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• Moved to SSD and now getting "the disk drive for / is not ready yet"

  - by dmt0

  I moved my Ubuntu 12.04 install over to an SSD drive. Copied all directories except for the ones most often written to - var, tmp, ... Reinstalled grub into SSD by booting with live CD and following the commands in this post: How to move Ubuntu to an SSD This seemed to work fine, because when I press "e" in grub menu, I see the expected UUIDs. But right after grub I get could not log bootup: Address already in use the disk drive for / is not ready yet or not present. If I skip, I get same for /tmp /run, and other dirs If I go into manual recovery and do mount -n -o remount,rw / it turns out that everything can mount no problem. Can't get my head around this one. My fstab seems right. grub is right. AHCI in bios is enabled. Why is this happening? What can I do to fix it? When I do drop into shell from this error and get to mount things manually, how do I get the OS to continue loading? Thank you guys for any ideas you can give me. Here's what my fstab looks like right now: # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 UUID=67fc8a7a-f1db-485c-88bd-e007c214244f / ext4 defaults,noatime,discard 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sda3 during installation UUID=6bc9cd6c-46b7-43a0-bfac-bd04cc26cfb6 none swap sw 0 0 UUID=7397729b-2125-4b1d-b5eb-28866898d773 /hdd ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 /hdd/home /home none bind 0 0 /hdd/run /run none bind 0 0 /hdd/tmp /tmp none bind 0 0 /hdd/var /var none bind 0 0 /dev/scd0 /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto,exec,utf8 0 0 output from blkid: /dev/sda1: LABEL="System Reserved" UUID="EABC56C1BC568849" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda2: UUID="7CCC6124CC60D9C2" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda3: UUID="6bc9cd6c-46b7-43a0-bfac-bd04cc26cfb6" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda5: UUID="7397729b-2125-4b1d-b5eb-28866898d773" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sdb1: UUID="67fc8a7a-f1db-485c-88bd-e007c214244f" TYPE="ext4" relevant from fdisk -l: Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 2048 115345407 57671680 83 Linux

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• How to Send the Contents of the Clipboard to a Text File via the Send to Menu

  - by Jason Faulkner

  We have previously covered how to send the contents of a text file to the Windows Clipboard with a simple Send To shortcut, but what if you want to do the opposite? That is: send the contents of the clipboard to a text file with a simple shortcut. No problem. Here’s how. Copy the ClipOut Utility While Windows offers the command line tool ‘clip’ as a way to direct console output to the clipboard, it does not have a tool to direct the clipboard contents to the console. To do this, we are going to use a small utility named ClipOut (download link at the bottom). Simply download and extract this file to a location in your Windows PATH variable (if you don’t know what this means, just extract the EXE to your C:\Windows folder) and you are ready to go. Add the Send To Shortcut Open your Send To folder location by going to Run > shell:sendto Create a new shortcut with the command: CMD /C ClipOut > Note the above command will overwrite the contents of the selected file. If you would like to append to the contents of the selected file, use this command instead: CMD /C ClipOut >> Of course, you could make shortcuts for both. Give a descriptive name to the shortcut. You’re finished. Using this shortcut will now send the text contents copied to your Windows Clipboard to the selected file. It is important to note that the ClipOut tool only supports outputting text. If you had binary data copied to your clipboard, then the output would be empty. Changing the Icon By default, the icon for the shortcut will appear as a command prompt, but you can easily change this by editing the properties of the shortcut and clicking the Change Icon button. We used an icon located in “%SystemRoot%\System32\shell32.dll”, but any icon of your liking will do. As an additional tweak, you can set the properties of the shortcut to run minimized. This will prevent the command window from “blinking” when the send to command is run (instead it will blink in your taskbar, which is hardly noticeable). Links Download ClipOut Utility     

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• The long road to bug-free software

  - by Tony Davis

  The past decade has seen a burgeoning interest in functional programming languages such as Haskell or, in the Microsoft world, F#. Though still on the periphery of mainstream programming, functional programming concepts are gradually seeping into the imperative C# language (for example, Lambda expressions have their root in functional programming). One of the more interesting concepts from functional programming languages is the use of formal methods, the lofty ideal behind which is bug-free software. The idea is that we write a specification that describes exactly how our function (say) should behave. We then prove that our function conforms to it, and in doing so have proved beyond any doubt that it is free from bugs. All programmers already use one form of specification, specifically their programming language's type system. If a value has a specific type then, in a type-safe language, the compiler guarantees that value cannot be an instance of a different type. Many extensions to existing type systems, such as generics in Java and .NET, extend the range of programs that can be type-checked. Unfortunately, type systems can only prevent some bugs. To take a classic problem of retrieving an index value from an array, since the type system doesn't specify the length of the array, the compiler has no way of knowing that a request for the "value of index 4" from an array of only two elements is "unsafe". We restore safety via exception handling, but the ideal type system will prevent us from doing anything that is unsafe in the first place and this is where we start to borrow ideas from a language such as Haskell, with its concept of "dependent types". If the type of an array includes its length, we can ensure that any index accesses into the array are valid. The problem is that we now need to carry around the length of arrays and the values of indices throughout our code so that it can be type-checked. In general, writing the specification to prove a positive property, even for a problem very amenable to specification, such as a simple sorting algorithm, turns out to be very hard and the specification will be different for every program. Extend this to writing a specification for, say, Microsoft Word and we can see that the specification would end up being no simpler, and therefore no less buggy, than the implementation. Fortunately, it is easier to write a specification that proves that a program doesn't have certain, specific and undesirable properties, such as infinite loops or accesses to the wrong bit of memory. If we can write the specifications to prove that a program is immune to such problems, we could reuse them in many places. The problem is the lack of specification "provers" that can do this without a lot of manual intervention (i.e. hints from the programmer). All this might feel a very long way off, but computing power and our understanding of the theory of "provers" advances quickly, and Microsoft is doing some of it already. Via their Terminator research project they have started to prove that their device drivers will always terminate, and in so doing have suddenly eliminated a vast range of possible bugs. This is a huge step forward from saying, "we've tested it lots and it seems fine". What do you think? What might be good targets for specification and verification? SQL could be one: the cost of a bug in SQL Server is quite high given how many important systems rely on it, so there's a good incentive to eliminate bugs, even at high initial cost. [Many thanks to Mike Williamson for guidance and useful conversations during the writing of this piece] Cheers, Tony.

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• edited and reversed changes on .htaccess - site starts redirecting to .comindex.php/

  - by Aurigae

  Site is a Joomla 2.5 site. I wanted to add a non www to www redirect to the htaccess file, did so, then the redirection went mad, reversed but still the site redirects. When i click view site in admin panel, i get linked to http://domain.comindex.php/ The website is http://www.domain.com Visiting the website URL works without www, but once you click on projects it acts mad too. Projects is managed with joomshopping extension. EDIT: the redirect also happens when rewrite is deactivated in admin panel. ## # @package Joomla # @copyright Copyright (C) 2005 - 2012 Open Source Matters. All rights reserved. # @license GNU General Public License version 2 or later; see LICENSE.txt ## ## # READ THIS COMPLETELY IF YOU CHOOSE TO USE THIS FILE! # # The line just below this section: 'Options +FollowSymLinks' may cause problems # with some server configurations. It is required for use of mod_rewrite, but may already # be set by your server administrator in a way that dissallows changing it in # your .htaccess file. If using it causes your server to error out, comment it out (add # to # beginning of line), reload your site in your browser and test your sef url's. If they work, # it has been set by your server administrator and you do not need it set here. ## ## Can be commented out if causes errors, see notes above. Options +FollowSymLinks ## Mod_rewrite in use. RewriteEngine On ## Begin - Rewrite rules to block out some common exploits. # If you experience problems on your site block out the operations listed below # This attempts to block the most common type of exploit `attempts` to Joomla! # # Block out any script trying to base64_encode data within the URL. RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} base64_encode[^(]*\([^)]*\) [OR] # Block out any script that includes a <script> tag in URL. RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} (<|%3C)([^s]*s)+cript.*(>|%3E) [NC,OR] # Block out any script trying to set a PHP GLOBALS variable via URL. RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} GLOBALS(=|\[|\%[0-9A-Z]{0,2}) [OR] # Block out any script trying to modify a _REQUEST variable via URL. RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} _REQUEST(=|\[|\%[0-9A-Z]{0,2}) # Return 403 Forbidden header and show the content of the root homepage RewriteRule .* index.php [F] # ## End - Rewrite rules to block out some common exploits. ## Begin - Custom redirects # # If you need to redirect some pages, or set a canonical non-www to # www redirect (or vice versa), place that code here. Ensure those # redirects use the correct RewriteRule syntax and the [R=301,L] flags. # ## End - Custom redirects ## # Uncomment following line if your webserver's URL # is not directly related to physical file paths. # Update Your Joomla! Directory (just / for root). ## # RewriteBase / ## Begin - Joomla! core SEF Section. # RewriteRule .* - [E=HTTP_AUTHORIZATION:%{HTTP:Authorization}] # # If the requested path and file is not /index.php and the request # has not already been internally rewritten to the index.php script RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/index\.php # and the request is for something within the component folder, # or for the site root, or for an extensionless URL, or the # requested URL ends with one of the listed extensions RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /component/|(/[^.]*|\.(php|html?|feed|pdf|vcf|raw))$ [NC] # and the requested path and file doesn't directly match a physical file RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f # and the requested path and file doesn't directly match a physical folder RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d # internally rewrite the request to the index.php script RewriteRule .* index.php [L] # ## End - Joomla! core SEF Section. Redirect 301 /index.html /index.php Redirect 301 /services /project Redirect 301 /projects/projects.html /project Redirect 301 /projects/project1.html /project Redirect 301 /projects/project2.html /project Redirect 301 /projects /project Redirect 301 /keypersonnel.html /about-agrin/keystaff Redirect 301 /cooperation.htm /about-agrin/intcoop Redirect 301 /member.html /about-agrin/memberships Redirect 301 /contact.html /contacts Redirect 301 /hr.htm /jobs Redirect 301 /index.php/404 /index.php

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• Video works with 'Try me' but not after install. What is the difference? U12.04LTS,

  - by HarveyP

  My hard drive got corrupted so I did a reinstall. Tested Youtube in FF during 'try me' and it worked - jerky, but it worked. Instal without all the updates (576 outstanding now) in order to get ff installed as per the demo - to no avail. In 'try me' mode ff NEVER crashed! After install ff crashed whilst I was typing in 'youtube' in the address field. When I finally got to youtube - no video. What is the difference between ff in try me and ff after install? Off to try some selected updates now to see if I can see it for myself. In previous installation I had several profiles and aliased ff with -safe-mode switch to simplify startup of most stable ff. Also found that ff startup in graphic mode worked better (but still without video) with all of the extensions disabled and all of the plugins set to "ask" and always denied ... I have SiS graphic card in SiS Motherboard for XP and ancient Hyundai ImageQuest QV770 monitor. I have Ubuntu 12.04.01 LTS 1 day after install with only the immediate upgrades requested to language pack (English UK). Using FR Alternative keyboard. Connected with domestic wifi network from Orange (FT) I really want to use Skype, but won't bother installing it (again) without video as I can do my sms on FB - whilst ff is not crashed ... Update ... Is something overflowing? I have just had to reboot in order to get ff to restart in any way shape or form - restart on crash form generates new crash form, etc. It was however a good half hour before it crashed so some improvement over conditions before disk corruption. I have now installed all of the critical updates (332 recommended updates still outstanding) which included some relating to ff. Still no video. Still crashing - especially when on Grepolis website. Since the re-install I have had a lovely 1024x768 screen, but after last ff crash and reboot I got a message about 'low graphics mode' and 'setting things myself'. I was not sufficiently tuned in at the time to take proper note - I have no doubt I shall see it again and shall report accordingly. I still have only laptop options for my screen and do not know how to rectify this. Spent a few days with ubuntu on a different, newer machine which has now suffered a graphics breakdown. Returned to this old one again, but with new flat screen Monitor. Found SIS drivers for my graphics BUT it is intended for Red Hat 7.2. I chose this over the version for 7.0 because I thought what the hell, I might not be able to do anything with either of them but this is the later one ... The file will not open with software manager - found a similar problem on Overclock but it has not helped me to install this driver. File name is sis_drv.o-410 and it is currently idling away in my Downloads folder ... I have tried the solution offered on another sis problem, but this shows that my xserver-xorg-video-sis driver is up to date. I am now at a loss as to how to proceed if I can't install the latest sis driver from sis ... Does nobody know how FF changes from "try-me" to "installed"? Any time I MUST have video I reboot from the disk again, but this is tedious! Also one of the things I mock most about MS is the constant rebooting ... UPDATE 10/6/2014 I have installed chromium-browser - worse, crashes even more often than ff.I have installed epiphany - better; Video works but not the associated soundtrack.FireFox is version 14.01 in 'try me' and version 29.0 from my install. Would it be useful to try to downgrade FireFox in order to get video?

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• JEP 124: Enhance the Certificate Revocation-Checking API

  - by smullan

  Revocation checking is the mechanism to determine the revocation status of a certificate. If it is revoked, it is considered invalid and should not be used. Currently as of JDK 7, the PKIX implementation of java.security.cert.CertPathValidator  includes a revocation checking implementation that supports both OCSP and CRLs, the two main methods of checking revocation. However, there are very few options that allow you to configure the behavior. You can always implement your own revocation checker, but that's a lot of work. JEP 124 (Enhance the Certificate Revocation-Checking API) is one of the 11 new security features in JDK 8. This feature enhances the java.security.cert API to support various revocation settings such as best-effort checking, end-entity certificate checking, and mechanism-specific options and parameters. Let's describe each of these in more detail and show some examples. The features are provided through a new class named PKIXRevocationChecker. A PKIXRevocationChecker instance is returned by a PKIX CertPathValidator as follows: CertPathValidator cpv = CertPathValidator.getInstance("PKIX"); PKIXRevocationChecker prc = (PKIXRevocationChecker)cpv.getRevocationChecker(); You can now set various revocation options by calling different methods of the returned PKIXRevocationChecker object. For example, the best-effort option (called soft-fail) allows the revocation check to succeed if the status cannot be obtained due to a network connection failure or an overloaded server. It is enabled as follows: prc.setOptions(Enum.setOf(Option.SOFT_FAIL)); When the SOFT_FAIL option is specified, you can still obtain any exceptions that may have been thrown due to network issues. This can be useful if you want to log this information or treat it as a warning. You can obtain these exceptions by calling the getSoftFailExceptions method: List<CertPathValidatorException> exceptions = prc.getSoftFailExceptions(); Another new option called ONLY_END_ENTITY allows you to only check the revocation status of the end-entity certificate. This can improve performance, but you should be careful using this option, as the revocation status of CA certificates will not be checked. To set more than one option, simply specify them together, for example: prc.setOptions(Enum.setOf(Option.SOFT_FAIL, Option.ONLY_END_ENTITY)); By default, PKIXRevocationChecker will try to check the revocation status of a certificate using OCSP first, and then CRLs as a fallback. However, you can switch the order using the PREFER_CRLS option, or disable the fallback altogether using the NO_FALLBACK option. For example, here is how you would only use CRLs to check the revocation status: prc.setOptions(Enum.setOf(Option.PREFER_CRLS, Option.NO_FALLBACK)); There are also a number of other useful methods which allow you to specify various options such as the OCSP responder URI, the trusted OCSP responder certificate, and OCSP request extensions. However, one of the most useful features is the ability to specify a cached OCSP response with the setOCSPResponse method. This can be quite useful if the OCSPResponse has already been obtained, for example in a protocol that uses OCSP stapling. After you have set all of your preferred options, you must add the PKIXRevocationChecker to your PKIXParameters object as one of your custom CertPathCheckers before you validate the certificate chain, as follows: PKIXParameters params = new PKIXParameters(keystore); params.addCertPathChecker(prc); CertPathValidatorResult result = cpv.validate(path, params); Early access binaries of JDK 8 can be downloaded from http://jdk8.java.net/download.html

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• Custom Text and Binary Payloads using WebSocket (TOTD #186)

  - by arungupta

  TOTD #185 explained how to process text and binary payloads in a WebSocket endpoint. In summary, a text payload may be received as public void receiveTextMessage(String message) {    . . . } And binary payload may be received as: public void recieveBinaryMessage(ByteBuffer message) {    . . .} As you realize, both of these methods receive the text and binary data in raw format. However you may like to receive and send the data using a POJO. This marshaling and unmarshaling can be done in the method implementation but JSR 356 API provides a cleaner way. For encoding and decoding text payload into POJO, Decoder.Text (for inbound payload) and Encoder.Text (for outbound payload) interfaces need to be implemented. A sample implementation below shows how text payload consisting of JSON structures can be encoded and decoded. public class MyMessage implements Decoder.Text<MyMessage>, Encoder.Text<MyMessage> {     private JsonObject jsonObject;    @Override    public MyMessage decode(String string) throws DecodeException {        this.jsonObject = new JsonReader(new StringReader(string)).readObject();               return this;    }     @Override    public boolean willDecode(String string) {        return true;    }     @Override    public String encode(MyMessage myMessage) throws EncodeException {        return myMessage.jsonObject.toString();    } public JsonObject getObject() { return jsonObject; }} In this implementation, the decode method decodes incoming text payload to MyMessage, the encode method encodes MyMessage for the outgoing text payload, and the willDecode method returns true or false if the message can be decoded. The encoder and decoder implementation classes need to be specified in the WebSocket endpoint as: @WebSocketEndpoint(value="/endpoint", encoders={MyMessage.class}, decoders={MyMessage.class}) public class MyEndpoint { public MyMessage receiveMessage(MyMessage message) { . . . } } Notice the updated method signature where the application is working with MyMessage instead of the raw string. Note that the encoder and decoder implementations just illustrate the point and provide no validation or exception handling. Similarly Encooder.Binary and Decoder.Binary interfaces need to be implemented for encoding and decoding binary payload. Here are some references for you: JSR 356: Java API for WebSocket - Specification (Early Draft) and Implementation (already integrated in GlassFish 4 promoted builds) TOTD #183 - Getting Started with WebSocket in GlassFish TOTD #184 - Logging WebSocket Frames using Chrome Developer Tools, Net-internals and Wireshark TOTD #185: Processing Text and Binary (Blob, ArrayBuffer, ArrayBufferView) Payload in WebSocket Subsequent blogs will discuss the following topics (not necessary in that order) ... Error handling Interface-driven WebSocket endpoint Java client API Client and Server configuration Security Subprotocols Extensions Other topics from the API

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• Why is the framerate (fps) capped at 60?

  - by dennmat

  ISSUE I recently moved a project from my laptop to my desktop(machine info below). On my laptop the exact same code displays the fps(and ms/f) correctly. On my desktop it does not. What I mean by this is on the laptop it will display 300 fps(for example) where on my desktop it will show only up to 60. If I add 100 objects to the game on the laptop I'll see my frame rate drop accordingly; the same test on the desktop results in no change and the frames stay at 60. It takes a lot(~300) entities before I'll see a frame drop on the desktop, then it will descend. It seems as though its "theoretical" frames would be 400 or 500 but will never actually get to that and only do 60 until there's too much to handle at 60. This 60 frame cap is coming from no where. I'm not doing any frame limiting myself. It seems like something external is limiting my loop iterations on the desktop, but for the last couple days I've been scratching my head trying to figure out how to debug this. SETUPS Desktop: Visual Studio Express 2012 Windows 7 Ultimate 64-bit Laptop: Visual Studio Express 2010 Windows 7 Ultimate 64-bit The libraries(allegro, box2d) are the same versions on both setups. CODE Main Loop: while(!abort) { frameTime = al_get_time(); if (frameTime - lastTime >= 1.0) { lastFps = fps/(frameTime - lastTime); lastTime = frameTime; avgMspf = cumMspf/fps; cumMspf = 0.0; fps = 0; } /** DRAWING/UPDATE CODE **/ fps++; cumMspf += al_get_time() - frameTime; } Note: There is no blocking code in the loop at any point. Where I'm at My understanding of al_get_time() is that it can return different resolutions depending on the system. However the resolution is never worse than seconds, and the double is represented as [seconds].[finer-resolution] and seeing as I'm only checking for a whole second al_get_time() shouldn't be responsible. My project settings and compiler options are the same. And I promise its the same code on both machines. My googling really didn't help me much, and although technically it's not that big of a deal. I'd really like to figure this out or perhaps have it explained, whichever comes first. Even just an idea of how to go about figuring out possible causes, because I'm out of ideas. Any help at all is greatly appreciated. EDIT: Thanks All. For any others that find this to disable vSync(windows only) in opengl: First get "wglext.h". It's all over the web. Then you can use a tool like GLee or just write your own quick extensions manager like: bool WGLExtensionSupported(const char *extension_name) { PFNWGLGETEXTENSIONSSTRINGEXTPROC _wglGetExtensionsStringEXT = NULL; _wglGetExtensionsStringEXT = (PFNWGLGETEXTENSIONSSTRINGEXTPROC) wglGetProcAddress("wglGetExtensionsStringEXT"); if (strstr(_wglGetExtensionsStringEXT(), extension_name) == NULL) { return false; } return true; } and then create and setup your function pointers: PFNWGLSWAPINTERVALEXTPROC wglSwapIntervalEXT = NULL; PFNWGLGETSWAPINTERVALEXTPROC wglGetSwapIntervalEXT = NULL; if (WGLExtensionSupported("WGL_EXT_swap_control")) { // Extension is supported, init pointers. wglSwapIntervalEXT = (PFNWGLSWAPINTERVALEXTPROC) wglGetProcAddress("wglSwapIntervalEXT"); // this is another function from WGL_EXT_swap_control extension wglGetSwapIntervalEXT = (PFNWGLGETSWAPINTERVALEXTPROC) wglGetProcAddress("wglGetSwapIntervalEXT"); } Then just call wglSwapIntervalEXT(0) to disable vSync and 1 to enable vSync. I found the reason this is windows only is that openGl actually doesn't deal with anything other than rendering it leaves the rest up to the OS and Hardware. Thanks everyone saved me a lot of time!

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• The type of programmer I want to be [closed]

  - by Aventinus_

  I'm an undergraduate Software Engineer student, although I've decided that pure programming is what I want to do for the rest of my life. The thing is that programming is a vast field and although most of its aspects are extremely interesting, soon or later I'll have to choose one (?) to focus on. I have several ideas on small projects I'd like to develop this summer, having in mind that this will gain me some experience and, in the best scenario, some cash. But the most important reason I'd like to develop something close to “professional” is to give myself direction on what I want to do as a programmer. One path is that of the Web Programmer. I enjoy PHP and MySQL, as well as HTML and CSS, although I don't really like ASP.NET. I can see myself writing web apps, using the above technologies, as well as XML and Javascript. I also have a neat idea on a Facebook app. The other path is that of the Desktop Programmer. This is a little more complicated cause I really-really enjoy high level languages such as Java and Python but not the low level ones, such as C. I use both Linux and Windows for the last 6 years and I like their latest DEs (meaning Gnome Shell and Metro). I can see myself writing desktop applications for both OSs as long as it means high level programming. Ideally I'd like being able to help the development of GNOME. The last path that interests me is the path of the Smartphone Programmer. I have created some sample applications on Android and due to Java I found it a quite interesting experience. I can also see myself as an independent smartphone developer. These 3 paths seem equally interesting at the moment due to the shallowness of my experience, I guess. I know that I should spend time with all of them and then choose the right one for me but I'd like to know what are the pros and cons in terms of learning curve, fun, job finding and of course financial rewards with each of these paths. I have fair or basic understanding of the languages/technologies I described earlier and this question will help me choose where to focus, at least for now.

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• The long road to bug-free software

  - by Tony Davis

  The past decade has seen a burgeoning interest in functional programming languages such as Haskell or, in the Microsoft world, F#. Though still on the periphery of mainstream programming, functional programming concepts are gradually seeping into the imperative C# language (for example, Lambda expressions have their root in functional programming). One of the more interesting concepts from functional programming languages is the use of formal methods, the lofty ideal behind which is bug-free software. The idea is that we write a specification that describes exactly how our function (say) should behave. We then prove that our function conforms to it, and in doing so have proved beyond any doubt that it is free from bugs. All programmers already use one form of specification, specifically their programming language's type system. If a value has a specific type then, in a type-safe language, the compiler guarantees that value cannot be an instance of a different type. Many extensions to existing type systems, such as generics in Java and .NET, extend the range of programs that can be type-checked. Unfortunately, type systems can only prevent some bugs. To take a classic problem of retrieving an index value from an array, since the type system doesn't specify the length of the array, the compiler has no way of knowing that a request for the "value of index 4" from an array of only two elements is "unsafe". We restore safety via exception handling, but the ideal type system will prevent us from doing anything that is unsafe in the first place and this is where we start to borrow ideas from a language such as Haskell, with its concept of "dependent types". If the type of an array includes its length, we can ensure that any index accesses into the array are valid. The problem is that we now need to carry around the length of arrays and the values of indices throughout our code so that it can be type-checked. In general, writing the specification to prove a positive property, even for a problem very amenable to specification, such as a simple sorting algorithm, turns out to be very hard and the specification will be different for every program. Extend this to writing a specification for, say, Microsoft Word and we can see that the specification would end up being no simpler, and therefore no less buggy, than the implementation. Fortunately, it is easier to write a specification that proves that a program doesn't have certain, specific and undesirable properties, such as infinite loops or accesses to the wrong bit of memory. If we can write the specifications to prove that a program is immune to such problems, we could reuse them in many places. The problem is the lack of specification "provers" that can do this without a lot of manual intervention (i.e. hints from the programmer). All this might feel a very long way off, but computing power and our understanding of the theory of "provers" advances quickly, and Microsoft is doing some of it already. Via their Terminator research project they have started to prove that their device drivers will always terminate, and in so doing have suddenly eliminated a vast range of possible bugs. This is a huge step forward from saying, "we've tested it lots and it seems fine". What do you think? What might be good targets for specification and verification? SQL could be one: the cost of a bug in SQL Server is quite high given how many important systems rely on it, so there's a good incentive to eliminate bugs, even at high initial cost. [Many thanks to Mike Williamson for guidance and useful conversations during the writing of this piece] Cheers, Tony.

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• High Resolution Timeouts

  - by user12607257

  The default resolution of application timers and timeouts is now 1 msec in Solaris 11.1, down from 10 msec in previous releases. This improves out-of-the-box performance of polling and event based applications, such as ticker applications, and even the Oracle rdbms log writer. More on that in a moment. As a simple example, the poll() system call takes a timeout argument in units of msec: System Calls poll(2) NAME poll - input/output multiplexing SYNOPSIS int poll(struct pollfd fds[], nfds_t nfds, int timeout); In Solaris 11, a call to poll(NULL,0,1) returns in 10 msec, because even though a 1 msec interval is requested, the implementation rounds to the system clock resolution of 10 msec. In Solaris 11.1, this call returns in 1 msec. In specification lawyer terms, the resolution of CLOCK_REALTIME, introduced by POSIX.1b real time extensions, is now 1 msec. The function clock_getres(CLOCK_REALTIME,&res) returns 1 msec, and any library calls whose man page explicitly mention CLOCK_REALTIME, such as nanosleep(), are subject to the new resolution. Additionally, many legacy functions that pre-date POSIX.1b and do not explicitly mention a clock domain, such as poll(), are subject to the new resolution. Here is a fairly comprehensive list: nanosleep pthread_mutex_timedlock pthread_mutex_reltimedlock_np pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock pthread_rwlock_reltimedrdlock_np pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock pthread_rwlock_reltimedwrlock_np mq_timedreceive mq_reltimedreceive_np mq_timedsend mq_reltimedsend_np sem_timedwait sem_reltimedwait_np poll select pselect _lwp_cond_timedwait _lwp_cond_reltimedwait semtimedop sigtimedwait aiowait aio_waitn aio_suspend port_get port_getn cond_timedwait cond_reltimedwait setitimer (ITIMER_REAL) misc rpc calls, misc ldap calls This change in resolution was made feasible because we made the implementation of timeouts more efficient a few years back when we re-architected the callout subsystem of Solaris. Previously, timeouts were tested and expired by the kernel's clock thread which ran 100 times per second, yielding a resolution of 10 msec. This did not scale, as timeouts could be posted by every CPU, but were expired by only a single thread. The resolution could be changed by setting hires_tick=1 in /etc/system, but this caused the clock thread to run at 1000 Hz, which made the potential scalability problem worse. Given enough CPUs posting enough timeouts, the clock thread could be a performance bottleneck. We fixed that by re-implementing the timeout as a per-CPU timer interrupt (using the cyclic subsystem, for those familiar with Solaris internals). This decoupled the clock thread frequency from timeout resolution, and allowed us to improve default timeout resolution without adding CPU overhead in the clock thread. Here are some exceptions for which the default resolution is still 10 msec. The thread scheduler's time quantum is 10 msec by default, because preemption is driven by the clock thread (plus helper threads for scalability). See for example dispadmin, priocntl, fx_dptbl, rt_dptbl, and ts_dptbl. This may be changed using hires_tick. The resolution of the clock_t data type, primarily used in DDI functions, is 10 msec. It may be changed using hires_tick. These functions are only used by developers writing kernel modules. A few functions that pre-date POSIX CLOCK_REALTIME mention _SC_CLK_TCK, CLK_TCK, "system clock", or no clock domain. These functions are still driven by the clock thread, and their resolution is 10 msec. They include alarm, pcsample, times, clock, and setitimer for ITIMER_VIRTUAL and ITIMER_PROF. Their resolution may be changed using hires_tick. Now back to the database. How does this help the Oracle log writer? Foreground processes post a redo record to the log writer, which releases them after the redo has committed. When a large number of foregrounds are waiting, the release step can slow down the log writer, so under heavy load, the foregrounds switch to a mode where they poll for completion. This scales better because every foreground can poll independently, but at the cost of waiting the minimum polling interval. That was 10 msec, but is now 1 msec in Solaris 11.1, so the foregrounds process transactions faster under load. Pretty cool.

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• stuck in busybox after update

  - by Lyra500

  I should start out by saying that I am not very tech savvy and have done my best to understand what is going on here from reading other people's posts and have fumbled my way through several attempted fixes without getting anywhere... I run ubuntu 12.04 on an admittedly cheap laptop from ebuyer and in spite of being cheap and not a brand laptop I have never had any major problems with it. Since updating to 12.04 when it was released the boot-up process has always been slow. Logging in takes about 30secs longer than it used to and if I closed my laptop and opened it again instead of being met with a login screen I'd be met with a black screen with a white mouse. As all of these problems had a behavior-changing fix (don't close laptop, patiently wait for login, etc.) I didn't think of reporting any of the issues. Last night when the update manager prompted me that there were updates available I duly did them as I usually do. At the time a bug report came up and I cannot remember what it said but I reported the bug as I was prompted to do. Then this morning when I started up my laptop it went through the usual sequence, GRUB, purple screen with 'ubuntu' etc. and then when it tried to boot up it went into BusyBox and I have not been able to do anything to solve this. I have tried going into the GRUB menu and starting previous versions but I come to the same point - busybox. I have borrowed another rather elderly laptop with Windows Vista to try and download Boot Repair and Ubuntu and burn them onto CD. I tried downloading boot repair five times, to laptop, CD and USB. Every time it would download and burn fine but then the windows laptop would tell me that 1% did not download properly and my laptop would not run the USB or CD upon booting. I then tried to download ubuntu and make a livecd, twice, but again was told that 1% did not download properly and again my laptop will not run ubuntu from the CD upon booting even if/when I went into the f2 menu and changed the menu priority (if that's what you call it) for booting up to make sure it was definitely trying the USB/CD first. This is the message I get from busybox: BusyBox v1.18.5 (Ubuntu 1:1.18.5-1ubuntu4) built-in shell (ash) Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands I have tried 'exit' but it mentions things about 'kernal panic' and 'tried to quit init!' and 'can't find /root/dev/console : no such file'. I know that the problem is probably caused by a problem with a kernal caused by the update last night, but I couldn't honestly tell you exactly what was updated and without being able to boot from a livecd I'm not sure how to go about fixing this. As I said, I am not tech savvy and have done what I can to try and find a solution to the problem but I'm starting to feel like I'm out of options. Does anyone have any ideas?

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• How to set up an rsync backup to Ubuntu securely?

  - by ws_e_c421

  I have been following various other tutorials and blog posts on setting up a Ubuntu machine as a backup "server" (I'll call it a server, but it's just running Ubuntu desktop) that I push new files to with rsync. Right now, I am able to connect to the server from my laptop using rsync and ssh with an RSA key that I created and no password prompt when my laptop is connected to my home router that the server is also connected to. I would like to be able to send files from my laptop when I am away from home. Some of the tutorials I have looked at had some brief suggestions about security, but they didn't focus on them. What do I need to do to let my laptop with send files to the server without making it too easy for someone else to hack into the server? Here is what I have done so far: Ran ssh-keygen and ssh-copy-id to create a key pair for my laptop and server. Created a script on the server to write its public ip address to a file, encrypt the file, and upload to an ftp server I have access to (I know I could sign up for a free dynamic DNS account for this part, but since I have the ftp account and don't really need to make the ip publicly accessible I thought this might be better). Here are the things I have seen suggested: Port forwarding: I know I need to assign the server a fixed ip address on the router and then tell the router to forward a port or ports to it. Should I just use port 22 or choose a random port and use that? Turn on the firewall (ufw). Will this do anything, or will my router already block everything except the port I want? Run fail2ban. Are all of those things worth doing? Should I do anything else? Could I set up the server to allow connections with the RSA key only (and not with a password), or will fail2ban provide enough protection against malicious connection attempts? Is it possible to limit the kinds of connections the server allows (e.g. only ssh)? I hope this isn't too many questions. I am pretty new to Ubuntu (but use the shell and bash scripts on OSX). I don't need to have the absolute most secure set up. I'd like something that is reasonably secure without being so complicated that it could easily break in a way that would be hard for me to fix.

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• Laptop freezes and seems to crash, but continues working after waiting for a few minutes [closed]

  - by Corwin

  I've had this old notebook laying around and because i was missing a second machine (My wife usually steals the first ;) ) I considered installing Linux. As a php developer I work with Linux servers (usually fedora) on a daily basis and because its an older machine that I want to use for development, linux seemed the best option. Speedwise I expected a good experience, better than Windows 7 on the same machine. The results where terrible. I tried ubuntu 12.04. The shell never got past showing the background. The system doesn't freeze since the mouse still works and I can use ctrl+alt+f2 etc to enter terminal mode. I expected hardware problems en even exchanged the harddisk en Ram memory. No luck though, so I started over and tried 11.10 Same results so I tried 10.04.4 which did install properly. Not sure if unity was the problem, but it seems likely. But then I tried simply things like surfing on the net, the system frooze and I thought it crashed so after a few minutes I pulled the plug and rebooted. But it happened again and I waited. After a few minutes the system came back to life like nothing happened. Long story short. Besides the fact that the entire interface is very sluggish, any and all graphical functions freezes the system. The more elaborate the animation would be, the longer it freezes. I switch chromium from window to fullscreenmode and had to wait 15 minutes to continue. I don't see the animation that's probably supposed to be in between. It just freezes and then after unfreezing its fullscreen. I don't think its a bug. I suspect the problem is with my graphics card. Like I said, its and old system. So old that I can't even find the original Ati drivers anywere. (I'll post the details of my system at the end of my post) I'm at a loss as to what to do next. I tried other Distro's. So far only dreamlinux works normally. Linux Mint won't start as a live CD. I think I simply need a driver update but I can't find them anywhere. Does anyone have the same experience ? Maybe even someone who has or had the same notebook running Ubuntu at some point ? Anyway, here are the specs: http://www.nec-driver.com/nec-driver/NEC-Versa-P550---FP550-Driver_421.html

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• ????????????????? Oracle Solaris ??? - Solaris 11 ????

  - by kazun

  ???????????????? OS ????????????????????? 20 ??????????????????? Solaris?????????????????????? OS????????????????????????Solaris ???????????????????? ??????Solaris ?????????????? 4 ????????????????????? Oracle Solaris 11 ??????????????? [????????????]???? ?(????????????? ???)???? ?(??????????????)???? ?(????????)???? ?(?????????????????)(50??) Oracle Solaris 11 ??????? ???:Oracle Solaris 11??????? Solaris ??????????????????????????????????????????????Oracle Solaris 10 ?????????????????Oracle Solaris 11 ???Oracle Solaris ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Oracle Solaris ??????????????????????????Oracle Solaris ????????????????????????????????????????? ??:??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Oracle Solaris 11 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Oracle Solaris 11 ????????????? ???:Oracle Solaris 11 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Oracle Solaris ??????????????????????Solaris ????????????????????????Oracle Solaris 11 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Oracle Solaris 11 ??????????????? ??:???????????????????ZFS?????????????Oracle Solaris ???????????????????????????????????????IPS???????????????????????? ??:?????????????????????? OS ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? OS ????? Oracle Solaris 11 ??? ??:????????????????????????????????????????????????? Oracle Solaris 11 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??:????????????????????Solaris Trusted Extensions ? Solaris ????????????Privilege ????????????????????????????????Solaris 10 ???????????????????? ??:UNIX ?????????????????????????????????????Oracle Solaris 11 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????ZFS ??????????????????????????????????????????????????Oracle Solaris ?????????????????????????????????? ???:Oracle Solaris ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Oracle Solaris 11 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????Oracle Solaris 11 ??:Oracle Solaris ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ZFS ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??:?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Oracle Solaris ??????????????????????? ??:DTrace ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??:???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???:?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Solaris ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??:?????????????????? Solaris 10 ?????????????????????????????????????? ???:ISV ??????????????????????????????? ????????????????? T4 ??????????????? T ?????? 5 ???????????????????????????????????? CPU ?????????????????? OS ? Solaris ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??:???????????????? OS ???? Solaris ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? Oracle Solaris ????????? ??:???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ZFS ?????????????????????????ZFS ??????????????????????????????????????? ???:Linux ??????????????????????????Solaris 11 ?????????????????????? GNU ????????????????????????????Solaris ?????????(Oracle Solaris Studio)????????????? Oracle Solaris Studio ?Linux??????????????Linux ??????????? Solaris ????????????????Linux ? Oracle Solaris Studio ?????????????????????????? Solaris ??????????????????? ??:??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????BCP(??????)??????????????????? ??:???????? Solaris 11 ?????? IA Server ?????????????????????????????????????????????…???????????Windows ????????????????????? Oracle Virtual Box ????????? Oracle Solaris 11 ??????????? ??:???Oracle Solaris ????????(?)??????????????ZFS???DTrace?????????????????????????????????????Solaris ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Solaris ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??:??? 3 ??????????????????????????????????????Oracle Solaris 11 ???????????? ??:???????????????????? OS ??????????????????????????Oracle Solaris 11 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???:???????????? Solaris ???????????????Solaris 10 ???? 6 ??????????????????????????????????Oracle Solaris ?????????????????????????????? ?????? Oracle Solaris 10 Oracle Solaris 11

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• cpan won't configure correctly on centos6, can't connect to internet

  - by dan

  I have Centos 6 setup and have installed perl-CPAN. When I run cpan it takes me through the setup and ends by telling me it can't connect to the internet and to enter a mirror. I enter a mirror, but it still can't install the package. What am I doing wrong? If you're accessing the net via proxies, you can specify them in the CPAN configuration or via environment variables. The variable in the $CPAN::Config takes precedence. <ftp_proxy> Your ftp_proxy? [] <http_proxy> Your http_proxy? [] <no_proxy> Your no_proxy? [] CPAN needs access to at least one CPAN mirror. As you did not allow me to connect to the internet you need to supply a valid CPAN URL now. Please enter the URL of your CPAN mirror CPAN needs access to at least one CPAN mirror. As you did not allow me to connect to the internet you need to supply a valid CPAN URL now. Please enter the URL of your CPAN mirror mirror.cc.columbia.edu::cpan Configuration does not allow connecting to the internet. Current set of CPAN URLs: mirror.cc.columbia.edu::cpan Enter another URL or RETURN to quit: [] New urllist mirror.cc.columbia.edu::cpan Please remember to call 'o conf commit' to make the config permanent! cpan shell -- CPAN exploration and modules installation (v1.9402) Enter 'h' for help. cpan[1]> install File::Stat CPAN: Storable loaded ok (v2.20) LWP not available Warning: no success downloading '/root/.cpan/sources/authors/01mailrc.txt.gz.tmp918'. Giving up on it. at /usr/share/perl5/CPAN/Index.pm line 225 ^CCaught SIGINT, trying to continue Warning: Cannot install File::Stat, don't know what it is. Try the command i /File::Stat/ to find objects with matching identifiers. cpan[2]>

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• ssh + tinyproxy: poor performance

  - by Paul

  I am currently in China and I would like to still visit some blocked websites (facebook, youtube). I have VPS in the USA and I have installed tinyproxy on it. I log in on my VPS with SSH port-forwarding and I have configured my browser appropriately. Everything works more or less: I can surf to those websites but everything is inusually slow and sometimes data transfer stops abruptly. This probably has to do with the fact that I see some errors in my shell on the VPS like : channel 6: open failed: connect failed: Also in the log-file of tinyproxy I see some bad things: ERROR Sep 06 14:52:14 [28150]: getpeer_information: getpeername() error: Transport endpoint is not connected ERROR Sep 06 14:52:15 [28153]: writebuff: write() error "Connection reset by peer" on file descriptor 7 ERROR Sep 06 14:52:15 [28168]: readbuff: recv() error "Connection reset by peer" on file descriptor 7 ERROR Sep 06 14:52:15 [28151]: readbuff: recv() error "Connection reset by peer" on file descriptor 7 ERROR Sep 06 14:52:15 [28143]: readbuff: recv() error "Connection reset by peer" on file descriptor 7 ERROR Sep 06 14:52:17 [28147]: writebuff: write() error "Connection reset by peer" on file descriptor 7 ERROR Sep 06 14:52:23 [28137]: writebuff: write() error "Connection reset by peer" on file descriptor 7 ERROR Sep 06 14:52:26 [28168]: getpeer_information: getpeername() error: Transport endpoint is not connected ERROR Sep 06 14:52:27 [28186]: read_request_line: Client (file descriptor: 7) closed socket before read. ERROR Sep 06 14:52:31 [28160]: getpeer_information: getpeername() error: Transport endpoint is not connected

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• Watchguard Firewall WebBlocker Regular Expression for Multiple Domains?

  - by Eric

  I'm pretty sure this is really a regex question, so you can skip to REGEX QUESTION if you want to skip the background. Our primary firewall is a Watchguard X750e running Fireware XTM v11.2. We're using webblocker to block most of the categories, and I'm allowing needed sites as they arise. Some sites are simple to add as exceptions, like Pandora radio. That one is just a pattern matched exception with "padnora.com/" as the pattern. All traffic from anywhere on pandora.com is allowed. I'm running into trouble on more sophisticated domains that reference content off of their base domains. We'll take GrooveShark as a sample. If you go to http://grooveshark.com/ and view page source, you'll see hrefs referring to gs-cdn.net as well as grooveshar.com. So adding a WebBlocker exception to grooveshark.com/ is not effective, and I have to add a second rule allowing gs-cdn.net/ as well. I see that the WebBlocker allows regex rules, so what I'd like to do in situations like this is create a single regex rule that allows traffic to all the needed domains. REGEX QUESTION: I'd like to try a regex that matches grooveshark.com/ and gs-cdn.net/. If anybody can help me write that regex, I'd appreciate it. Here is what is in the WatchGuard documentation from that section: Regular expression Regular expression matches use a Perl-compatible regular expression to make a match. For example, .[onc][eor][gtm] matches .org, .net, .com, or any other three-letter combination of one letter from each bracket, in order. Be sure to drop the leading “http://” Supports wild cards used in shell script. For example, the expression “(www)?.watchguard.[com|org|net]” will match URL paths including www.watchguard.com, www.watchguard.net, and www.watchguard.org. Thanks all!

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• Xorg server won't start after fresh install of Debian 5.04, screen goes blank (Intel Atom D510(Pinet

  - by Kamil Zadora

  Hello, I have installed Debian 5.04 Lenny on my new Intel D510MO motheboard. I fixed some issues with incorrect drive mapping (for some reason during installation my hdd was on sdb, after a restart it is under sda - fixed in grub), and now I am struggling with getting graphical enviroment up and running, I installed the graphical enviroment using the Debian installer. I am not an linux expert by any means, I assume that I need to edit the xorg.conf file. Any hints appreciated! UPDATE1: No change after dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg Here is my current xorg.conf: # xorg.conf (X.Org X Window System server configuration file) # # This file was generated by dexconf, the Debian X Configuration tool, using # values from the debconf database. # # Edit this file with caution, and see the xorg.conf manual page. # (Type "man xorg.conf" at the shell prompt.) # # This file is automatically updated on xserver-xorg package upgrades *only* # if it has not been modified since the last upgrade of the xserver-xorg # package. # # If you have edited this file but would like it to be automatically updated # again, run the following command: # sudo dpkg-reconfigure -phigh xserver-xorg Section "InputDevice" Identifier "Generic Keyboard" Driver "kbd" Option "XkbRules" "xorg" Option "XkbModel" "pc105" Option "XkbLayout" "pl" EndSection Section "InputDevice" Identifier "Configured Mouse" Driver "mouse" EndSection Section "Device" Identifier "Configured Video Device" EndSection Section "Monitor" Identifier "Configured Monitor" EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "Default Screen" Monitor "Configured Monitor" EndSection UPDATE2: I have installed vnc4server package. I can connect over vnc from my windows 7 laptop and i see empty desktop with terminal window open. Seems that the xserver and gdm are running but they cant talk with my GPU. I am not sure if a can use any gui tool to configure it overthe vnc, as all I see is the terminal window, no taskbars etc. UPDATE3: My current Xorg.0.log http://pastebin.pl/18918 The graphic chipset integrated into the D510 processor is Intel 945GC

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• Can't successfully run Sharepoint Foundation 2010 first time configuration

  - by Robert Koritnik

  I'm trying to run the non-GUI version of configuration wizard using power shell because I would like to set config and admin database names. GUI wizard doesn't give you all possible options for configuration. I run this command: New-SPConfigurationDatabase -DatabaseName "Sharepoint2010Config" -DatabaseServer "developer.pleiado.pri" -AdministrationContentDatabaseName "Sharepoint2010Admin" -DatabaseCredentials (Get-Credential) -Passphrase (ConvertTo-SecureString "%h4r3p0int" -AsPlainText -Force) Of course all these are in the same line. I've broken them down into separate lines to make it easier to read. When I run this command I get this error: New-SPConfigurationDatabase : Cannot connect to database master at SQL server a t developer.pleiado.pri. The database might not exist, or the current user does not have permission to connect to it. At line:1 char:28 + New-SPConfigurationDatabase <<<< -DatabaseName "Sharepoint2010Config" -Datab aseServer "developer.pleiado.pri" -AdministrationContentDatabaseName "Sharepoint 2010Admin" -DatabaseCredentials (Get-Credential) -Passphrase (ConvertTo-SecureS tring "%h4r3p0int" -AsPlainText -Force) + CategoryInfo : InvalidData: (Microsoft.Share...urationDatabase: SPCmdletNewSPConfigurationDatabase) [New-SPConfigurationDatabase], SPExcep tion + FullyQualifiedErrorId : Microsoft.SharePoint.PowerShell.SPCmdletNewSPCon figurationDatabase I created two domain accounts: SPF_DATABASE - database account SPF_ADMIN - farm account I'm running powershell console as domain administrator. I've tried to run SQL Management studio as domain admin and created a dummy database and it worked wothout a problem. I'm running: Windows 7 x64 on the machine where Sharepoint Foundation 2010 should be installed and also has preinstalled SQL Server 2008 R2 Windows Server 2008 R2 Server Core is my domain controller I've installed Sharepoint according to MS guides http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee554869%28office.14%29.aspx installing all additional patches that are related to my configuration. Any ideas what should I do to make it work?

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• Account Lockout with pam_tally2 in RHEL6

  - by Aaron Copley

  I am using pam_tally2 to lockout accounts after 3 failed logins per policy, however, the connecting user does not receive the error indicating pam_tally2's action. (Via SSH.) I expect to see on the 4th attempt: Account locked due to 3 failed logins No combination of required or requisite or the order in the file seems to help. This is under Red Hat 6, and I am using /etc/pam.d/password-auth. The lockout does work as expected but the user does not receive the error described above. This causes a lot of confusion and frustration as they have no way of knowing why authentication fails when they are sure they are using the correct password. Implementation follows NSA's Guide to the Secure Conguration of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5. (pg.45) It's my understanding that that only thing changed in PAM is that /etc/pam.d/sshd now includes /etc/pam.d/password-auth instead of system-auth. If locking out accounts after a number of incorrect login attempts is required by your security policy, implement use of pam_tally2.so. To enforce password lockout, add the following to /etc/pam.d/system-auth. First, add to the top of the auth lines: auth required pam_tally2.so deny=5 onerr=fail unlock_time=900 Second, add to the top of the account lines: account required pam_tally2.so EDIT: I get the error message by resetting pam_tally2 during one of the login attempts. user@localhost's password: (bad password) Permission denied, please try again. user@localhost's password: (bad password) Permission denied, please try again. (reset pam_tally2 from another shell) user@localhost's password: (good password) Account locked due to ... Account locked due to ... Last login: ... [user@localhost ~]$

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• Windows Server 2008 / SQL 2008 Licensing for Authenticated Web Application

  - by MikeM

  Hello, I'm trying to crunch some numbers to see what the software costs involved are for hosting an application we are developing. Users will not be anonymous - they will need to log in. SQL Server 2008: SQL Server licensing is easy - it will be licensed per-processor. No real fuss there. The cost of CALs would be much higher for the number of users as compared to the processor licenses. Windows Server 2008: This is where it gets trickier. We need to license the OS for both the web servers (there will be a couple) plus the database servers (also a couple). The Web Servers could run on the Web Edition without a need for CALs, but if you continue reading, you will see that may not matter much because I will likely have user CALs for each user anyway. We can't use the "External Connector" for any of the Windows licenses, because that doesn't cover customers who are paying to access a hosted application. We can't use the Web Edition for the SQL Servers because that license only allows database running on Web Edition to host data for the local web application (i.e. other web servers can't connect to it). So that leaves us with the "full" editions of Windows Server for the database server OS. I find this a little rediculous, and I feel as though I must be missing something, but it looks to me like I will actually need to buy a CAL for every user who signs up to use our service. I feel like I'm missing something because that means that for every user, I have to shell out $40 for a CAL. That could be one or two years' worth of revenue from each user for an inexpensive service! Is there any way to serve a web application to authenticated users without paying for individual Windows Server CALs, if the web servers and SQL servers are seperate boxes?

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• Ubuntu 9.10 RSA authentication: ssh fails, filezilla runs fine

  - by MariusPontmercy

  This is quite a mistery for me. I usually use passwordless RSA authentication to login into my remote *nix servers with ssh and sftp. Never had any problem until now. I cannot connect to an Ubuntu 9.10 machine: user@myclient$ ssh -i .ssh/Ganymede_key [email protected] [...] debug1: Host 'ganymede.server.com' is known and matches the RSA host key. debug1: Found key in /home/user/.ssh/known_hosts:14 debug2: bits set: 494/1024 debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug2: kex_derive_keys debug2: set_newkeys: mode 1 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug2: set_newkeys: mode 0 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug2: service_accept: ssh-userauth debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug2: key: .ssh/Ganymede_key (0xb96a0ef8) debug2: key: .ssh/Ganymede_key ((nil)) debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering public key: .ssh/Ganymede_key debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive debug1: Trying private key: .ssh/Ganymede_key debug1: read PEM private key done: type RSA debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method debug1: Next authentication method: keyboard-interactive debug2: userauth_kbdint debug2: we sent a keyboard-interactive packet, wait for reply debug2: input_userauth_info_req debug2: input_userauth_info_req: num_prompts 1 Then it falls back to password authentication. If I disable password authentication on the remote machine my connection attempt just fails with a "Permission denied (publickey)." state. Same thing for sftp from command line. The "funny" thing is that the exact same RSA key works like a charm with a Filezilla sftp session instead: 12:08:00 Trace: Offered public key from "/home/user/.filezilla/keys/Ganymede_key" 12:08:00 Trace: Offer of public key accepted, trying to authenticate using it. 12:08:01 Trace: Access granted 12:08:01 Trace: Opened channel for session 12:08:01 Trace: Started a shell/command 12:08:01 Status: Connected to ganymede.server.com 12:08:02 Trace: CSftpControlSocket::ConnectParseResponse() 12:08:02 Trace: CSftpControlSocket::ResetOperation(0) 12:08:02 Trace: CControlSocket::ResetOperation(0) 12:08:02 Status: Retrieving directory listing... 12:08:02 Trace: CSftpControlSocket::SendNextCommand() 12:08:02 Trace: CSftpControlSocket::ChangeDirSend() 12:08:02 Command: pwd 12:08:02 Response: Current directory is: "/root" 12:08:02 Trace: CSftpControlSocket::ResetOperation(0) 12:08:02 Trace: CControlSocket::ResetOperation(0) 12:08:02 Trace: CSftpControlSocket::ParseSubcommandResult(0) 12:08:02 Trace: CSftpControlSocket::ListSubcommandResult() 12:08:02 Trace: CSftpControlSocket::ResetOperation(0) 12:08:02 Trace: CControlSocket::ResetOperation(0) 12:08:02 Status: Directory listing successful Any thoughts? M

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• Handle filename with spaces inside Bash-script

  - by ifischer

  In my Bash-script i have to handle filenames with spaces. These are the important lines inside my script: mp3file="/media/d/Music/zz_Hardcore/Sampler/Punk-O-Rama\ Vol.5\ \[MP3PRO\]/01\ -\ Nofx\ -\ Pump\ up\ the\ Valium.mp3" echo "Command: mp3info -x `echo $mp3file`" mp3info -x `echo $mp3file` Unfortunately, the command does not work, because the filename is splitted: mp3info: invalid option -- '\' mp3info: invalid option -- '\' Error opening MP3: /media/d/Music/zz_Hardcore/Sampler/Punk-O-Rama\: No such file or directory Error opening MP3: Vol.5\: No such file or directory Error opening MP3: \[MP3PRO\]/01\: No such file or directory Error opening MP3: Nofx\: No such file or directory Error opening MP3: Pump\: No such file or directory Error opening MP3: up\: No such file or directory Error opening MP3: the\: No such file or directory Error opening MP3: Valium.mp3: No such file or directory I also tried to add a custom IFS as i read on some forums: SAVEIFS=$IFS IFS=$(echo -en "\n\b") # Script like above IFS=$SAVEIFS But this way, i'm getting the error Error opening MP3: /media/d/Music/zz_Hardcore/Sampler/Punk-O-Rama\ Vol.5\ \[MP3PRO\]/01\ -\ Nofx\ -\ Pump\ up\ the\ Valium.mp3: No such file or directory I tried quite a while now but i cannot get my script to work. What is strange is that if i'm running the same command that my script should create manually (echoing it inside my script) on the Shell, it actually works. But not inside my script. Any hints?

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• Accidentally deleted symlink libc.so.6 in CentOS 6.4. How to get sudo privilege to re-create it?

  - by Eric

  I accidentally deleted the symbol link /lib64/libc.so.6 - /lib64/libc-2.12.so with $ sudo rm libc.so.6 Then I can not use anything including ls command. The error appears for any command I type ls: error while loading shared libraries: libc.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory I've tried $ export LD_PRELOAD=/lib64/libc-2.12.so After this I can use ls and ln ..., but still can not use sudo ln ..., sudo -E ln ..., sudo su or even su. I always get this err sudo: error while loading shared libraries: libc.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory or su: error while loading shared libraries: libc.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory It seems LD_PRELOAD works only for the current shell session of my account, but not for a new account like root or a new session. It's a remote server so I can not use a live CD. I now have a ssh bash session alive but can not establish new ones. I have sudo privilege, but don't have root password. So currently my problem is I need to run sudo sln -s libc-2.12.so libc.so.6 to re-create the symlink libc.so.6, but I can not run sudo without libc.so.6. How can I fix it? Thanks~

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