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  • Network printing -- setting up and printing over network using Mac OS X

    - by crippledlambda
    I've connected a USB printer to a Mac OS X (10.4) machine -- this computer is connected to a network with a registered IP address -- and enabled sharing through the System Preferences setting (under "Shared" and "Print & Fax". Is this printer shared through the Bonjour or CUPS protocol (does it matter that I know)? How do I sent a print job to this computer (also from a 10.4 OS X machine)? It does not show up in the list of printers in the Default Network when I go to "add printer"; do I need to do anything else (on either machine)? Thanks much!

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  • Neural Network Always Produces Same/Similar Outputs for Any Input

    - by l33tnerd
    I have a problem where I am trying to create a neural network for Tic-Tac-Toe. However, for some reason, training the neural network causes it to produce nearly the same output for any given input. I did take a look at Artificial neural networks benchmark, but my network implementation is built for neurons with the same activation function for each neuron, i.e. no constant neurons. To make sure the problem wasn't just due to my choice of training set (1218 board states and moves generated by a genetic algorithm), I tried to train the network to reproduce XOR. The logistic activation function was used. Instead of using the derivative, I multiplied the error by output*(1-output) as some sources suggested that this was equivalent to using the derivative. I can put the Haskell source on HPaste, but it's a little embarrassing to look at. The network has 3 layers: the first layer has 2 inputs and 4 outputs, the second has 4 inputs and 1 output, and the third has 1 output. Increasing to 4 neurons in the second layer didn't help, and neither did increasing to 8 outputs in the first layer. I then calculated errors, network output, bias updates, and the weight updates by hand based on http://hebb.mit.edu/courses/9.641/2002/lectures/lecture04.pdf to make sure there wasn't an error in those parts of the code (there wasn't, but I will probably do it again just to make sure). Because I am using batch training, I did not multiply by x in equation (4) there. I am adding the weight change, though http://www.faqs.org/faqs/ai-faq/neural-nets/part2/section-2.html suggests to subtract it instead. The problem persisted, even in this simplified network. For example, these are the results after 500 epochs of batch training and of incremental training. Input |Target|Output (Batch) |Output(Incremental) [1.0,1.0]|[0.0] |[0.5003781562785173]|[0.5009731800870864] [1.0,0.0]|[1.0] |[0.5003740346965251]|[0.5006347214672715] [0.0,1.0]|[1.0] |[0.5003734471544522]|[0.500589332376345] [0.0,0.0]|[0.0] |[0.5003674110937019]|[0.500095157458231] Subtracting instead of adding produces the same problem, except everything is 0.99 something instead of 0.50 something. 5000 epochs produces the same result, except the batch-trained network returns exactly 0.5 for each case. (Heck, even 10,000 epochs didn't work for batch training.) Is there anything in general that could produce this behavior? Also, I looked at the intermediate errors for incremental training, and the although the inputs of the hidden/input layers varied, the error for the output neuron was always +/-0.12. For batch training, the errors were increasing, but extremely slowly and the errors were all extremely small (x10^-7). Different initial random weights and biases made no difference, either. Note that this is a school project, so hints/guides would be more helpful. Although reinventing the wheel and making my own network (in a language I don't know well!) was a horrible idea, I felt it would be more appropriate for a school project (so I know what's going on...in theory, at least. There doesn't seem to be a computer science teacher at my school). EDIT: Two layers, an input layer of 2 inputs to 8 outputs, and an output layer of 8 inputs to 1 output, produces much the same results: 0.5+/-0.2 (or so) for each training case. I'm also playing around with pyBrain, seeing if any network structure there will work. Edit 2: I am using a learning rate of 0.1. Sorry for forgetting about that. Edit 3: Pybrain's "trainUntilConvergence" doesn't get me a fully trained network, either, but 20000 epochs does, with 16 neurons in the hidden layer. 10000 epochs and 4 neurons, not so much, but close. So, in Haskell, with the input layer having 2 inputs & 2 outputs, hidden layer with 2 inputs and 8 outputs, and output layer with 8 inputs and 1 output...I get the same problem with 10000 epochs. And with 20000 epochs. Edit 4: I ran the network by hand again based on the MIT PDF above, and the values match, so the code should be correct unless I am misunderstanding those equations. Some of my source code is at http://hpaste.org/42453/neural_network__not_working; I'm working on cleaning my code somewhat and putting it in a Github (rather than a private Bitbucket) repository. All of the relevant source code is now at https://github.com/l33tnerd/hsann.

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  • WICD Network Manager does'nt work in 13.10

    - by Jayakumar J
    I am currently making use of a Wired Broadband, where in the default Network Manager though shows that the Auto Ethernet is connected, I was unable to browse through any websites in the browser. I had to disconnect & connect the Auto Ethernet several times in the Network Manager or restart Ubuntu to get it fixed. But following these steps is quiet annoying as this issue happens very frequently. I browsed through the internet and got to know that WICD Network Manager fixes this issue. Earlier I have been using Ubuntu 12.04 where the same issue was fixed by making use of WCID Network Manager. Recently I upgraded to 13.10 and as I got the same network issue in default Network Manager, I have installed WICD Network Manager but when I try to open WCID, I get an alert message saying, "Could not connect to wicd's D-Bus interface. Check the wicd log for error messages." When I click on OK, I get the same message again and when I click on OK again I get the following message, "Error connecting to wicd service via D-Bus.Please ensure the wicd service is running." Any help to fix this issue is greatly appreciated as this issue was annoying me since I installed 13.10

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  • How To Monitor Home Wireless Network Connected Devices Bandwith

    - by GWLlosa
    (Originally posted on SuperUser, not sure if it might be better suited here) I have in my home a standard Comcast cable internet connection. I have it going from the wall to a cable modem, and from the modem to a late-series Linksys router, which provides wired and wireless networking. The vast majority of the users are wireless connections. For day-to-day tasks, this connection is fully sufficient for all my needs. However, on regular occassions, we have social gatherings that involve many people bringing laptops and other PCs and using the network and internet simultaneously, frequently for gaming. I have no administrative oversight over these machines; they have been known to be riddled with spyware and/or bloatware or be running torrents, legal or otherwise. The only reason I care is that on a regular basis, one of the machines will flatline my internet bandwith, and consume it all in order to upload/download/spam people/whatever. When this happens, the latency of the connections for gaming and the like becomes unacceptable, and everyone suffers. My question is: Is there a system I can set up whereby I can easily monitor the various systems connected to my wireless connection, see how much bandwith each one is using, and for what ends? That way, at a glance, I can spot the offending machine and kick it from the connection, without having to go from machine to machine, checking each one's "bandwith used" properties manually, and dealing with the owner's indignant protests all the while. I understand this will likely involve 3rd-party software and/or hardware; my issue is I don't even know where to begin.

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  • Failed to compile Network Manager 0.9.4

    - by Oleksa
    After upgrading to 12.04 I needed to re-compile Network Manager to the version 0.9.4.0 again. However with the version 9.4.0 I faced with the error during compilation with libdns-manager: $ make ... Making all in dns-manager make[4]: ????? ? ??????? "/home/stasevych/install/network-manager/nm0.9.4.0/network-manager-0.9.4.0/src/dns-manager" /bin/bash ../../libtool --tag=CC --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I../.. -I../../src/logging -I../../libnm-util -I../../libnm-util -I../../src -I../../include -I../../include -I/usr/include/libnl3 -I/usr/include/libnl3 -I/usr/include/libnl3 -I/usr/include/dbus-1.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/dbus-1.0/include -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/glib-2.0/include -pthread -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/glib-2.0/include -DLOCALSTATEDIR=\"/usr/local/var\" -Wall -std=gnu89 -g -O2 -Wshadow -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wfloat-equal -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-sign-compare -fno-strict-aliasing -Wno-unused-but-set-variable -Wundef -Werror -MT libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-manager.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-manager.Tpo -c -o libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-manager.lo `test -f 'nm-dns-manager.c' || echo './'`nm-dns-manager.c libtool: compile: gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I../.. -I../../src/logging -I../../libnm-util -I../../libnm-util -I../../src -I../../include -I../../include -I/usr/include/libnl3 -I/usr/include/libnl3 -I/usr/include/libnl3 -I/usr/include/dbus-1.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/dbus-1.0/include -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/glib-2.0/include -pthread -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/glib-2.0/include -DLOCALSTATEDIR=\"/usr/local/var\" -Wall -std=gnu89 -g -O2 -Wshadow -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wfloat-equal -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-sign-compare -fno-strict-aliasing -Wno-unused-but-set-variable -Wundef -Werror -MT libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-manager.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-manager.Tpo -c nm-dns-manager.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-manager.o mv -f .deps/libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-manager.Tpo .deps/libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-manager.Plo /bin/bash ../../libtool --tag=CC --mode=compile gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I../.. -I../../src/logging -I../../libnm-util -I../../libnm-util -I../../src -I../../include -I../../include -I/usr/include/libnl3 -I/usr/include/libnl3 -I/usr/include/libnl3 -I/usr/include/dbus-1.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/dbus-1.0/include -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/glib-2.0/include -pthread -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/glib-2.0/include -DLOCALSTATEDIR=\"/usr/local/var\" -Wall -std=gnu89 -g -O2 -Wshadow -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wfloat-equal -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-sign-compare -fno-strict-aliasing -Wno-unused-but-set-variable -Wundef -Werror -MT libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-dnsmasq.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-dnsmasq.Tpo -c -o libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-dnsmasq.lo `test -f 'nm-dns-dnsmasq.c' || echo './'`nm-dns-dnsmasq.c libtool: compile: gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I../.. -I../../src/logging -I../../libnm-util -I../../libnm-util -I../../src -I../../include -I../../include -I/usr/include/libnl3 -I/usr/include/libnl3 -I/usr/include/libnl3 -I/usr/include/dbus-1.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/dbus-1.0/include -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/glib-2.0/include -pthread -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/glib-2.0/include -DLOCALSTATEDIR=\"/usr/local/var\" -Wall -std=gnu89 -g -O2 -Wshadow -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wfloat-equal -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-sign-compare -fno-strict-aliasing -Wno-unused-but-set-variable -Wundef -Werror -MT libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-dnsmasq.lo -MD -MP -MF .deps/libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-dnsmasq.Tpo -c nm-dns-dnsmasq.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-dnsmasq.o nm-dns-dnsmasq.c: In function 'update': nm-dns-dnsmasq.c:274:2: error: passing argument 1 of 'g_slist_copy' discards 'const' qualifier from pointer target type [-Werror] /usr/include/glib-2.0/glib/gslist.h:82:10: note: expected 'struct GSList *' but argument is of type 'const struct GSList *' cc1: all warnings being treated as errors make[4]: *** [libdns_manager_la-nm-dns-dnsmasq.lo] ??????? 1 make[4]: ??????? ??????? "/home/stasevych/install/network-manager/nm0.9.4.0/network-manager-0.9.4.0/src/dns-manager" make[3]: *** [all-recursive] ??????? 1 make[3]: ??????? ??????? "/home/stasevych/install/network-manager/nm0.9.4.0/network-manager-0.9.4.0/src" make[2]: *** [all] ??????? 2 make[2]: ??????? ??????? "/home/stasevych/install/network-manager/nm0.9.4.0/network-manager-0.9.4.0/src" make[1]: *** [all-recursive] ??????? 1 make[1]: ??????? ??????? "/home/stasevych/install/network-manager/nm0.9.4.0/network-manager-0.9.4.0" make: *** [all] ??????? 2 Has anybody faced with the similar errors? Thank you in advance for your help.

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  • Mac Share Points automatically authenticate with matching Windows AD credentials from Windows

    - by Ron L
    I recently started administering an OS X server (10.8) that is on the same network as our AD domain. While setting up Mac Share Points, I encountered some odd behavior that I hope someone can explain. For the purposes of this example assume the following: 1) Local User on OS X Server: frank, password: Help.2012 2) AD Domain User: frank, password: Help.2012 3) AD Domain: mycompany 4) OS X Server hostname: macserver (not bound to AD, not running OD) When joined to the domain on a a Win 7 computer and logged in as frank and accessing the shares at \\macserver, it automatically authenticates using frank's OS X credentials (because they are the same). However, if I change frank's OS X password, the standard Windows authentication dialog pops-up preset to use frank's AD domain (my company\frank). However, after entering the new OS X password, it will not authenticate without changing the domain to local (.\frank). Basically, if a user in AD has the same User name and password in OS X, it will authenticate automatically regardless of the domain. If the passwords differ, authenticating to the OS X shares must be done from the local machine. (and slightly off topic - how come an OS X administrator can access the root drives on the Mac server from Windows when accessing the Mac shares even when they aren't shared? In other words, it will show all the shared folders from "File Sharing" plus whatever drives are mounted in OS X)

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  • Nice network diagram editor?

    - by Nicolas Raoul
    Writing a commercial proposal, I want to create a nice graphic showing the clients the architecture I thought of for their IT network, with servers, network connections, firewall, load-balancing, etc. For years I have been using dia, but I am tired of it, the results are not satisfying, very few network elements are available, and each element's graphic representation is really ugly. Question: How to create nice network diagrams? If a better set of elements was available for dia, that would be a solution.

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  • HTG Explains: Understanding Routers, Switches, and Network Hardware

    - by Jason Fitzpatrick
    Today we’re taking a look at the home networking hardware: what the individual pieces do, when you need them, and how best to deploy them. Read on to get a clearer picture of what you need to optimize your home network. When do you need a switch? A hub? What exactly does a router do? Do you need a router if you have a single computer? Network technology can be quite an arcane area of study but armed with the right terms and a general overview of how devices function on your home network you can deploy your network with confidence. HTG Explains: Understanding Routers, Switches, and Network Hardware How to Use Offline Files in Windows to Cache Your Networked Files Offline How to See What Web Sites Your Computer is Secretly Connecting To

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  • Manually activate Network Manager Applet

    - by diosney
    The issue I've is that when I connect via modem through gnome-ppp the Network Manager Applet don't detect a connection and don't let me use the configured VPNs via its interface. How Can I manually activate the Network Manager Applet? What I need is to enable the Network Manager apple in order to use the "VPN Connection" section of the GUI. When I don't have an ethernet cable connected and I connect through a modem the Network Manager applet doesn't enables itself, it is like if don't recognizes the ppp0 interface. My question is: there is a way to force the Network Manager GUI indicator to make it "alive"/"up"/"enabled" in order to use the "VPN Connections"section? Thanks in advance.

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  • Network Manager troubleshooting

    - by Anero
    I'm having some issues when connecting to my house's wifi from my Ubuntu 10.10 laptop. If the connection doesn't exists, when selecting the network (and after entering the WPA2 password) I'm able to connect. Once the connection is saved, when trying to reconnect, Network Manager works for a minute or so and then fails; the only way to reconnect then is to delete the saved connection and re-select the network from the list of available wireless networks. The same network works with no issues on the same laptop when running Win7, and on other wireless networks when running Ubuntu. Is there a Network Manager log which I can take a look at for troubleshooting the issue? Are there any tools for checking the wifi status?

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  • Need ad-hoc reporting component

    - by Nelson
    We need some simple ad-hoc reporting solution for our ASP.NET web-site. Just an ability to build a query with user friendly interface, then show the result of this query in some table and maybe export it to Excel or print. The solution must be quite easy for end users (our site visitors) who know nothing about databases, SQL and other tech stuff.

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  • PHP Network Monitoring

    - by Vlad Patrascu
    Is there a way that I can monitor the traffic, Upload/Download (separately) using PHP? I`d like to echo out something like that: Upload: 523 GB | Download: 25 GB This should be based on the System Uptime, so if I restart the computer, the count should restart. Thanks in Advance.

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  • Computer Studdering When Transferring Over Network

    - by Nalandial
    This is a really weird problem that I've never even seen before. When I copy to or from my server share, my computer studders terribly and the data transfers very slowly at only around 12MB/s. By studdering I mean the mouse skips around and all my applications respond very slowly; as soon as I cancel the transfer it resolves immediately. I looked at Task Manager and the CPU is only at ~35% with plenty of RAM free. This only started semi-recently; before, I had no problems and the transfer speed maxed out the gigabit connection. I have two hard drives in my computer. When I try transferring files between drives it's fine, but when I copy from the share to either drive or to it from either drive, I get studdering. I'm running Windows 7 x64. Anyone have any idea what's going on? Any help would be much appreciated.

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  • AD LDS High availability

    - by user792974
    We are currently using CAS for multiple directory authentication. AD for internal users, AD LDS for external users. I've read that NLB is a possible solution, but wondering if this is possible with SRV records, and how about you would correctly configure that. With our AD directory, I can bind with olddomain.local, and hit any of the DCs in the domain. We don't want to hardcode servernames into CAS, so the end goal is to bind with LDSdomain.gov. nslookup -type=srv _ldap._tcp.LDSdomain.gov returns _ldap._tcp.LDSdomain.gov SRV service location: priority = 0 weight = 100 port = 1025 svr hostname = server01 _ldap._tcp.LDSdomain.gov SRV service location: priority = 0 weight = 200 port = 1025 svr hostname = server02

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  • Gnome-Network-Manager Config File Migration

    - by Jorge
    I think I have an issue with gnome-network-manager, I used to have a lot of connections configured, Wireless, Wired and VPN. After upgrading to 12.04 (from 11.10) I lost every configuration. I realized that the configs that used to be saved in $HOME/.gconf/system/networking/connections now are being saved in /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/. I don't know how to migrate my settings to the new config file format Can anybody help me? jorge@thinky:~$ sudo lshw -C network *-network description: Ethernet interface product: 82566MM Gigabit Network Connection vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 19 bus info: pci@0000:00:19.0 logical name: eth0 version: 03 serial: 00:1f:e2:14:5a:9b capacity: 1Gbit/s width: 32 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt-fd autonegotiation configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=e1000e driverversion=1.5.1-k firmware=0.3-0 latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=twisted pair resources: irq:46 memory:fe000000-fe01ffff memory:fe025000-fe025fff ioport:1840(size=32) *-network description: Wireless interface product: PRO/Wireless 4965 AG or AGN [Kedron] Network Connection vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0 logical name: wlan0 version: 61 serial: 00:21:5c:32:c2:e5 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless configuration: broadcast=yes driver=iwl4965 driverversion=3.2.0-23-generic-pae firmware=228.61.2.24 ip=192.168.2.103 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11abgn resources: irq:47 memory:df3fe000-df3fffff jorge@thinky:~$ lsb_release -a No LSB modules are available. Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description: Ubuntu 12.04 LTS Release: 12.04 Codename: precise jorge@thinky:~$ uname -a Linux thinky 3.2.0-23-generic-pae #36-Ubuntu SMP Tue Apr 10 22:19:09 UTC 2012 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux jorge@thinky:~$ dpkg -l | grep -i firm ii linux-firmware 1.79 Firmware for Linux kernel drivers

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  • Network Issues only on one network with a Broadcom BCM4312

    - by Ryan McClure
    My Ubuntu 11.10 laptop is having network connection issues...only on one network. I have a BCM4312 card and I'm using the proprietary driver. Whenever I connect to a network over wireless connection, I have no trouble except for one network. In my dorm, if I try to connect to the wireless network, it stays connected from anywhere to 30 seconds to 30 minutes before it will still be "connected" according to the indicator but there is no incoming/outgoing internet connection. This only happens in this building. Other networks with the same name at other buildings on my campus have no issue whatsoever. I took it to the tech department here and they keep claiming it's my laptop; but, if I can connect to other networks with absolutely no issues, why can't my laptop connect here? So, here's my question: Is it my laptop, or is it the network? As a side note, no one else that I know has issues on this network but one; she's running Windows 7 and I forget what kind of laptop it is. One of the people in my hall runs Ubuntu 12.04 and has no problem with the wireless. What do you all think of this?

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  • Why does Ubuntu keep trying to connect to a WiFi network while plugged into an ethernet

    - by labarna
    My desk is situated at the edge of the range of a wireless signal which I use occasionally (when away from my desk) and is therefore saved in network manager. At my desk, however, I plug into the ethernet cable. While I'm working the computer is constantly trying to join the wireless network and usually failing this results in two annoying behaviors. 1: In gnome shell the network connect and disconnect notices keep popping up at the bottom of the screen and I have to click them to make them disappear (I assume it's been fixed in the next version of gnome). 2: (the worst!) Occasionally the wifi password dialog will pop up and ask for the password to this network (which is already saved). An additionally annoyance is that in gnome shell I'll get two copies of the dialog that I have to cancel, one is gnome shell themed (no window border etc...) and the other is just normal gnome themed. (Sometimes if I've been away from the computer for a while I will have multiple copies of this dialog up as its been trying to connect for a while resulting in at times 20 dialogs to cancel). Note, all the while I've been happily connected to the ethernet and have full network access. This is incredibly annoying and distracting, why doesn't ubuntu stop trying to connect to wifi if I'm on the ethernet (unless I want to broadcast my own network, but that's different)?

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  • How to prevent Network Manager from auto creating network connection profiles with "available to everyone" by default

    - by airtonix
    We have several laptops at work which use Ubuntu 11.10 64bit. I have our Wifi Access Point requiring WPA2-EAP Authentication (backed by a LDAP server). I have the staff using these laptops when doing presentations by using the Guest Account. So by default when you have a wifi card, network manager will display available Wireless Access Points. So the logical course of action for a Novice(tm) user is to single left click the easy to use option in the Network Manager drop down list... At this point the Staff Member (who is logged in with the guest account) expects to just be able to connect and enter any authentication details if required. But because they are using the Guest account, they won't ever have admin permissions (nor do I want them to), and so PolKit kicks in with a request for admin authorisation. I solved this part by modifying the PolKit permissions required to allow all users to create System Network Connections... However, because these Staff members are logging onto the Wifi Access Point with Ldap Credentials and because the Network Manager is now saving those credentials as a System Connection, their password is available for the next guest user session (because system connection profiles are stored in /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections.d/* ). It creates system connections by default because "Available to all users" is ticked by default when you quickly connect to a new wifi access point. I want Network Manager to not tick this by default. This way I can revert the changes I made to Polkit and users network connection profiles will be purged when they log out.

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  • Computer Networks UNISA - Chap 15 &ndash; Network Management

    - by MarkPearl
    After reading this section you should be able to Understand network management and the importance of documentation, baseline measurements, policies, and regulations to assess and maintain a network’s health. Manage a network’s performance using SNMP-based network management software, system and event logs, and traffic-shaping techniques Identify the reasons for and elements of an asset managements system Plan and follow regular hardware and software maintenance routines Fundamentals of Network Management Network management refers to the assessment, monitoring, and maintenance of all aspects of a network including checking for hardware faults, ensuring high QoS, maintaining records of network assets, etc. Scope of network management differs depending on the size and requirements of the network. All sub topics of network management share the goals of enhancing the efficiency and performance while preventing costly downtime or loss. Documentation The way documentation is stored may vary, but to adequately manage a network one should at least record the following… Physical topology (types of LAN and WAN topologies – ring, star, hybrid) Access method (does it use Ethernet 802.3, token ring, etc.) Protocols Devices (Switches, routers, etc) Operating Systems Applications Configurations (What version of operating system and config files for serve / client software) Baseline Measurements A baseline is a report of the network’s current state of operation. Baseline measurements might include the utilization rate for your network backbone, number of users logged on per day, etc. Baseline measurements allow you to compare future performance increases or decreases caused by network changes or events with past network performance. Obtaining baseline measurements is the only way to know for certain whether a pattern of usage has changed, or whether a network upgrade has made a difference. There are various tools available for measuring baseline performance on a network. Policies, Procedures, and Regulations Following rules helps limit chaos, confusion, and possibly downtime. The following policies and procedures and regulations make for sound network management. Media installations and management (includes designing physical layout of cable, etc.) Network addressing policies (includes choosing and applying a an addressing scheme) Resource sharing and naming conventions (includes rules for logon ID’s) Security related policies Troubleshooting procedures Backup and disaster recovery procedures In addition to internal policies, a network manager must consider external regulatory rules. Fault and Performance Management After documenting every aspect of your network and following policies and best practices, you are ready to asses you networks status on an on going basis. This process includes both performance management and fault management. Network Management Software To accomplish both fault and performance management, organizations often use enterprise-wide network management software. There various software packages that do this, each collect data from multiple networked devices at regular intervals, in a process called polling. Each managed device runs a network management agent. So as not to affect the performance of a device while collecting information, agents do not demand significant processing resources. The definition of a managed devices and their data are collected in a MIB (Management Information Base). Agents communicate information about managed devices via any of several application layer protocols. On modern networks most agents use SNMP which is part of the TCP/IP suite and typically runs over UDP on port 161. Because of the flexibility and sophisticated network management applications are a challenge to configure and fine-tune. One needs to be careful to only collect relevant information and not cause performance issues (i.e. pinging a device every 5 seconds can be a problem with thousands of devices). MRTG (Multi Router Traffic Grapher) is a simple command line utility that uses SNMP to poll devices and collects data in a log file. MRTG can be used with Windows, UNIX and Linux. System and Event Logs Virtually every condition recognized by an operating system can be recorded. This is typically done using event logs. In Windows there is a GUI event log viewer. Similar information is recorded in UNIX and Linux in a system log. Much of the information collected in event logs and syslog files does not point to a problem, even if it is marked with a warning so it is important to filter your logs appropriately to reduce the noise. Traffic Shaping When a network must handle high volumes of network traffic, users benefit from performance management technique called traffic shaping. Traffic shaping involves manipulating certain characteristics of packets, data streams, or connections to manage the type and amount of traffic traversing a network or interface at any moment. Its goals are to assure timely delivery of the most important traffic while offering the best possible performance for all users. Several types of traffic prioritization exist including prioritizing traffic according to any of the following characteristics… Protocol IP address User group DiffServr VLAN tag in a Data Link layer frame Service or application Caching In addition to traffic shaping, a network or host might use caching to improve performance. Caching is the local storage of frequently needed files that would otherwise be obtained from an external source. By keeping files close to the requester, caching allows the user to access those files quickly. The most common type of caching is Web caching, in which Web pages are stored locally. To an ISP, caching is much more than just convenience. It prevents a significant volume of WAN traffic, thus improving performance and saving money. Asset Management Another key component in managing networks is identifying and tracking its hardware. This is called asset management. The first step to asset management is to take an inventory of each node on the network. You will also want to keep records of every piece of software purchased by your organization. Asset management simplifies maintaining and upgrading the network chiefly because you know what the system includes. In addition, asset management provides network administrators with information about the costs and benefits of certain types of hardware or software. Change Management Networks are always in a stage of flux with various aspects including… Software changes and patches Client Upgrades Shared Application Upgrades NOS Upgrades Hardware and Physical Plant Changes Cabling Upgrades Backbone Upgrades For a detailed explanation on each of these read the textbook (Page 750 – 761)

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