardware to virtualized hardware). I click the OK button and expect to be prompted with ways to activate, windows sits there for quite a while then tells me that "Windows has already been activated". I click OK at that message and get take back to the beginning where I am asked to activate Windows. I have done some fairly intensive googling but haven't been able to find a real solution. EDIT: The laptops with the issues are 2 Sony Vaios, I believe that they have the OEM version of the OS originally installed by the factory.

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• Server vendor that allows 3rd party disks

  - by Alvin S

  As noted here, Dell is no longer allowing 3rd party disks to be used with their latest servers. As in, they don't work period. Which means that if you buy one of these boxes and want to upgrade the storage later, you have buy disks from Dell at significant premiums. Dell has just given me a very strong reason to take my server business elsewhere. My company buys (instead of leasing) our servers, and typically uses them for 5 years. I need to be able to upgrade/repurpose storage periodically, and do not want to be locked in to whatever Dell might have in stock, at inflated prices to boot. As you will see in the comments of the above link, it seems HP is doing the same thing. I am looking for a server vendor that offers 3-5 year warranty with same day/next day onsite service, and allows me to use 3rd party disks. Suggestions?

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• Live CD with good anti-virus software to scan/repair Windows?

  - by overtherainbow

  Hello, I browsed through the archives, and it seems like there's no live CD from which to run a good, up-to-date anti-virus application, at least to check whether a Windows host has been compromised The Ultimate Boot CD has only three AV applications, and their virus definition is from... 2007 In a report, ClamAV scored very low. It's nice that it's open-source, but if it's not as good as commercial alternatives... Those of you into this kind of thing, do you confirm that there's just no good live CD to inspect Windows hosts, and possibly repair them? If there is, what do you recommend? Thank you.

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• Hard drive failure during a move

  - by user52141

  So, odd situation here... I shipped a computer via UPS. The computer was well protected, wrapped in multiple layers of padding and tightly packed to minimize any chance of damage. The package arrived in great condition, no damage to the box at all - it looks like it was handled with utmost care. (And given it was shipped 2nd day express and cost $200 to ship, it had better have been) However, upon unpacking it and turning it on... suddenly the computer is telling us there is no boot device. I've checked everything I can think of and everything points to complete and utter hard drive failure. So - what on earth could cause hard drive failure during shipping?

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• Virtual Box fails my OSes :(

  - by Kingston Town

  I have a little problem with Virtual Box latest version in which i have installed Mint (also latest version).During creation of a new vdi partition I chose settings as default, that is, I don't create any tiny partitions myself. The installation works. But later while the new OS is running (not in Live mode) I try installing/updating new software available, the system automatically fails, it reports an error of DISKFULL, I close the message box then power off my system. Later on I can't boot it up again anymore. It hangs with a black screen and the PAUSE status. I have no idea why. I have installed 2 OSes and both fail at the same error. I doubt something is not right about the current version of VBox. Thank you . My host OS is Windows7 and my Clients are Mint and CentOS

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• unable to install new versions of linux on my PC

  - by iamrohitbanga

  I have an MSI-RC410 motherboard with onboard ATI Radeon XPress 200 series Graphics card. I have used OpenSuse-11.0 on my PC for over an year. but when I tried to upgrade to OpenSuse-11.1, I managed to install it only to find that several features were missing. for example /dev/cdrom was missing. Also install DVD of Fedora 11 did not work. I have also tried Ubuntu-9.10 live cd. When I boot from the CD i get the initramfs command prompt. Still able to install old versions of these OSs. What is the reason for this behavior? Does it have to do anything with the new version of the linux kernel not being compatible with my hardware? What should i do to install new versions of Linux?

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• Problems installing Linux to IDE connected compact flash card

  - by mathematician1975

  I have been trying to install Ubuntu on some hardware (Netcom NC-499 board that contains a Vortex86DX processor). I am trying to install to a compact flash card attached to the board via an IDE adaptor, the aim being that the board will boot up and simply treat the compact flash like a normal hard drive. The processor vendor claims support for Ubuntu 10.04 but I am having problems installing it onto the card. I have been trying using a USB CD-ROM drive and the standard .iso image from the ubuntu site (md5 checksum works out fine so no problem there) but I have had no success at all. I have been able to do this with Ubuntu 8.04 but with no other version (9.04 and 10.04 desktop and alternative discs all fail). My question is what other options are available to me to try and install this? I have googled myself apart trying to find out but other than a few sites describing USB based installs using flash memory sticks for very specific hardware, I have found no useful info at all. Any suggestions will be gratefully received.

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• Securely wiping a file on a tmpfs

  - by Nanzikambe

  I have a script that decrypts some data to a tmpfs, the directory is secure (permissions), the machine's swap is encrypted (random key on boot) and when the script is done it does a 35 pass wipe (Peter Gutmann) of the cleartext on the tmpfs . I do this because I'm aware wiping files on a journaling file system is insecure, data may be recovered. For discussion, here're the relevant bits extracted: # make the tmpfs mkdir /mnt/tmpfs chmod 0700 /mnt/tmpfs mount -t tmpfs -o size=1M tmpfs /mnt/tmpfs cd /mnt/tmpfs # decrypt the data gpg -o - <crypted_input_file> | \ tar -xjpf - # do processing stuff # wipe contents find . -type f -exec bcwipe -I {} ';' # nuke the tmpfs cd .. umount -f /mnt/tmpfs rm -fR /mnt/tmpfs So, my question, assuming for the moment that nobody is able to read the cleartext in the tmpfs while it exists (I use umask to set cleartext to 0600), is there any way any trace of the cleartext could remain either in memory or on disk after the snippet above completes?

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• pxelinux hanging when booting client machine

  - by Blasphemophagher

  I'm kind of new to all of this, so please forgive any vagueness/misunderstandings on my part. I'm using pxelinux and VMs to create CentOS 6.0 machines that have the same install every time. I have a new VM set to boot from network, but in the process of booting up it gets stuck at "Loading 10.1.1.20:/pxelinux.0" (10.1.1.20 is the address of the server it's getting info from). pxelinux conf: http://pastebin.com/4XfZZPY1 I'm pretty sure all my config files are correct, could it be VirtualBox related? I have both the building server and the new client set to Host-only adapter and PCNET-FAST.

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• Not able to access a folder in Windows 7 and not able to see in Ubuntu.

  - by Rohit

  I have four partitions on my hard disk. Partition C has Windows XP installed and Partition G has Windows 7 installed. Ubuntu 10.10 is also installed, probably in F. Partitions C and G are NTFS. When I boot into C, XP is loading but when I click on the C Drive in MyComputer, it displays: "Access is denied". Windows 7 displays the folder tree of C, but when I try to open a folder, I am not able to view the contents. The same error: of Access Denied. When I try to view the C Partition using Ubuntu, the entire C partition is not visible. I tried following commands to take ownership of the C drive: takeown /f C: cacls C: /G Rohit:F but still I am not able to get rid of "Access Denied". I again tried the above commands from the Windows 7 safe mode, but still the problem persists. The two commands return "Successful", but nothing is happening.

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• How do I enable SELinux when booting a ramdisk from a CD/DVD?

  - by JeffG

  I have a bootable DVD which boots the same Kernel as the Hard Drive (which uses SELinux). I have copied /etc/selinux and all kernel modules to my ramdisk, and have tried various combinations of selinux=1 and selinux 1 with enforcing 1 and enforcing 0. as Kernel boot parameters. All files contained in the checkpolicy, libselinux, policycoreutils, selinux-policy and selinux-policy-targeted rpms have also been copied into the ramdisk tree. After the system boots from the ramdisk, I check dmesg: % dmesg | grep -i selinux Kernel command line: initrd=idrd.img ramdisk_size=110476 selinux=1 SELinux: Initializing. SELinux: Starting in permissive mode selinux_register_security: Registering secondary module capability SElinux: Registering netfilter hooks But SELinux isn't running: % /usr/sbin/getenforce Disabled % /usr/sbin/setenforce 1 /usr/sbin/setenforce: SELinux is disabled Neither /var/log/messages nor /proc/kmsg hold clues.

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• Unknown filesystem Grub rescue error

  - by Dewish Salik

  I have a lenovo z570, and i installed ubuntu 12.04 alongside with my windows 7. Recently all my games ive been playing, stop responding due to a AppCrash. I searched it on google and they said it had something to do with ubuntu. So i deleted the partition. After restarting my laptop i get the: unknown filesystem grub rescue error. I tried using a windows cd to boot, but it cant. Please HELP!! If you got something please comment or send to [email protected] Thanx in advance

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• Windows Server 2012 and Ubuntu 12.04.1 under Hyper-V

  - by Technicolour

  I've set up an instance of Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS under Hyper-V 2012. However it seems to be nondeterministic as to whether or not it completes the boot process. I get a Kernel Panic, "IO-APIC + timer doesn't work!", which from my research is caused by not having integration services correctly installed? It was my understanding that the integration services were all now baked into the kernel? It should then be fine to update the OS (including any kernel updates, as I'm guessing that's what has happened) Being able to rely on this successfully booting would be great as I intend on using ssh for crisis situations.

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• Create bootable partition from image

  - by Carson Darling

  I have a Macbook Pro with a dead CD drive. I don't have easy access to a replacement drive. I'm trying to install Ubuntu, and I can't get the MBP to recognize a USB stick as a bootable media (I believe MBP's have issues with booting from USB in some cases). Is it possible to take a disk image and write it to a partition on the HDD so that I can then boot from that partition and then install the OS onto a third partition? Partition layout: 150GB OS X 50GB Ubuntu destination 5GB Ubuntu install image

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• Why does the CentOS 5.8 install give an error about CD-ROM drive when using HP ILO?

  - by Mike B

  CentOS 5.8 I'm trying to install CentOS 5.8 on a box. I'm connecting the ISO to the server via a virtual disk using HP ILO. It initially seems to boot fine but in the middle of the anaconda text-mode package installation, it gives the following error: CD Not Found CentOS CD was not found in any of your CDROM drives. Please insert the CentOS CD and press OK to retry. If I click OK, it gives me the same error. I don't understand how it could get this far and then complain about the CD-ROM drive. Any thoughts?

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• HDD is not recognized/initialized via USB, only via SATA - is a reformat through USB a bad idea?

  - by Wuschelbeutel Kartoffelhuhn

  I have a 4TB Hitachi HDD that I purchased in Europe (I use it as a backup disk); I use Windows 7. When I connect it to a SATA port, it is recognized in Windows Explorer and gives no problems, even after transferring 3TB at a time or after being on for days. When I connect it via a SATA-to-USB2.0 adapter, it is also recognized, but when I transfer a large amount of data, it will intermittently stop being recognized by Windows Explorer and cancel the transfer. When I connect it via an external enclosure (which is technically a SATA-to-USB3.0 adapter), it does not display at all in Windows Explorer, but Disk Management will show the drive, albeit uninitialized (prompts for format). I only got the external enclosure because I want to backup my files more conveniently (instead of having to open the computer case each time). Do you advise against reformat/initialization via the external enclosure? Can it screw up things in an irrevocable way (Master Boot Record etc.)?

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• fdisk -l shows a partition is not in /dev directory

  - by zitronic

  I am having troubles on mounting my ntfs hard drive on linux. I am running ophcrack live CD. fdisk shows me the hard drive I have installed on my computer fdisk -l Disk /dev/hdc: 30.0 GB, 30005821440 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3648 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hdc1 * 1 3647 29294496 7 HPFS/NTFS but I dont have that device on my /dev directory so I can not mount it ls /dev/hd* /dev/hda /dev/hda4 /dev/hda8 /dev/hdb2 /dev/hdb6 /dev/hdc /dev/hda1 /dev/hda5 /dev/hda9 /dev/hdb3 /dev/hdb7 /dev/hdd /dev/hda2 /dev/hda6 /dev/hdb /dev/hdb4 /dev/hdb8 /dev/hda3 /dev/hda7 /dev/hdb1 /dev/hdb5 /dev/hdb9 What could be going on_

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• PXE in an 802.1X environment

  - by newmanth

  My organization is about to implement 802.1X on our enterprise, but we currently use PXE-based OS deployment sequences in SCCM. I'm looking for a way to continue using PXE in an 802.1X environment. Our infrastructure uses Cisco network gear running at 12.2 (or newer). We are an all Windows network and all clients support 802.1X. All new workstations have Intel AMT available (but not factory configured). In a worst case scenario, we'll use a guest vlan for OSD, but I'd rather have the OSD occur in an authenticated session. I've seen white papers that describe using AMT to act as a supplicant for PXE boot, but can't find any implementation details...

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