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• Why C++ is (one of) the best language to learn at first [closed]

  - by AlexV

  C++ is one of the most used programming language in the world since like 25+ years. My first job as programmer was in C++ and I coded in C++ everyday for nearly 4 years. Now I do mostly PHP, but I will forever cherish this C++ background. C++ has helped me understand many "under the hood" features/behaviors/restrictions of many other (and different) programming languages like PHP and Delphi. I'm a full time programmer for 6+ years now and since I have a quite varied programming background I often get questions by "newbies" as where to start to become a "good" programmer. I think C++ is one of the best language to start with because it gives you a real usefull experience that will last and will teach you how things work under the hood. It's not the easier one to learn for a newbie, but in my opinion it's the one who will reward the most in long term. I would like to know your opinion on this matter to add to my arguments when I guide "newbies". After this introduction, here's my question : Why C++ is for you (one of) the best language to learn at first. Since it's subjective, I've marked this question as community wiki.

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• General web service ideas

  - by user2014175

  I have a question regarding different types of web services. I'll preface this by saying that I have built a number of apps (for both ios and android) for personal use that interact with the web via php and sql. I have taught myself these languages, and as such don't have the broader background knowledge that many of you do. My question is, in what other ways can you perform an interaction between a web service and a mobile device other than mobile - php - sql - etc. For example, If I built a very simple tracking app for my car, my current method would be to push GPS coordinates from my iphone to my database at a set interval, then I would write a simple bit of javascript that pulled those coordinates out of the database and superimposed them on a google map. Is there a different way to do this? Such as the server acting as a live middle man who simple pushed the coordinates directly to a target browser? Without the database in the middle? If so, are there advantages and disadvantages to these different methods to achieve different goals? I know its a broad question but I'm really intrigued and I'm finding it difficult to word a google search for it. Any info / reading material suggesting would be excellent. Thanks

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• Best (functional?) programming language to learn coming from Mathematica

  - by Will Robertson

  As a mechanical engineering PhD student, I haven't had a great pedigree in programming as part of my “day job”. I started out in Matlab (having written some Hypercard and Applescript back in the day, and being introduced to Ada, of all things, in my 1st undergrad year), learned to program—if you can call it that—in (La)TeX; and finally discovered and fell for Mathematica. Now I'm interested in learning a "real" programming language that I can enjoy in the same sort of style as Mathematica, which tries to stress functional programming since it seems to map more nicely to how certain kinds of mathematics can be written algorithmically. So which functional language should I learn? I guess the obvious answer is “as many as possible”, but let's start out humble and give a single, well-considered option a good crack. I've heard good things about, say, Haskell and Scala, but I wonder if (given my non–computer science background) I'd be better off starting in more “grounded” territory and going with Ruby or Python (the latter having the big advantage of being used for Sage, which I'd also like to investigate…after my PhD). Well, I guess this is pretty subjective, so perhaps I could rephrase: would it be better to start looking at Haskell (say) straight after an ad-hoc education to functional programming in Mathematica, or will I get more out of learning Python (say) first? In reference to the question "what do I want to do with it?", I guess my answer is "fun, and learning more". I've got this list of languages that I'd like to look at, and I don't know how to trim them down. And I'd rather start with something a little higher-level than C simply so that I can be somewhat productive without having to re-invent many wheels for any code I'd like to write.

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• Struts2 jQuery Plugin Autocompleter renders HTML with style attributes <== changing this?

  - by Tim

  I'm using the Struts2 jQuery plugin 2.1 and render an autocompleter in my JSP. Here's the code: <s:form id="search-form" action="search" theme="simple"> <s:url id="remoteurl" action="jsonlanguages"/> <div> <sj:autocompleter cssClass="bgstandardelement empty" id="languages" name="echo" href="%{remoteurl}" delay="50" value="Search..." /> <input type="submit" id="search-button" value="GO" /> </div> </s:form> No matter what theme I set the autocompleter-form to, the HTML rendered for the list I output is always an unordered list with a style element that I cannot override. It has the following stype-attribute: style='z-index: 1; top: 242px; left: 926px; display: none; width: 256px'; As I want another outfit for my list, this doesn't work. Putting in the following attribute has no effect: cssStyle="width:115px!important;" What can I do?

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• What's the "correct way" to organize this project?

  - by user571747

  I'm working on a project that allows multiple users to submit large data files and perform operations on them. The "backend" which performs these operations is written in Perl while the "frontend" uses PHP to load HTML template files and determines which content to deliver. Data is stored in a database (MySQL, SQLite, Oracle) and while there is data which has not yet been acted upon, Perl adds it to a running queue which delivers data to other threads based on system load. In addition, there may be pre- and post-processing of the data before and after the main Perl script operates (the specifications are unclear) so I may want to allow these processors to be user-selectable plugins. I had been writing this project in a more procedural fashion but I am quickly realizing the benefit of separating concerns as to limit the scope one change has on the rest of the project. I'm quite unexperienced with design patterns and am curious what the best way to proceed is. I've heard MVC thrown around quite a bit but I am unsure of how to apply it. Specifically, what are some good options to structure this code (in terms of design patterns and folder hierarchy)? How can I achieve this with both PHP and Perl while minimizing duplicated code between languages? Should I keep my PHP files in the top level so I don't have ugly paths in the URL? Also, if I want to provide interchangeable databases, does each table need its own DAO implementation?

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• Writing my own implementation of stl-like Iterator in C++.

  - by Negai

  Good evening everybody, I'm currently trying to understand the intrinsics of iterators in various languages i.e. the way they are implemented. For example, there is the following class exposing the list interface. template<class T> class List { public: virtual void Insert( int beforeIndex, const T item ) throw( ListException ) =0 ; virtual void Append( const T item ) =0; virtual T Get( int position ) const throw( ListException ) =0; virtual int GetLength() const =0; virtual void Remove( int position ) throw( ListException ) =0; virtual ~List() =0 {}; }; According to GoF, the best way to implement an iterator that can support different kinds of traversal is to create the base Iterator class (friend of List) with protected methods that can access List's members. The concrete implementations of Iterator will handle the job in different ways and access List's private and protected data through the base interface. From here forth things are getting confusing. Say, I have class LinkedList and ArrayList, both derived from List, and there are also corresponding iterators, each of the classes returns. How can I implement LinkedListIterator? I'm absolutely out of ideas. And what kind of data can the base iterator class retrieve from the List (which is a mere interface, while the implementations of all the derived classes differ significantly) ? Sorry for so much clutter. Thanks.

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• Passing contextual info to Views in ASP.NET MVC

  - by Andrey

  I wonder - what is the best way to supply contextual (i.e. not related to any particular view, but to all views at the same time) info to a view (or to master page)? Consider the following scenario. Suppose we have an app that supports multiple UI languages. User can switch them via UI's widgets (something like tabs at the top of the page). Each language is rendered as a separate tab. Tab for the current language should not be rendered. To address these requirements I'm planning to have a javascript piece that will hide current's language tab on the client. To do this, I need current's language tab Id on the client. So, I need some way of passing the Id to master page (for it to be 'fused' into the js script). The best thing I can think of is that all my ViewModels should inherit some ViewModeBase that has a field to hold current language tab Id. Then, whatever View I'm rendering, this Id will always be available for the master page's hiding script. However, I'm concerned that this ViewModelBase can potentially grow in an uncontrolled fashion as number of such pieces of contextual info (like current language) will grow.. Any ideas?

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• Is programming overrated?

  - by aengine

  [Subjective and intended to be a community wiki] I am sorry for such an offensive question: But here are my arguments Most of the progress in "computing" has came from non-programming sources. i.e. People invented faster microprocessors and better routers and novel memory devices. I dont think on average people are writting more efficient programs than those written 10 years ago. And the newer and popular languages are infact slower than C. though speed is one of the lesser criterias. Most of the progress came from novel paradigms. Web, Internet, Cloud computing and Social networking are novel paradigms and did not involve progress in programming as such. Heck even facebook was written in PHP and not some extreme language. Though it did face scalability issues (same with twitter) but i believe money and better programmers (who came in much later) took care of that. Thus ideating capability trumped programming capability/ Even things like Map-Reduce, Column oriented database and Probablistic algorithms (E.g. bloom filters) came from hardcore Algorithms research, rather than some programming convention. Thus my final point is why programming skill is so overstressed? To point a recent example about how only 10% of programmers can "write code" (binary search) without debugging. Isnt it a bit hypocritical, considering your real successs lies in coming up with better algorithm or a novel feature rather than getting right first time???

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• Numbers localization

  - by Reza

  How can I set the variant of Arabic numeral without changing number characters ? Eastern Arabic ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Persian variant ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Western Arabic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 here is a sample code: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <meta charset="utf-8"> <head> <title></title> </head> <body> <div lang="fa">123456789</div> <div lang="ar">123456789</div> <div lang="en">123456789</div> </body> </html> Also note that in Windows text boxes (e.g. Run) numbers are displayed correctly according to surrounding text languages.

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• How to parse multiple dates from a block of text in Python (or another language)

  - by mlissner

  I have a string that has several date values in it, and I want to parse them all out. The string is natural language, so the best thing I've found so far is dateutil. Unfortunately, if a string has multiple date values in it, dateutil throws an error: >>> s = "I like peas on 2011-04-23, and I also like them on easter and my birthday, the 29th of July, 1928" >>> parse(s, fuzzy=True) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/dateutil/parser.py", line 697, in parse return DEFAULTPARSER.parse(timestr, **kwargs) File "/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/dateutil/parser.py", line 303, in parse raise ValueError, "unknown string format" ValueError: unknown string format Any thoughts on how to parse all dates from a long string? Ideally, a list would be created, but I can handle that myself if I need to. I'm using Python, but at this point, other languages are probably OK, if they get the job done. PS - I guess I could recursively split the input file in the middle and try, try again until it works, but it's a hell of a hack.

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• Sequence Point and Evaluation Order( Preincrement)

  - by Josh

  There was a debate today among some of my colleagues and I wanted to clarify it. It is about the evaluation order and the sequence point in an expression. It is clearly stated in the standard that C/C++ does not have a left-to-right evaluation in an expression unlike languages like Java which is guaranteed to have a sequencial left-to-right order. So, in the below expression, the evaluation of the leftmost operand(B) in the binary operation is sequenced before the evaluation of the rightmost operand(C): A = B B_OP C The following expression according, to CPPReference under the subsection Sequenced-before rules(Undefined Behaviour) and Bjarne's TCPPL 3rd ed, is an UB x = x++ + 1; It could be interpreted as the compilers like BUT the expression below is said to be clearly a well defined behaviour in C++11 x = ++x + 1; So, if the above expression is well defined, what is the "fate" of this? array[x] = ++x; It seems the evaluation of a post-increment and post-decrement is not defined but the pre-increment and the pre-decrement is defined. NOTE: This is not used in a real-life code. Clang 3.4 and GCC 4.8 clearly warns about both the pre- and post-increment sequence point.

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• White-box testing in Javascript - how to deal with privacy?

  - by Max Shawabkeh

  I'm writing unit tests for a module in a small Javascript application. In order to keep the interface clean, some of the implementation details are closed over by an anonymous function (the usual JS pattern for privacy). However, while testing I need to access/mock/verify the private parts. Most of the tests I've written previously have been in Python, where there are no real private variables (members, identifiers, whatever you want to call them). One simply suggests privacy via a leading underscore for the users, and freely ignores it while testing the code. In statically typed OO languages I suppose one could make private members accessible to tests by converting them to be protected and subclassing the object to be tested. In Javascript, the latter doesn't apply, while the former seems like bad practice. I could always wall back to black box testing and simply check the final results. It's the simplest and cleanest approach, but unfortunately not really detailed enough for my needs. So, is there a standard way of keeping variables private while still retaining some backdoors for testing in Javascript?

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• Is safe ( documented behaviour? ) to delete the domain of an iterator in execution

  - by PoorLuzer

  I wanted to know if is safe ( documented behaviour? ) to delete the domain space of an iterator in execution in Python. Consider the code: import os import sys sampleSpace = [ x*x for x in range( 7 ) ] print sampleSpace for dx in sampleSpace: print str( dx ) if dx == 1: del sampleSpace[ 1 ] del sampleSpace[ 3 ] elif dx == 25: del sampleSpace[ -1 ] print sampleSpace 'sampleSpace' is what I call 'the domain space of an iterator' ( if there is a more appropriate word/phrase, lemme know ). What I am doing is deleting values from it while the iterator 'dx' is running through it. Here is what I expect from the code : Iteration versus element being pointed to (*): 0: [*0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36] 1: [0, *1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36] ( delete 2nd and 5th element after this iteration ) 2: [0, 4, *9, 25, 36] 3: [0, 4, 9, *25, 36] ( delete -1th element after this iteration ) 4: [0, 4, 9, 25*] ( as the iterator points to nothing/end of list, the loop terminates ) .. and here is what I get: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36] 0 1 9 25 [0, 4, 9, 25] As you can see - what I expect is what I get - which is contrary to the behaviour I have had from other languages in such a scenario. Hence - I wanted to ask you if there is some rule like "the iterator becomes invalid if you mutate its space during iteration" in Python? Is it safe ( documented behaviour? ) in Python to do stuff like this?

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• short-cutting equality checking in F#?

  - by John Clements

  In F#, the equality operator (=) is generally extensional, rather than intensional. That's great! Unfortunately, it appears to me that F# does not use pointer equality to short-cut these extensional comparisons. For instance, this code: type Z = MT | NMT of Z ref // create a Z: let a = ref MT // make it point to itself: a := NMT a // check to see whether it's equal to itself: printf "a = a: %A\n" (a = a) ... gives me a big fat segmentation fault[*], despite the fact that 'a' and 'a' both evaluate to the same reference. That's not so great. Other functional languages (e.g. PLT Scheme) get this right, using pointer comparisons conservatively, to return 'true' when it can be determined using a pointer comparison. So: I'll accept the fact that F#'s equality operator doesn't use short-cutting; is there some way to perform an intensional (pointer-based) equality check? The (==) operator is not defined on my types, and I'd love it if someone could tell me that it's available somehow. Or tell me that I'm wrong in my analysis of the situation: I'd love that, too... [*] That would probably be a stack overflow on Windows; there are things about Mono that I'm not that fond of...

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• measure the response time of a link

  - by Ahoura Ghotbi

  I am trying to create a simple load balance script and I was wondering if it is possible to find the response time of a server live? By that I mean is it possible to measure how long it takes for a server to respond after the request has been sent out? What I am trying to do is fairly simple, I want to send a request to a link/server and do a count down, if the server took more than 5 seconds to reply, I would like to fall on the backup server. Note that it doesnt have to be in pure php, I wouldnt mind using other languages such as javascript, C/C++, asp, but I prefer to do it in PHP. if it is possible to do the task, could you just point me to the right direction so I can read up on it. Clarification What I want to do is not to download a file and see how long it took, my servers have high load and it takes a while for them to respond when you click on a file to download, what I want to do is to measure the time it takes the server to respond (in this situation, its the time it takes the server to respond and allow the user to download the file), and if it takes longer than x seconds, it should fall back on a backup server.

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• Where to start to create an HTML website with 2 tables read from csv files using anything but php

  - by CodingIsAwesome

  I want to design a website which displays on loading two tables each with it's respective data from a csv file. Then every minute the website automatically refreshes. This problem seems so simple! But yet the solution eludes me. All of the files will be contained in 1 directory, not on a server but on a local machine. Such as sitting on the desktop. I understand if I use javascript I have to use ADO, and I'm still trying to work out how to use ASP. I am new with both languages. So far the only restriction is that I can't use PHP. So the jist so far as I can think right now is: 1. read the file 2. place the file into an array by splitting at the commas 3. write the array into td's ????? 4. then print all this out into a div ???? I have googled my heart out and can't seem to find what I'm looking for. or even piece together what I'm looking for. Everything with javascript and ADO's leads me to dead ends, I can't find anything on ASP that is helpful. Could someone please write up some sample code for a resource? Or have a better solution?

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• Parsing Windows Event Logs, is it possible?

  - by xceph

  Hello, I am doing a little research into the feasibility of a project I have in mind. It involves doing a little forensic work on images of hard drives, and I have been looking for information on how to analyze saved windows event log files. I do not require the ability to monitor current events, I simply want to be able to view events which have been created, and record the time and application/process which created those events. However I do not have much experience in the inner workings of the windows system specifics, and am wondering if this is possible? The plan is to create images of a hard drive, and then do the analysis on a second machine. Ideally this would be done in either Java or Python, as they are my most proficient languages. The main concerns I have are as follows: Is this information encrypted in anyway? Are there any existing API for parsing this data directly? Is there information available regarding the format in which these logs are stored, and how does it differ from windows versions? This must be possible from analyzing the drive itself, as ideally the installation of windows on the drive would not be running, (as it would be a mounted image on another system) The closest thing I could find in my searches is http://www.j-interop.org/ but that seems to be aimed at remote clients. Ideally nothing would have to be installed on the imaged drive. The other solution which seemed to also pop up is the JNI library, but that also seems to be more so in the area of monitoring a running system. Any help at all is greatly appreciated. :)

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• Need advice - Developing a flexible documentation system, heavily focused on localization

  - by inkedmn

  I've been charged with building a documentation system/platform. Here's a short list of the major requirements: Easily localized : This will need to support a dozen or so languages out of the gate. (the ability for non-technical personnel to add/update translations would be a big plus, though not 100% required) Flexibility in output formats : At the bare minimum, I need to output the documents (either as a whole or in selected chunks) as PDF and HTML. Bonus points for native formats like Windows Help Files. Managed and deployed via an intuitive user interface (web, ideally). I'm wondering if you folks know of any systems out there that support this type of thing already? I'm not averse to writing this from scratch, but I'd rather not reinvent the wheel if I can help it. The two major candidates I've come across thus far are DocBook and reST. The former seems to have garnered a reputation for, well, sucking. I'm unfamiliar with either, but I'm told that reST would get me a good portion of the way there. Any other suggestions? Would I be better off building this from scratch?

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• Route URL laravel 4

  - by nabil l.

  How can I do this in Laravel 4 URL::route('auth.reset', array('kh34KHh4K342')) Instead of http://domain.tld/auth/reset?kh34KHh4K342 I want to get this : http://domain.tld/auth/reset/kh34KHh4K342 EDIT This my routes.php : The problem is because I have two routes with the same name? How do you explain that ? Should i set a different name event is the same kind, and different methods // Set locale $locale = Request::segment(1); if(in_array($locale, Config::get('app.languages'))) { \App::setLocale($locale); } else { $locale = null; } Route::group( array( 'prefix' => $locale ), function () { Route::get('/'), array( 'uses' => 'HomeController@getIndex', 'as' => '/' )); // Auth Route::group( array( 'prefix' => 'auth' ), function () { // Login Route::get( 'login', array( 'before' => 'guest', 'uses' => 'UserController@getLogin', 'as' => 'auth.login' ) ); Route::post( 'login', array( 'before' => 'guest|csrf', 'uses' => 'UserController@postLogin', 'as' => 'auth.login' ) ); Route::get( 'reset/{$token}', array( 'uses' => 'UserController@getReset', 'as' => 'auth.reset' ) ); Route::post( 'reset', array( 'uses' => 'UserController@postReset', 'as' => 'auth.reset' ) ); } );

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• Why does Perl lose foreign characters on Windows; can this be fixed (if so, how)?

  - by Alex R

  Note below how ã changes to a. NOTE2: Before you blame this on CMD.EXE and Windows pipe weirdness, see Experiment 2 below which gets a similar problem using File::Find. The particular problem I'm trying to fix involves working with image files stored on a local drive, and manipulating the file names which may contain foreign characters. The two experiments shown below are intermediate debugging steps. The ã character is common in latin languages. e.g. http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cão Experiment 1 Experiment 2 To get around my particular problem, I tried using File::Find instead of piped input. The issue actually gets worse: Debugging update: I tried some of the tricks listed at http://perldoc.perl.org/perlunicode.html, e.g. use utf8, use feature 'unicode_strings', etc, to no avail. Environment and Version Info The OS is Windows 7, 64-bit. The Perl is: This is perl 5, version 12, subversion 2 (v5.12.2) built for MSWin32-x64-multi-thread (with 8 registered patches, see perl -V for more detail) Copyright 1987-2010, Larry Wall Binary build 1202 [293621] provided by ActiveState http://www.ActiveState.com Built Sep 6 2010 22:53:42

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• Anything like Heroku for PHP or .NET?

  - by Wayne M

  In my area PHP is very widespread, so is .NET. Ruby not so much; most places have never heard of it. For some personal things I am "forced" to choose Rails because I want to take advantage of Heroku - the ability to deploy and scale on the cloud very easily is the main reason. Also, they offer a small FREE plan that I can use for demo sites or, in this case, for my business' static page; as a totally bootstrapped startup I have maybe $50 or so in initial capital and cannot afford to pay monthly fees while I'm getting started. Are there any similar offerings for other languages? Specifically, I really like the small, 5MB site for free that Heroku offers - is there anything like that for PHP and/or .NET? I'm not even that concerned about the "cloud" part, but that would be a nice bonus. If there is, I might be able to kill two birds with one stone and pick up a useful skill as I'm doing my own thing instead of using something that nobody else knows or cares about. I should add I'm specifically interested in something that offers a free plan. As I said, Heroku has a 5mb plan that you can have as many as you want for free; I have yet to find anything similar for any other platform, and to be honest I'm not too thrilled about using Ruby on Rails for everything simply to take advantage of this.

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• Generating HTML Programmatically in C#, Targeting Printed Reports

  - by John Passaniti

  I've taken over a C# (2.0) code base that has the ability to print information. The code to do this is insanely tedious. Elements are drawn onto each page, with magic constants representing positioning. I imagine the programmer sitting with a ruler, designing each page by measuring and typing in the positions. And yes, one could certainly come up with some nice abstractions to make this approach rational. But I am looking at a different method. The idea is that I'll replace the current code that prints with code that generates static HTML pages, saves them to a file, and then launches the web browser on that file. The most obvious benefit is that I don't have to deal with formatting-- I can let the web browser do that for me with tags and CSS. So what I am looking for is a very lightweight set of classes that I can use to help generate HTML. I don't need anything as heavyweight as HTMLTextWriter. What I'm looking for is something to avoid fragments like this: String.Format("<tr><td>{0}</td><td>{1}</td></tr>", foo, bar); And instead take have this kind of feel: ... table(). tr(). td(foo). td(bar) Or something like that. I've seen lightweight classes like that for other languages but can't find the equivalent (or better) for C#. I can certainly write it myself, but I'm a firm believer in not reinventing wheels. Know anything like this? Know anything better than this?

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• Sending variable data from one of two text boxes to javascript

  - by Enyalius

  Greetings, all! I am fairly new to JS (my background is in C++, enterprise languages like assembly and COBOL, and some light .NET), so I was wondering if I could get some advice regarding how to send variable information from one of two text boxes to some javascript and then have the JS do some basic checks and such. Here's the pseudocode for what I am trying to do: <form = webForm> <p> _____________ textboxPeople| searchIcon //a text box to search an online phonebook at my company. ------------- //It has a little "magnifying glass" icon to search //(onClick), but I would also like them to be able to //search by hitting the "enter" key on their keyboards. </p> <p> _____________ texboxIntranet| searchIcon //Same as above search textbox, but this one is used if ------------- //the user wishes to search my corporate intranet site. </form> So ends the front-facing basic form that I would like to use. Now, onClick or onEnter, I would like the form to pass the contents of the text box used as well as an identifier such as "People" or "Intranet," depending on which box is used, to some basic JS on the back end: begin JavaScript: if(identifier = 'People') fire peopleSearch(); else if(identifier = 'Intranet') fire intranetSearch(); function peopleSearch() { http://phonebook.corporate.com/query=submittedValue //This will take the person //that the user submitted in the form and //place it at the end of a URL, after which //it will open said complete URL in the //same window. } function intranetSearch() { http://intranet.corporate.com/query=submittedValue //This will function in the //same way as the people search function. } end JavaScript Any thoughts/suggestions would be greatly appreciated. Thank you all in advance!

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• Monads with Join() instead of Bind()

  - by MathematicalOrchid

  Monads are usually explained in turns of return and bind. However, I gather you can also implement bind in terms of join (and fmap?) In programming languages lacking first-class functions, bind is excruciatingly awkward to use. join, on the other hand, looks quite easy. I'm not completely sure I understand how join works, however. Obviously, it has the [Haskell] type join :: Monad m = m (m x) - m x For the list monad, this is trivially and obviously concat. But for a general monad, what, operationally, does this method actually do? I see what it does to the type signatures, but I'm trying to figure out how I'd write something like this in, say, Java or similar. (Actually, that's easy: I wouldn't. Because generics is broken. ;-) But in principle the question still stands...) Oops. It looks like this has been asked before: Monad join function Could somebody sketch out some implementations of common monads using return, fmap and join? (I.e., not mentioning >>= at all.) I think perhaps that might help it to sink in to my dumb brain...

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• Calling an Overridden Method from a Parent-Class Constructor

  - by Vaibhav Bajpai

  I tried calling an overridden method from a constructor of a parent class and noticed different behavior across languages. C++ - echoes A.foo() class A{ public: A(){foo();} virtual void foo(){cout<<"A.foo()";} }; class B : public A{ public: B(){} void foo(){cout<<"B.foo()";} }; int main(){ B *b = new B(); } Java - echoes B.foo() class A{ public A(){foo();} public void foo(){System.out.println("A.foo()");} } class B extends A{ public void foo(){System.out.println("B.foo()");} } class Demo{ public static void main(String args[]){ B b = new B(); } } C# - echoes B.foo() class A{ public A(){foo();} public virtual void foo(){Console.WriteLine("A.foo()");} } class B : A{ public override void foo(){Console.WriteLine("B.foo()");} } class MainClass { public static void Main (string[] args) { B b = new B(); } } I realize that in C++ objects are created from top-most parent going down the hierarchy, so when the constructor calls the overridden method, B does not even exist, so it calls the A' version of the method. However, I am not sure why I am getting different behavior in Java and C#.

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