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• How to correctly relay TCP traffic between sockets?

  - by flukes1

  I'm trying to write some Python code that will establish an invisible relay between two TCP sockets. My current technique is to set up two threads, each one reading and subsequently writing 1kb of data at a time in a particular direction (i.e. 1 thread for A to B, 1 thread for B to A). This works for some applications and protocols, but it isn't foolproof - sometimes particular applications will behave differently when running through this Python-based relay. Some even crash. I think that this is because when I finish performing a read on socket A, the program running there considers its data to have already arrived at B, when in fact I - the devious man in the middle - have yet to send it to B. In a situation where B isn't ready to receive the data (whereby send() blocks for a while), we are now in a state where A believes it has successfully sent data to B, yet I am still holding the data, waiting for the send() call to execute. I think this is the cause of the difference in behaviour that I've found in some applications, while using my current relaying code. Have I missed something, or does that sound correct? If so, my real question is: is there a way around this problem? Is it possible to only read from socket A when we know that B is ready to receive data? Or is there another technique that I can use to establish a truly 'invisible' two-way relay between [already open & established] TCP sockets?

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• Swig: No Constructor defined

  - by wheaties

  I added %allowexcept to my *.i file when building a Python <-- C++ bridge using Swig. Then I removed that preprocessing directive. Now I can't get the Python produced code to recognize the constructor of a C++ class. Here's the class file: #include <exception> class Swig_Foo{ public: Swig_Foo(){} virtual ~Swig_Foo(){} virtual getInt() =0; virtual throwException() { throw std::exception(); } }; And here's the code Swig produces from it: class Swig_Foo: __swig_setmethods__ = {} __setattr__ = lambda self, name, value: _swig_setattr(self, Swig_Foo, name, value) __swig_getmethods__ = {} __getattr__ = lambda self, name: _swig_getattr(self, Swig_Foo, name) def __init__(self): raise AttributeError, "No constructor defined" __repr__ = _swig_repr __swig_destroy__ = _foo.delete_Swig_Foo __del__ = lambda self : None; def getInt(*args): return apply(_foo.Swig_Foo_getInt, args) def throwOut(*args): return apply(_foo.Swig_Foo_throwOut, args) Swig_Foo_swigregister = _foo.Swig_Foo_swigregister Swig_Foo_swigregister(Swig_Foo) The problem is the def __init__self): raise AttributeError, "No constructor defined" portion. It never did this before I added the %allowexception and now that I've removed it, I can't get it to create a real constructor. All the other classes have actual constructors. Quite baffled. Anyone know how I can get it to stop doing this?

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• JSON Serialization of a Django inherited model

  - by Simon Morris

  Hello, I have the following Django models class ConfigurationItem(models.Model): path = models.CharField('Path', max_length=1024) name = models.CharField('Name', max_length=1024, blank=True) description = models.CharField('Description', max_length=1024, blank=True) active = models.BooleanField('Active', default=True) is_leaf = models.BooleanField('Is a Leaf item', default=True) class Location(ConfigurationItem): address = models.CharField(max_length=1024, blank=True) phoneNumber = models.CharField(max_length=255, blank=True) url = models.URLField(blank=True) read_acl = models.ManyToManyField(Group, default=None) write_acl = models.ManyToManyField(Group, default=None) alert_group= models.EmailField(blank=True) The full model file is here if it helps. You can see that Company is a child class of ConfigurationItem. I'm trying to use JSON serialization using either the django.core.serializers.serializer or the WadofStuff serializer. Both serializers give me the same problem... >>> from cmdb.models import * >>> from django.core import serializers >>> serializers.serialize('json', [ ConfigurationItem.objects.get(id=7)]) '[{"pk": 7, "model": "cmdb.configurationitem", "fields": {"is_leaf": true, "extension_attribute_10": "", "name": "", "date_modified": "2010-05-19 14:42:53", "extension_attribute_11": false, "extension_attribute_5": "", "extension_attribute_2": "", "extension_attribute_3": "", "extension_attribute_1": "", "extension_attribute_6": "", "extension_attribute_7": "", "extension_attribute_4": "", "date_created": "2010-05-19 14:42:53", "active": true, "path": "/Locations/London", "extension_attribute_8": "", "extension_attribute_9": "", "description": ""}}]' >>> serializers.serialize('json', [ Location.objects.get(id=7)]) '[{"pk": 7, "model": "cmdb.location", "fields": {"write_acl": [], "url": "", "phoneNumber": "", "address": "", "read_acl": [], "alert_group": ""}}]' >>> The problem is that serializing the Company model only gives me the fields directly associated with that model, not the fields from it's parent object. Is there a way of altering this behaviour or should I be looking at building a dictionary of objects and using simplejson to format the output? Thanks in advance ~sm

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• I want to find the span tag beween the LI tag and its attributes but no luck.

  - by Mahesh

  I want to find the span tag beween the LI tag and its attributes. Trying with beautful soap but no luck. Details of my code. Is any one point me right methodlogy In this this code, my getId function should return me id = "0_False-2" Any one know right method? from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup as bs import re html = '<ul>\ <li class="line">&nbsp;</li>\ <li class="folder-open-last" id="0">\ <img style="float: left;" class="trigger" src="/media/images/spacer.gif" border="0">\ <span class="text" id="0_False">NOC</span><ul style="display: block;"><li class="line">&nbsp;</li><li class="doc" id="1"><span class="active text" id="0_False-1">PNQAIPMS1</span></li><li class="line">&nbsp;</li><li class="doc-last" id="2"><span class="text" id="0_False-2">PNQAIPMS2</span></li><li class="line-last"></li></ul></li><li class="line-last"></li>\ </ul>' def getId(html, txt): soup = bs(html) soup.findAll('ul',recursive=False) head = soup.contents[0] temp = head elements = {} while True: # It temp is None that means no HTML tags are available if temp == None: break #print temp if re.search('li', str( temp)) != None: attr = str(temp.attrs).encode('ascii','ignore') attr = attr.replace(' ', '') attr = attr.replace('[', '') attr = attr.replace(']', '') attr = attr.replace(')', '') attr = attr.replace('(', '') attr = attr.replace('u\'', '') attr = attr.replace('\'', '') attr = attr.split(',') span = str(temp.text) if span == txt: return attr[3] temp = temp.next else: temp = temp.next id = getId(html,"PNQAIPMS2") print "ID = " + id

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• How to map coordinates in AxesImage to coordinates in saved image file?

  - by Vebjorn Ljosa

  I use matplotlib to display a matrix of numbers as an image, attach labels along the axes, and save the plot to a PNG file. For the purpose of creating an HTML image map, I need to know the pixel coordinates in the PNG file for a region in the image being displayed by imshow. I have found an example of how to do this with a regular plot, but when I try to do the same with imshow, the mapping is not correct. Here is my code, which saves an image and attempts to print the pixel coordinates of the center of each square on the diagonal: import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt fig = plt.figure() ax = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.1, 0.8, 0.8]) axim = ax.imshow(np.random.random((27,27)), interpolation='nearest') for x, y in axim.get_transform().transform(zip(range(28), range(28))): print int(x), int(fig.get_figheight() * fig.get_dpi() - y) plt.savefig('foo.png', dpi=fig.get_dpi()) Here is the resulting foo.png, shown as a screenshot in order to include the rulers: The output of the script starts and ends as follows: 73 55 92 69 111 83 130 97 149 112 … 509 382 528 396 547 410 566 424 585 439 As you see, the y-coordinates are correct, but the x-coordinates are stretched: they range from 73 to 585 instead of the expected 135 to 506, and they are spaced 19 pixels o.c. instead of the expected 14. What am I doing wrong?

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• Is it approproate it use django signals withing the same app

  - by Alex Lebedev

  Trying to add email notification to my app in the cleanest way possible. When certain fields of a model change, app should send a notification to a user. Here's my old solution: from django.contrib.auth import User class MyModel(models.Model): user = models.ForeignKey(User) field_a = models.CharField() field_b = models.CharField() def save(self, *args, **kwargs): old = self.__class__.objects.get(pk=self.pk) if self.pk else None super(MyModel, self).save(*args, **kwargs) if old and old.field_b != self.field_b: self.notify("b-changed") # Sevelar more events here # ... def notify(self, event) subj, text = self._prepare_notification(event) send_mail(subj, body, settings.DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL, [self.user.email], fail_silently=True) This worked fine while I had one or two notification types, but after that just felt wrong to have so much code in my save() method. So, I changed code to signal-based: from django.db.models import signals def remember_old(sender, instance, **kwargs): """pre_save hanlder to save clean copy of original record into `old` attribute """ instance.old = None if instance.pk: try: instance.old = sender.objects.get(pk=instance.pk) except ObjectDoesNotExist: pass def on_mymodel_save(sender, instance, created, **kwargs): old = instance.old if old and old.field_b != instance.field_b: self.notify("b-changed") # Sevelar more events here # ... signals.pre_save.connect(remember_old, sender=MyModel, dispatch_uid="mymodel-remember-old") signals.post_save.connect(on_mymodel_save, sender=MyModel, dispatch_uid="mymodel-on-save") The benefit is that I can separate event handlers into different module, reducing size of models.py and I can enable/disable them individually. The downside is that this solution is more code and signal handlers are separated from model itself and unknowing reader can miss them altogether. So, colleagues, do you think it's worth it?

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• documenting class properties

  - by intuited

  I'm writing a lightweight class whose properties are intended to be publicly accessible, and only sometimes overridden in specific instantiations. There's no provision in the Python language for creating docstrings for class properties, or any sort of properties, for that matter. What is the accepted way, should there be one, to document these properties? Currently I'm doing this sort of thing: class Albatross(object): """A bird with a flight speed exceeding that of an unladen swallow. Properties: """ flight_speed = 691 __doc__ += """ flight_speed (691) The maximum speed that such a bird can attain """ nesting_grounds = "Throatwarbler Man Grove" __doc__ += """ nesting_grounds ("Throatwarbler Man Grove") The locale where these birds congregate to reproduce. """ def __init__(**keyargs): """Initialize the Albatross from the keyword arguments.""" self.__dict__.update(keyargs) Although this style doesn't seem to be expressly forbidden in the docstring style guidelines, it's also not mentioned as an option. The advantage here is that it provides a way to document properties alongside their definitions, while still creating a presentable class docstring, and avoiding having to write comments that reiterate the information from the docstring. I'm still kind of annoyed that I have to actually write the properties twice; I'm considering using the string representations of the values in the docstring to at least avoid duplication of the default values. Is this a heinous breach of the ad hoc community conventions? Is it okay? Is there a better way? For example, it's possible to create a dictionary containing values and docstrings for the properties and then add the contents to the class __dict__ and docstring towards the end of the class declaration; this would alleviate the need to type the property names and values twice. I'm pretty new to python and still working out the details of coding style, so unrelated critiques are also welcome.

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• gevent install on x86_64 fails: "undefined symbol: evhttp_accept_socket"

  - by digitala

  I'm trying to install gevent on a fresh EC2 CentOS 5.3 64-bit system. Since the libevent version available in yum was too old for another package (beanstalkd) I compiled/installed libevent-1.4.13-stable manually using the following command: ./configure --prefix=/usr && make && make install This is the output from installing gevent: [gevent-0.12.2]# python setup.py build --libevent /usr/lib Using libevent 1.4.13-stable: libevent.so running build running build_py running build_ext Linking /usr/src/gevent-0.12.2/build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.6/gevent/core.so to /usr/src/gevent-0.12.2/gevent/core.so [gevent-0.12.2]# cd /path/to/my/project [project]# python myscript.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "myscript.py", line 9, in <module> from gevent.wsgi import WSGIServer as GeventServer File "/usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gevent/__init__.py", line 32, in <module> from gevent.core import reinit ImportError: /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gevent/core.so: undefined symbol: evhttp_accept_socket I've followed exactly the same steps on a local VirtualBox instance (32-bit) and I'm not seeing any errors. How would I fix this?

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• Excel CSV into Nested Dictionary; List Comprehensions

  - by victorhooi

  heya, I have a Excel CSV files with employee records in them. Something like this: mail,first_name,surname,employee_id,manager_id,telephone_number [email protected],john,smith,503422,503423,+65(2)3423-2433 [email protected],george,brown,503097,503098,+65(2)3423-9782 .... I'm using DictReader to put this into a nested dictionary: import csv gd_extract = csv.DictReader(open('filename 20100331 original.csv'), dialect='excel') employees = dict([(row['employee_id'], row) for row in gp_extract]) Is the above the proper way to do it - it does work, but is it the Right Way? Something more efficient? Also, the funny thing is, in IDLE, if I try to print out "employees" at the shell, it seems to cause IDLE to crash (there's approximately 1051 rows). 2. Remove employee_id from inner dict The second issue issue, I'm putting it into a dictionary indexed by employee_id, with the value as a nested dictionary of all the values - however, employee_id is also a key:value inside the nested dictionary, which is a bit redundant? Is there any way to exclude it from the inner dictionary? 3. Manipulate data in comprehension Thirdly, we need do some manipulations to the imported data - for example, all the phone numbers are in the wrong format, so we need to do some regex there. Also, we need to convert manager_id to an actual manager's name, and their email address. Most managers are in the same file, while others are in an external_contractors CSV, which is similar but not quite the same format - I can import that to a separate dict though. Are these two items things that can be done within the single list comprehension, or should I use a for loop? Or does multiple comprehensions work? (sample code would be really awesome here). Or is there a smarter way in Python do it? Cheers, Victor

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• BeautifulSoup can't parse a webpage?

  - by JLTChiu

  I am using beautiful soup for parsing webpage now, I've heard it's very famous and good, but it doesn't seems works properly. Here's what I did import urllib2 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup page = urllib2.urlopen("http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/14/us/skydiver-record-attempt/index.html?hpt=hp_t1") soup = BeautifulSoup(page) print soup.prettify() I think this is kind of straightforward. I open the webpage and pass it to the beautifulsoup. But here's what I got: Warning (from warnings module): File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\bs4\builder\_htmlparser.py", line 149 "Python's built-in HTMLParser cannot parse the given document. This is not a bug in Beautiful Soup. The best solution is to install an external parser (lxml or html5lib), and use Beautiful Soup with that parser. See http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/#installing-a-parser for help.")) ... HTMLParseError: bad end tag: u'</"+"script>', at line 634, column 94 I thought CNN website should be well designed, so I am not very sure what's going on though. Does anyone has idea about this?

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• documenting class attributes

  - by intuited

  I'm writing a lightweight class whose attributes are intended to be publicly accessible, and only sometimes overridden in specific instantiations. There's no provision in the Python language for creating docstrings for class attributes, or any sort of attributes, for that matter. What is the accepted way, should there be one, to document these attributes? Currently I'm doing this sort of thing: class Albatross(object): """A bird with a flight speed exceeding that of an unladen swallow. Attributes: """ flight_speed = 691 __doc__ += """ flight_speed (691) The maximum speed that such a bird can attain. """ nesting_grounds = "Raymond Luxury-Yacht" __doc__ += """ nesting_grounds ("Raymond Luxury-Yacht") The locale where these birds congregate to reproduce. """ def __init__(**keyargs): """Initialize the Albatross from the keyword arguments.""" self.__dict__.update(keyargs) Although this style doesn't seem to be expressly forbidden in the docstring style guidelines, it's also not mentioned as an option. The advantage here is that it provides a way to document attributes alongside their definitions, while still creating a presentable class docstring, and avoiding having to write comments that reiterate the information from the docstring. I'm still kind of annoyed that I have to actually write the attributes twice; I'm considering using the string representations of the values in the docstring to at least avoid duplication of the default values. Is this a heinous breach of the ad hoc community conventions? Is it okay? Is there a better way? For example, it's possible to create a dictionary containing values and docstrings for the attributes and then add the contents to the class __dict__ and docstring towards the end of the class declaration; this would alleviate the need to type the attribute names and values twice. edit: this last idea is, I think, not actually possible, at least not without dynamically building the class from data, which seems like a really bad idea unless there's some other reason to do that. I'm pretty new to python and still working out the details of coding style, so unrelated critiques are also welcome.

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• Ajax Form submittion in Google App Engine with jQuery

  - by user271785

  could not figure out why it is not working: i need to send request to server, generate some fragment of html in python with meanCal method, and then want that fragment embedded into submitting html file using calculation method and dynamically shows in dyContent div. all the processes are done by single click on submit button in a form. any suggestions??? thanks in advance. the submitting html: <div id="dyContent" style="height: 200px;"> waiting for user... {{ mgs }} </div> <div id="leturetext"> <form id="mean" method="post" action="/calculation"> <select name="meanselect"> <option value=10>example</option> <option value=11>exercise</option> </select> <input type="button" name="btnMean" value="Check Results" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { //$("#btnMean").live("click", function() { $("#mean").submit(function(){ $.ajax({ type: "POST", cache: false, url: "/meanCal", success: function(html) { $("#dyContent").html(html); } }); return false; }); }); </script> python: class MainHandler(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): path = self.request.path if doRender(self, path): return doRender(self,'index.htm') class calculationHandler(webapp.RequestHandler): def post(self): doRender(self, 'Diagnostic_stats.htm', {'mgs' : "refreshed.", }) def get(self): doRender(self, 'Diagnostic_stats.htm') class meanHandler(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): global GL index = self.request.get('meanselect'.value) if (index == 10): allData = GL.exampleData dataString = ','.join(map(str, allData)) dataMean = (str)(stats.lmean(allData)) doRender(self, 'Result.htm', { 'dataIn' : dataString, 'MEAN' : "Example Mean is: " + dataMean, }) return else: allData = GL.exerciseData dataString = ','.join(map(str, allData)) dataMean = (str)(stats.lmean(allData)) doRender(self, 'Result.htm', { 'dataIn' : dataString, 'MEAN' : "Exercise Mean is: " + dataMean, }) def main(): global GL GL = GlobalVariables() application = webapp.WSGIApplication( [('/calculation', calculationHandler), ('/meanCal', meanHandler), ('.*', MainHandler), ], debug=True) wsgiref.handlers.CGIHandler().run(application) if __name__ == '__main__': main()

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• How to run unittest for Django?

  - by photon

  I configured properties for my django project under pydev. I can run the django app under pydev or under console window. But I have problems to run unittest under pydev. I cannot run unittest for app under console window either. I guessed it's something related to run configurations of pydev, so I made several trials, but with no success. Once I got messages like this: ImportError: Could not import settings 'D:\django_projects\MyProject' (Is it on sys.path? Does it have syntax errors?): No module named D:\django_projects\MyProject ERROR: Module: MyUnittestFile could not be imported. Another time I got messages like this: ImportError: Could not import settings 'MyProject.settngs' (Is it on sys.path? Does it have syntax errors?): No module named settngs 'ERROR: Module: MyUnittestFile could not be imported. I use pydev 1.5.6 on eclipse and windows xp. Any ideas for this problem? Now I think it's not something related to pydev, thanks for Xavier Ho's suggestion.

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• Generic unit test scheduling

  - by Raphink

  Hello, I'm (re)writing a program that does generic unit test scheduling. The current program is a mono-threaded Perl program, but I'm willing to modularize it and parallelize the tests. I'm also considering rewriting it in Python. Here is what I need to do: I have a list of tests, with the following attributes: uri: a URI to test (could be HTTP/HTTPS/SSH/local) ; depends: an associative array of tests/values that this test depends on ; join: a list of DB joints to be added when selecting items to process in this test ; depends_db: additional conditions to add to the DB request when selecting items to process in this test. The program builds a dependency tree, beginning with the tests that have no dependencies ; for each test: a list of items is selected from the database using the conditions (results of depending tests, joints and depends_db) ; the list of items is sent to the URI (using POST or stdin) ; the result is retrived as a YAML file listing the state and comments for the test for each tested item ; the results are stored in the DB ; the test returns, allowing depending tests to be performed. the program generates reports (CSV, DB, graphviz) of the performed tests. The primary use of this program currently is to test a fleet of machines against services such as backup, DNS, etc. The tests can then be: - backup: hosted on the backup machine(s), called through HTTP, checks if the machines' backup went well ; - DNS: hosted on the local machine, called via stdin, checks if the machines' fqdn have a valid DNS entry. Does such a tool/module already exist? What would be the best implementation to achieve this (using Perl or Python)?

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• Can I compare a template variable to an integer in App Engine templates?

  - by matt b

  Using Django templates in Google App Engine (on Python), is it possible to compare a template variable to an integer in an {% if %} block? views.py: class MyHandler(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): foo_list = db.GqlQuery(...) ... template_values['foos'] = foo_list template_values['foo_count'] = len(foo_list) handler.response.out.write(template.render(...)) My template: {% if foo_count == 1 %} There is one foo. {% endif %} This blows up with 'if' statement improperly formatted. What I was attempting to do in my template was build a simple if/elif/else tree to be grammatically correct to be able to state #foo_count == 0: There are no foos. #foo_count == 1: There is one foo. #else: There are {{ foos|length }} foos. Browsing the Django template documents (this link provided in the GAE documentation appears to be for versions of Django far newer than what is supported on GAE), it appears as if I can only actually use boolean operators (if in fact boolean operators are supported in this older version of Django) with strings or other template variables. Is it not possible to compare variables to integers or non-strings with Django templates? I'm sure there is an easy way to workaround this - built up the message string on the Python side rather than within the template - but this seems like such a simple operation you ought to be able to handle in a template. It sounds like I should be switching to a more advanced templating engine, but as I am new to Django (templates or any part of it), I'd just like some confirmation first.

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• Using Pylint with Django

  - by rcreswick

  I would very much like to integrate pylint into the build process for my python projects, but I have run into one show-stopper: One of the error types that I find extremely useful--:E1101: *%s %r has no %r member*--constantly reports errors when using common django fields, for example: E1101:125:get_user_tags: Class 'Tag' has no 'objects' member which is caused by this code: def get_user_tags(username): """ Gets all the tags that username has used. Returns a query set. """ return Tag.objects.filter( ## This line triggers the error. tagownership__users__username__exact=username).distinct() # Here is the Tag class, models.Model is provided by Django: class Tag(models.Model): """ Model for user-defined strings that help categorize Events on on a per-user basis. """ name = models.CharField(max_length=500, null=False, unique=True) def __unicode__(self): return self.name How can I tune Pylint to properly take fields such as objects into account? (I've also looked into the Django source, and I have been unable to find the implementation of objects, so I suspect it is not "just" a class field. On the other hand, I'm fairly new to python, so I may very well have overlooked something.) Edit: The only way I've found to tell pylint to not warn about these warnings is by blocking all errors of the type (E1101) which is not an acceptable solution, since that is (in my opinion) an extremely useful error. If there is another way, without augmenting the pylint source, please point me to specifics :) See here for a summary of the problems I've had with pychecker and pyflakes -- they've proven to be far to unstable for general use. (In pychecker's case, the crashes originated in the pychecker code -- not source it was loading/invoking.)

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• Code bacteria: evolving mathematical behavior

  - by Stefano Borini

  It would not be my intention to put a link on my blog, but I don't have any other method to clarify what I really mean. The article is quite long, and it's in three parts (1,2,3), but if you are curious, it's worth the reading. A long time ago (5 years, at least) I programmed a python program which generated "mathematical bacteria". These bacteria are python objects with a simple opcode-based genetic code. You can feed them with a number and they return a number, according to the execution of their code. I generate their genetic codes at random, and apply an environmental selection to those objects producing a result similar to a predefined expected value. Then I let them duplicate, introduce mutations, and evolve them. The result is quite interesting, as their genetic code basically learns how to solve simple equations, even for values different for the training dataset. Now, this thing is just a toy. I had time to waste and I wanted to satisfy my curiosity. however, I assume that something, in terms of research, has been made... I am reinventing the wheel here, I hope. Are you aware of more serious attempts at creating in-silico bacteria like the one I programmed? Please note that this is not really "genetic algorithms". Genetic algorithms is when you use evolution/selection to improve a vector of parameters against a given scoring function. This is kind of different. I optimize the code, not the parameters, against a given scoring function.

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• How to poll a file in /sys

  - by Bjoern

  Hi, I am stuck reading a file in /sys/ which contains the light intensity in Lux of the ambient light sensor on my Nokia N900 phone. See thread on talk.maemo.org here I tried to use pyinotify to poll the file but this looks some kind of wrong to me since the file is alway "process_IN_OPEN", "process_IN_ACCESS" and "process_IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE" I basically want to get the changes ASAP and if something changed trigger an event, execute a class... Here's the code I tried, which works, but not as I expected (I was hoping for process_IN_MODIFY to be triggered): #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # import os, time, pyinotify import pyinotify ambient_sensor = '/sys/class/i2c-adapter/i2c-2/2-0029/lux' wm = pyinotify.WatchManager() # Watch Manager mask = pyinotify.ALL_EVENTS def action(self, the_event): value = open(the_event.pathname, 'r').read().strip() return value class EventHandler(pyinotify.ProcessEvent): def process_IN_ACCESS(self, event): print "ACCESS event:", action(self, event) def process_IN_ATTRIB(self, event): print "ATTRIB event:", action(self, event) def process_IN_CLOSE_NOWRITE(self, event): print "CLOSE_NOWRITE event:", action(self, event) def process_IN_CLOSE_WRITE(self, event): print "CLOSE_WRITE event:", action(self, event) def process_IN_CREATE(self, event): print "CREATE event:", action(self, event) def process_IN_DELETE(self, event): print "DELETE event:", action(self, event) def process_IN_MODIFY(self, event): print "MODIFY event:", action(self, event) def process_IN_OPEN(self, event): print "OPEN event:", action(self, event) #log.setLevel(10) notifier = pyinotify.ThreadedNotifier(wm, EventHandler()) notifier.start() wdd = wm.add_watch(ambient_sensor, mask) wdd time.sleep(5) notifier.stop() Thanks for any hints, suggestions and examples Kind regards Bjoern

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• Fixing a multi-threaded pycurl crash.

  - by Rook

  If I run pycurl in a single thread everything works great. If I run pycurl in 2 threads python will access violate. The first thing I did was report the problem to pycurl, but the project died about 3 years ago so I'm not holding my breath. My (hackish) solution is to build a 2nd version of pycurl called "pycurl_thread" which will only be used by the 2nd thread. I downloaded the pycurl module from sourceforge and I made a total of 4 line changes. But python is still crashing. My guess is that even though this is a module with a different name (import pycurl_thread), its still sharing memory with the original module (import pycurl). How should I solve this problem? Changes in pycurl.c: initpycurl(void) to initpycurl_thread(void) and m = Py_InitModule3("pycurl", curl_methods, module_doc); to m = Py_InitModule3("pycurl_thread", curl_methods, module_doc); Changes in setup.py: PACKAGE = "pycurl" PY_PACKAGE = "curl" to PACKAGE = "pycurl_thread" PY_PACKAGE = "curl_thread" Here is the seg fault i'm getting. This is happening within the C function do_curl_perform(). *** longjmp causes uninitialized stack frame ***: python2.7 terminated ======= Backtrace: ========= /lib/libc.so.6(__fortify_fail+0x37)[0x7f209421b537] /lib/libc.so.6(+0xff4c9)[0x7f209421b4c9] /lib/libc.so.6(__longjmp_chk+0x33)[0x7f209421b433] /usr/lib/libcurl.so.4(+0xe3a5)[0x7f20931da3a5] /lib/libpthread.so.0(+0xfb40)[0x7f209532eb40] /lib/libc.so.6(__poll+0x53)[0x7f20941f6203] /usr/lib/libcurl.so.4(Curl_socket_ready+0x116)[0x7f2093208876] /usr/lib/libcurl.so.4(+0x2faec)[0x7f20931fbaec] /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pycurl.so(+0x892b)[0x7f209342c92b] python2.7(PyEval_EvalFrameEx+0x58a1)[0x4adf81] python2.7(PyEval_EvalCodeEx+0x891)[0x4af7c1] python2.7(PyEval_EvalFrameEx+0x538b)[0x4ada6b] python2.7(PyEval_EvalFrameEx+0x65f9)[0x4aecd9]

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• Listing serial (COM) ports on Windows?

  - by Eli Bendersky

  Hello, I'm looking for a robust way to list the available serial (COM) ports on a Windows machine. There's this post about using WMI, but I would like something less .NET specific - I want to get the list of ports in a Python or a C++ program, without .NET. I currently know of two other approaches: Reading the information in the HARDWARE\\DEVICEMAP\\SERIALCOMM registry key. This looks like a great option, but is it robust? I can't find a guarantee online or in MSDN that this registry cell indeed always holds the full list of available ports. Tryint to call CreateFile on COMN with N a number from 1 to something. This isn't good enough, because some COM ports aren't named COMN. For example, some virtual COM ports created are named CSNA0, CSNB0, and so on, so I wouldn't rely on this method. Any other methods/ideas/experience to share? Edit: by the way, here's a simple Python implementation of reading the port names from registry: import _winreg as winreg import itertools def enumerate_serial_ports(): """ Uses the Win32 registry to return a iterator of serial (COM) ports existing on this computer. """ path = 'HARDWARE\\DEVICEMAP\\SERIALCOMM' try: key = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, path) except WindowsError: raise IterationError for i in itertools.count(): try: val = winreg.EnumValue(key, i) yield (str(val[1]), str(val[0])) except EnvironmentError: break

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• 404 when getting private YouTube video even when logged in with the owner's account using gdata-pyth

  - by Gonzalo

  If a YouTube video is set as private and I try to fetch it using the gdata Python API a 404 RequestError is raised, even though I have done a programmatic login with the account that owns that video: from gdata.youtube import service yt_service = service.YouTubeService(email=my_email, password=my_password, client_id=my_client_id, source=my_source, developer_key=my_developer_key) yt_service.ProgrammaticLogin() yt_service.GetYouTubeVideoEntry(video_id='IcVqemzfyYs') --------------------------------------------------------------------------- RequestError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython console> /usr/lib/python2.4/site-packages/gdata/youtube/service.pyc in GetYouTubeVideoEntry(self, uri, video_id) 203 elif video_id and not uri: 204 uri = '%s/%s' % (YOUTUBE_VIDEO_URI, video_id) --> 205 return self.Get(uri, converter=gdata.youtube.YouTubeVideoEntryFromString) 206 207 def GetYouTubeContactFeed(self, uri=None, username='default'): /usr/lib/python2.4/site-packages/gdata/service.pyc in Get(self, uri, extra_headers, redirects_remaining, encoding, converter) 1100 'body': result_body} 1101 else: -> 1102 raise RequestError, {'status': server_response.status, 1103 'reason': server_response.reason, 'body': result_body} 1104 RequestError: {'status': 404, 'body': 'Video not found', 'reason': 'Not Found'} This happens every time, unless I go into my YouTube account (through the YouTube website) and set it public, after that I can set it as private and back to public using the Python API. Am I missing a step or is there another (or any) way to fetch a YouTube video set as private from the API? Thanks in advance.

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• Starting a process in one HTTP call and getting results in another

  - by KillianDS

  Hi, I'm writing a very simple testing framework for my application, the design isn't perfect, but I don't have time to write something more complex. Essentially, I have a client and server-application, on my server I want a small python web server to start the server application with given test sequences on a GET or POST call. Also, the application prints some testdata to stderr which I'd like to catch and return in another HTTP call. At the moment I have this: from subprocess import Popen, PIPE from BaseHTTPServer import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer p = None class MyHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler): def do_GET(self): global p if self.path.endswith("start/"): p = Popen(["./bin/Release/simplex264","BBB-360","127.0.0.1"], stderr=PIPE) print 'started' return elif self.path.endswith("getResults/"): self.wfile.write(p.stderr.read()) return self.send_error(404,'File Not Found: %s' % self.path) def main(): try: server = HTTPServer(('localhost', 9876), MyHandler) print 'Started server...' server.serve_forever() except KeyboardInterrupt: print 'Shutting down...' server.socket.close() if __name__ == '__main__': main() Which 'works', except for one part, when I try to open http://localhost:9876/start/, it does not return before the process ended. However, the 'started' appears in my shell immediately (I added this because I thought the Popen call would only return after execution). I do not know the perfect inner workings of Popen and BaseHTTPRequestHandler however and do not really know where it goes wrong. Is there any way to make this work asynchronously?

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• Any high-level languages that can use c libraries?

  - by Isaiah

  I know this question could be in vain, but it's just out of curiosity, and I'm still much a newb^^ Anyways I've been loving python for some time while learning it. My problem is obviously speed issues. I'd like to get into indie game creation, and for the short future, 2d and pygame will work. But I'd eventually like to branch into the 3d area, and python is really too slow to make anything 3d and professional. So I'm wondering if there has ever been work to create a high-level language able to import and use c libraries? I've looked at Genie and it seems to be able to use certain libraries, but I'm not sure to what extent. Will I be able to use it for openGL programing, or in a c game engine? I do know some lisp and enjoy it a lot, but there aren't a great many libraries out there for it. Which leads to the problem: I can't stand C syntax, but C has libraries galore that I could need! And game engines like irrlicht. Is there any language that can be used in place of C around C? Thanks so much guys

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• Server side form validation and POST data

  - by tomcritchlow

  Hi, I have a user input form here: http://www.7bks.com/create (Google login required) When you first create a list you are asked to create a public username. Unfortuantely currently there is no constraint to make this unique. I'm working on the code to enforce unique usernames at the moment and would like to know the best way to do it. Tech details: appengine, python, webapp framework What I'm planning is something like this: first the /create form posts the data to /inputlist/ (this is the same as currently happens) /inputlist/ queries the datastore for the given username. If it already exists then redirect back to /create display the /create page with all the info previously but with an additional error message of "this username is already taken" My question is: Is this the best way of handling server side validation? What's the best way of storing the list details while I verify and modify the username? As I see it I have 3 options to store the list details but I'm not sure which is "best": Store the list details in the session cookie (I am using GAEsessions for cookies) Define a separate POST class for /create and post the list data back from /inputlist/ to the /create page (currently /create only has a GET class) Store the list in the datastore, even though the username is non-unique. Thank you very much for your help :) I'm pretty new to python and coding in general so if I've missed something obvious my apologies. Tom PS - I'm sure I can eventually figure it out but I can't find any documentation on POSTing data using the webapp appengine framework which I'd need in order to do solution 2 above :s maybe you could point me in the right direction for that too? Thanks! PPS - It's a little out of date now but you can see roughly how the /create and /inputlist/ code works at the moment here: 7bks.com Gist

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• Voting on Hacker News stories programmatically?

  - by igorgue

  I decided to write an app like: http://michaelgrinich.com/hackernews/ but for Android devices, my idea will use a web application backend (because I rather code in Python and for the web than completely in Java for Android devices). What I have right now implemented is something like this: $ curl -i http://localhost:8080/stories.json?page=1\&stories=1 HTTP/1.0 200 OK Date: Sun, 25 Apr 2010 07:59:37 GMT Server: WSGIServer/0.1 Python/2.6.5 Content-Length: 296 Content-Type: application/json [{"title": "Don\u2019t talk to aliens, warns Stephen Hawking", "url": "http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/space/article7107207.ece?", "unix_time": 1272175177, "comments": 15, "score": 38, "user": "chaostheory", "position": 1, "human_time": "Sun Apr 25 01:59:37 2010", "id": "1292241"}] The next step (and final I think) is voting, my design is doing something like this: $ curl -i http://localhost:8080/stories/1?vote=up -u username:password Will vote up and: $ curl -i http://localhost:8080/stories/1?vote=down -u username:password Down. I have no idea how to do it though... I was planning to use Twill but the login link is always different, e.g.: http://news.ycombinator.com/x?fnid=7u89ccHKln Later the Android app will consume this API. Any experience with programmatically browsing Hacker News?

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