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  • Virtual Lan on the Cloud -- Help Confirm my understanding?

    - by marfarma
    [Note: Tried to post this over at ServerFault, but I don't have enough 'points' for more than one link. Powers that be, move this question over there.] Please give this a quick read and let me know if I'm missing something before I start trying to make this work. I'm not a systems admin professional, and I'd hate to end up banging my head into the wall if I can avoid it. Goals: Create a 'road-warrior' capable star shaped virtual LAN for consultants who spend the majority of their time on client sites, and who's firm has no physical network or servers. Enable CIFS access to a cloud-server based installation of Alfresco Allow Eventual implementation of some form of single-sign-on ( OpenLDAP server ) access to Alfresco and other server applications implemented in the future Given: All Servers will live in the public internet cloud (Rackspace Cloud Servers) OpenVPN Server will be a Linux disto, probably Ubuntu 9.x, installed on same server as Alfresco (at least to start) Staff will access server applications and resources from client sites, hotels, trains, planes, coffee shops or their homes over various ISP, using their company laptops or personal home desktops. Based on my Research thus far, to accomplish this, I'll need: OpenVPN with Bridging Enabled to create a star shaped "virtual" LAN http://openvpn.net/index.php/open-source/documentation/miscellaneous/76-ethernet-bridging.html A Road Warrior Network Configuration, as described in this Shorewall article (lower down the page) http://www.shorewall.net/OPENVPN.html Configure bridge addressesing (probably DHCP) http://openvpn.net/index.php/open-source/faq.html#bridge-addressing Configure CIFS / Samba to accept VPN IP address http://serverfault.com/questions/137933/howto-access-samba-share-over-vpn-tunnel Set up Client software, with keys configured for access (potentially through a OpenVPN-Sa client portal) http://www.openvpn.net/index.php/access-server/download-openvpn-as/221-installation-overview.html

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  • OpenVPN Client timing out

    - by Austin
    I recently installed OpenVPN on my Ubuntu VPS. Whenenver I try to connect to it, I can establish a connection just fine. However, everything I try to connect to times out. If I try to ping something, it will resolve the IP, but will time out after resolving the IP. (So DNS Server seems to be working correctly) My server.conf has this relevant information (At least I think it's relevant. I'm not sure if you need more or not) # Which local IP address should OpenVPN # listen on? (optional) ;local a.b.c.d # Which TCP/UDP port should OpenVPN listen on? # If you want to run multiple OpenVPN instances # on the same machine, use a different port # number for each one. You will need to # open up this port on your firewall. port 1194 # TCP or UDP server? ;proto tcp proto udp # "dev tun" will create a routed IP tunnel, # "dev tap" will create an ethernet tunnel. # Use "dev tap0" if you are ethernet bridging # and have precreated a tap0 virtual interface # and bridged it with your ethernet interface. # If you want to control access policies # over the VPN, you must create firewall # rules for the the TUN/TAP interface. # On non-Windows systems, you can give # an explicit unit number, such as tun0. # On Windows, use "dev-node" for this. # On most systems, the VPN will not function # unless you partially or fully disable # the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface. ;dev tap dev tun # Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name # from the Network Connections panel if you # have more than one. On XP SP2 or higher, # you may need to selectively disable the # Windows firewall for the TAP adapter. # Non-Windows systems usually don't need this. ;dev-node MyTap # SSL/TLS root certificate (ca), certificate # (cert), and private key (key). Each client # and the server must have their own cert and # key file. The server and all clients will # use the same ca file. # # See the "easy-rsa" directory for a series # of scripts for generating RSA certificates # and private keys. Remember to use # a unique Common Name for the server # and each of the client certificates. # # Any X509 key management system can be used. # OpenVPN can also use a PKCS #12 formatted key file # (see "pkcs12" directive in man page). ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key # This file should be kept secret # Diffie hellman parameters. # Generate your own with: # openssl dhparam -out dh1024.pem 1024 # Substitute 2048 for 1024 if you are using # 2048 bit keys. dh dh1024.pem # Configure server mode and supply a VPN subnet # for OpenVPN to draw client addresses from. # The server will take 10.8.0.1 for itself, # the rest will be made available to clients. # Each client will be able to reach the server # on 10.8.0.1. Comment this line out if you are # ethernet bridging. See the man page for more info. server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 # Maintain a record of client <-> virtual IP address # associations in this file. If OpenVPN goes down or # is restarted, reconnecting clients can be assigned # the same virtual IP address from the pool that was # previously assigned. ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging. # You must first use your OS's bridging capability # to bridge the TAP interface with the ethernet # NIC interface. Then you must manually set the # IP/netmask on the bridge interface, here we # assume 10.8.0.4/255.255.255.0. Finally we # must set aside an IP range in this subnet # (start=10.8.0.50 end=10.8.0.100) to allocate # to connecting clients. Leave this line commented # out unless you are ethernet bridging. ;server-bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.50 10.8.0.100 # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging # using a DHCP-proxy, where clients talk # to the OpenVPN server-side DHCP server # to receive their IP address allocation # and DNS server addresses. You must first use # your OS's bridging capability to bridge the TAP # interface with the ethernet NIC interface. # Note: this mode only works on clients (such as # Windows), where the client-side TAP adapter is # bound to a DHCP client. ;server-bridge # Push routes to the client to allow it # to reach other private subnets behind # the server. Remember that these # private subnets will also need # to know to route the OpenVPN client # address pool (10.8.0.0/255.255.255.0) # back to the OpenVPN server. ;push "route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0" ;push "route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0" # To assign specific IP addresses to specific # clients or if a connecting client has a private # subnet behind it that should also have VPN access, # use the subdirectory "ccd" for client-specific # configuration files (see man page for more info). # EXAMPLE: Suppose the client # having the certificate common name "Thelonious" # also has a small subnet behind his connecting # machine, such as 192.168.40.128/255.255.255.248. # First, uncomment out these lines: ;client-config-dir ccd ;route 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248 # Then create a file ccd/Thelonious with this line: # iroute 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248 # This will allow Thelonious' private subnet to # access the VPN. This example will only work # if you are routing, not bridging, i.e. you are # using "dev tun" and "server" directives. # EXAMPLE: Suppose you want to give # Thelonious a fixed VPN IP address of 10.9.0.1. # First uncomment out these lines: ;client-config-dir ccd ;route 10.9.0.0 255.255.255.252 # Then add this line to ccd/Thelonious: # ifconfig-push 10.9.0.1 10.9.0.2 # Suppose that you want to enable different # firewall access policies for different groups # of clients. There are two methods: # (1) Run multiple OpenVPN daemons, one for each # group, and firewall the TUN/TAP interface # for each group/daemon appropriately. # (2) (Advanced) Create a script to dynamically # modify the firewall in response to access # from different clients. See man # page for more info on learn-address script. ;learn-address ./script # If enabled, this directive will configure # all clients to redirect their default # network gateway through the VPN, causing # all IP traffic such as web browsing and # and DNS lookups to go through the VPN # (The OpenVPN server machine may need to NAT # or bridge the TUN/TAP interface to the internet # in order for this to work properly). push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8" # Certain Windows-specific network settings # can be pushed to clients, such as DNS # or WINS server addresses. CAVEAT: # http://openvpn.net/faq.html#dhcpcaveats # The addresses below refer to the public # DNS servers provided by opendns.com. ;push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.4.4" # Uncomment this directive to allow different # clients to be able to "see" each other. # By default, clients will only see the server. # To force clients to only see the server, you # will also need to appropriately firewall the # server's TUN/TAP interface. ;client-to-client # Uncomment this directive if multiple clients # might connect with the same certificate/key # files or common names. This is recommended # only for testing purposes. For production use, # each client should have its own certificate/key # pair. # # IF YOU HAVE NOT GENERATED INDIVIDUAL # CERTIFICATE/KEY PAIRS FOR EACH CLIENT, # EACH HAVING ITS OWN UNIQUE "COMMON NAME", # UNCOMMENT THIS LINE OUT. ;duplicate-cn # The keepalive directive causes ping-like # messages to be sent back and forth over # the link so that each side knows when # the other side has gone down. # Ping every 10 seconds, assume that remote # peer is down if no ping received during # a 120 second time period. keepalive 10 120 # For extra security beyond that provided # by SSL/TLS, create an "HMAC firewall" # to help block DoS attacks and UDP port flooding. # # Generate with: # openvpn --genkey --secret ta.key # # The server and each client must have # a copy of this key. # The second parameter should be '0' # on the server and '1' on the clients. ;tls-auth ta.key 0 # This file is secret # Select a cryptographic cipher. # This config item must be copied to # the client config file as well. ;cipher BF-CBC # Blowfish (default) ;cipher AES-128-CBC # AES ;cipher DES-EDE3-CBC # Triple-DES # Enable compression on the VPN link. # If you enable it here, you must also # enable it in the client config file. comp-lzo # The maximum number of concurrently connected # clients we want to allow. ;max-clients 100 # It's a good idea to reduce the OpenVPN # daemon's privileges after initialization. # # You can uncomment this out on # non-Windows systems. ;user nobody ;group nogroup # The persist options will try to avoid # accessing certain resources on restart # that may no longer be accessible because # of the privilege downgrade. persist-key persist-tun # Output a short status file showing # current connections, truncated # and rewritten every minute. status openvpn-status.log # By default, log messages will go to the syslog (or # on Windows, if running as a service, they will go to # the "\Program Files\OpenVPN\log" directory). # Use log or log-append to override this default. # "log" will truncate the log file on OpenVPN startup, # while "log-append" will append to it. Use one # or the other (but not both). ;log openvpn.log ;log-append openvpn.log # Set the appropriate level of log # file verbosity. # # 0 is silent, except for fatal errors # 4 is reasonable for general usage # 5 and 6 can help to debug connection problems # 9 is extremely verbose verb 3 # Silence repeating messages. At most 20 # sequential messages of the same message # category will be output to the log. ;mute 20 I've tried on multiple computers by the way. The same result on all of them. What could be wrong? Thanks in advance, and if you need other information I'll gladly post it. Information for new comments root@vps:~# iptables -L -n -v Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 862K packets, 51M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 3 packets, 382 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 4641 298K ACCEPT all -- * * 10.8.0.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-port-unreachable Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1671K packets, 2378M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination And root@vps:~# iptables -t nat -L -n -v Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 17937 packets, 2013K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 8975 packets, 562K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 1579 103K SNAT all -- * * 10.8.0.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 to:SERVERIP Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 8972 packets, 562K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination

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  • Disk IO slow on ESXi, even slower on a VM (freeNAS + iSCSI)

    - by varesa
    I have a server with ESXi 5 and iSCSI attached network storage(4x1Tb Raid-Z on freenas 8.0.4). Those two machines are connected to each other with Gigabit ethernet. The raid-z volume is divided into three parts: two zvols, shared with iscsi, and one directly on top of zfs, shared with nfs and similar. I ssh'd into the freeNAS box, and did some testing on the disks. I used ddto test the third part of the disks (straight on top of ZFS). I copied a 4GB (2x the amount of RAM) block from /dev/zero to the disk, and the speed was 80MB/s. Other of the iSCSI shared zvols is a datastore for the ESXi. I did similar test with time dd .. there. Since the dd there did not give the speed, I divided the amount of data transfered by the time show by time. The result was around 30-40 MB/s. Thats about half of the speed from the freeNAS host! Then I tested the IO on a VM running on the same ESXi host. The VM was a light CentOS 6.0 machine, which was not really doing anything else at that time. There were no other VMs running on the server at the time, and the other two "parts" of the disk array were not used. A similar dd test gave me result of about 15-20 MB/s. That is again about half of the result on a lower level! Of course the is some overhead in raid-z - zfs - zvolume - iSCSI - VMFS - VM, but I don't expect it to be that big. I belive there must be something wrong in my system. I have heard about bad performance of freeNAS's iSCSI, is that it? I have not managed to get any other "big" SAN OS to run on the box (NexentaSTOR, openfiler). Can you see any obvious problems with my setup?

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  • Cisco VPN endpoints disconnecting from a VLAN

    - by dunxd
    I have a number of Cisco ASA 5505 and PIX 506e around the world acting as VPN endpoints. They connect to a Cisco VPN Concentrator 3000 at HQ. I am using EZVPN to set up the VPN (i.e. most of the config is central on the VPN Concentrator) The majority of endpoints work absolutely fine. However, there are three that do not. 2 ASAs and 1 PIX get disconnected from one of the VLANs on our network. This is the VLAN that my monitoring server runs on - so those endpoints look as if they have gone down. However, I can still ping the endpoints from our user VLAN. If I then SSH onto the endpoint, and do a ping to my monitoring server, the connection comes back. Then after about 10 minutes it stops working again. I've looked at the configuration of my endpoints, and I can't see any significant differences. One common feature is that the affected endpoints are connecting to the internet via retail quality routers. However, I don't see how this could affect traffic within a VPN tunnel. Any ideas or suggestions? I've also got a thread on Cisco's forums at https://supportforums.cisco.com/thread/344638. One other person has reported the same problem.

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  • Question for Vim search and peck typists

    - by mike
    I'm trying to write a Vim tutorial and I'd like to start by dismissing a few misconceptions, as well as giving some recommendations. I don't know if I should dismiss touch-typing as a misconception, or include it as a recommended prerequisite. At the time I learned the editor, I had already been touch typing for a couple of years, so I have absolutely no idea what would be the experience of a two-fingered typist in Vim. Are you a vim two-fingered typist? what has your experience been like? EDIT: I'm not sure if my question was clear enough. Maybe it's my fault, I don't know. I get mixed replies and other questions (why do you write this? what does one have to do with the other?), instead of empirical info (I don't touch type and it's been (fine|hell)). Some programmers touch-type others search and peck. In the middle, there's Vim which requires a certain affinity with keys to do various operations. I am a touch typist and I have no clue what my experience would have been like with the editor if I wasn't. I can't honestly picture myself pecking some of these combos. But like I said, I don't know what it is like. Before telling someone to start using Vim, I'd like to know if I should dismiss touch-typing as a misconceived requirement. So, I'll rephrase the question, have you felt that not being a touch-typist has impeded on your experience with Vim?

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  • fedora apache/nginx pylons

    - by microchasm
    I'm trying to wrap my head around Pylons and how it works. So far... it's been confusing... I'm using EC2 with Fedora8. Everything is working so far (i.e. I have Pylons/python et al installed and after creating a test app and running paster serve I can access the default page via my domain name). As the Pylons docs explain and as I understand, the built in paster serve server is not suited for a production environment. What I am not clear on, then, is what to do next... It seems like nginx is a good option, but I am more familiar with Apache (like .0002%). I plan on having virtualhosts (which nginx says can accomodate). However, I am totally unclear on how the big picture is supposed to work. In order to serve an app, does paster serve need to be running? Does then nginx/apache basically just act as a proxy to shuttle connections to the paster server? How do I start it so it doesn't terminate after closing the ssh connection? If running multiple apps, what do I set as the host/port in development.ini to differentiate the apps? Or if this is not the right way, how do I differentiate beween apps? I am more familiar with MySQL, but willing to negotiate PostgreSQL if it's a better fit. Is it? Is virtualenv a prerequisite to running multiple apps on the same machine? Thanks in advance for any tips.

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  • iptables: allowing incoming for 192.168.1.0/24 allowed incoming for all?

    - by nortally
    The internal side of my ISP router has three devices: ISP router 128.128.43.1 Firewall router 128.128.43.2 Server 128.128.43.3 Behind the Firewall router is a NAT network using 192.168.100.n/24 This question is regarding iptables running on the Server. I wanted to allow access to port 8080 only from the NAT clients behind the Firewall router, so I used this rule -A Firewall-1-INPUT -s 192.168.100.0/24 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 8080 -j ACCEPT This worked, but UNEXPECTEDLY ALLOWED GLOBAL ACCESS, which resulted in our JBOSS server getting compromised. I now know that the correct rule is to use the Firewall router's address instead of the internal network, but can anyone explain why the first rule allowed global access? I would have expected it to just fail. Full config, mostly lifted from a RedHat server: *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0] -A INPUT -j Firewall-1-INPUT -A FORWARD -j Firewall-1-INPUT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m comment --comment "allow ssh from all" -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m comment --comment "allow https from all" -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT -A Firewall-1-INPUT -m comment --comment "allow JBOSS from Firewall" ### THIS RESULTED IN GLOBAL ACCESS TO PORT 8080 ### -A Firewall-1-INPUT -s 192.168.100.0/24 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 8080 -j ACCEPT ### THIS WORKED -A Firewall-1-INPUT -s 128.128.43.2 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 8080 -j ACCEPt ### -A Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited COMMIT

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  • Web hosting for multiple web sites providing system isolation

    - by Justin
    We have a small number of projects where we expect the client will not be maintaining the installed versions of applications we install to power the site (such as Drupal). Given that an important part of security is keeping things updated, we don't want to host these projects on our Plesk-powered dedicated servers that currently host lots of our other client's websites. Our goal is to find a host where we can deploy isolated instances (be these slices, virtual servers, grid servers, etc) for each individual (or groups of 2-3) web sites as we need them. These instances would be completely separate, so that if one web site were hacked it would not impact any other site. Typical hosting requirements: Linux Apache PHP 5 MySQL Supports Drupal Ability to setup a cron task (but we don't need SSH access) Daily backups Virtualized/cloud hosting (we want to avoid shared) Pricing per site is around $25/month OS is patched automatically Some options we have considered but won't work: MediaTemple: Two major data center-wide security incidents and recent downtime foster doubt about this host's technical ability. Slicehost: This would require us to manage the entire server, which we don't want to do. Rackspace Cloud Sites (formerly Mosso): No backup options. Do you have any recommended hosting options for given these requirements?

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  • Slow performance on VMWare Linux server after Tomcat install

    - by Loftx
    We have a VMWare ESXi 4.1 server hosting a number of Linux and Windows guests. Recently a new Linux guest was added to this server and seemed to be performing well. Tomcat and some other applications on this server were then installed which seem to have caused the server to run really slowly without any obvious resource issues. Slow performance include: The time taken to bring up the password prompt over ssh takes a few seconds when it was previously instantaneous. The time taken to unzip a zip file which was previously a few seconds now takes around 30 seconds The time taken to compile vmware tools has increased by similar factors Both the VMWare console and monitoring commands don't report any issues with high CPU or memory usage but something is obviously slowing the server down somehow. Does anyone have any ideas what may be causing this issue and how it can be resolved? Thanks, Tom Edit As per your questions I’ve looked at some of the performance indicators on both the VM host and VM guest indicated. Firstly I tried reserving the full amount of memory (3gb) for this VM – no other machines on this server have any memory reservation. The swap in rate and swap out rate for the VM host and guest are now both zero. Balloon memory on the guest is zero and on the host is 3.5gb (total memory on the host is 12gb) The swap rate for the guest is also zero. Swap used by the host is 200mb on average. Compression and decompression rates for the host and guest are zero. Command aborts for the host are zero. Read latency is very low – maximum 10ms average 0.8ms. Write latency is higher – a few spikes to 170ms but mostly around 25ms – is this bad? Queue command latency is zero . Physical disk read latency averages 5ms but often 10ms Physical disk write latency averages 15ms but is often 20ms I hope this helps - let me know if you need any more information.

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  • Installing Tomcat on CentOS 5

    - by andybaird
    Disclaimer: I am not a server admin, I am a windows user that has lead a life of sinful installation wizards and drag and drop I'm attempting to install Tomcat on CentOS 5 hosted by a MediaTemple dedicated virtual server. I basically followed this guide: Installed jpackage and configured the yum.repo.d jpackage file to set enabled=1 Used yum to install java (yum install java) Downloaded the binary distribution of tomcat with "wget http://archive.apache.org/dist/tomcat/tomcat-6/v6.0.14/bin/apache-tomcat-6.0.14.tar.gz" set JAVA_HOME to point at the jdk location I found with "export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.6.0-openjdk-1.6.0.0/" I gunzip/untar the Tomcat files and run ./startup.sh to start the Tomcat server. That is supposed to put the Tomcat server at myserver.com:8080 - however, I just get a could not contact host error when I try to browse to it (or when I try 'curl localhost:8080' from SSH) After I type ./startup.sh, here is the console output: [root@myserver bin]# ./startup.sh Using CATALINA_BASE: /root/apache-tomcat-6.0.14 Using CATALINA_HOME: /root/apache-tomcat-6.0.14 Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /root/apache-tomcat-6.0.14/temp Using JRE_HOME: /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.6.0-openjdk-1.6.0.0/ [root@myserver bin]# Is there a step I have missed here? Edit: I've now discovered by looking at the log the following error is occuring: Error occurred during initialization of VM Could not reserve enough space for object heap

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  • LAMP server VM issues

    - by nullArray
    After getting a recommendation to salvage a wiki by installing a LAMP server, I went on the prowl for a good virtualized one. I used the VMware Player version. Since the windows box has Bonjour, I can, for example, go to http://lamp.local. and it works see the web client. The problem is, I can't ssh to a directory to scp the files I need, mount a usb thumbdrive (usbfs is unsupported) nor get samba working. I can't even update the ubuntu installation, it fails. I've tried bridged, nat and host-only networking settings in VMware Player. Bridged gives me an undefined IP, while the other two each have different IPs. All three settings allow me to access the web config, but none of them give me samba access. Windows usually freezes, then reports that it cannot connect. I'd rather not wipe a box to do a dedicated install, is there I way I can get this VM working, or are there better LAMP VMs out there? This one came already working and set up with VMware Player, so I thought it would be perfect... Thanks,

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  • VNC server failed to start CentOS

    - by Shaun
    I followed a tutorial on how to install and get VNCserver to run on CentOS 6 (since freenx isnt supported yet) and I keep getting Starting VNC server: 1:user [FAILED] How do I figure out whats going on here? Im new to Linux/CentOS and im trying to get RDP going so I can step away from SSH as much as possible (you know us Windows users love our pretty GUI's). So, where is the error log at and how do I find it? Or maybe someone else has experienced this and knows the solution based on the simple error given? After running in debug mode, here is my error + . /etc/init.d/functions ++ TEXTDOMAIN=initscripts ++ umask 022 ++ PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin ++ export PATH ++ '[' -z '' ']' ++ COLUMNS=80 ++ '[' -z '' ']' +++ /sbin/consoletype ++ CONSOLETYPE=pty ++ '[' -f /etc/sysconfig/i18n -a -z '' -a -z '' ']' ++ . /etc/profile.d/lang.sh ++ unset LANGSH_SOURCED ++ '[' -z '' ']' ++ '[' -f /etc/sysconfig/init ']' ++ . /etc/sysconfig/init +++ BOOTUP=color +++ RES_COL=60 +++ MOVE_TO_COL='echo -en \033[60G' +++ SETCOLOR_SUCCESS='echo -en \033[0;32m' +++ SETCOLOR_FAILURE='echo -en \033[0;31m' +++ SETCOLOR_WARNING='echo -en \033[0;33m' +++ SETCOLOR_NORMAL='echo -en \033[0;39m' +++ PROMPT=yes +++ AUTOSWAP=no +++ ACTIVE_CONSOLES='/dev/tty[1-6]' +++ SINGLE=/sbin/sushell ++ '[' pty = serial ']' ++ __sed_discard_ignored_files='/\(~\|\.bak\|\.orig\|\.rpmnew\|\.rpmorig\|\.rpmsave\)$/d' + '[' -r /etc/sysconfig/vncservers ']' + . /etc/sysconfig/vncservers ++ VNCSERVERS='1:larry 2:moe 3:curly' ++ VNCSERVERARGS[1]='-geometry 800x600' ++ VNCSERVERARGS[2]='-geometry 640x480' ++ VNCSERVERARGS[3]='-geometry 640x480' + prog='VNC server' + RETVAL=0 + case "$1" in + start + '[' 0 '!=' 0 ']' + . /etc/sysconfig/network ++ NETWORKING=yes ++ HOSTNAME=vps.binaryvisionaries.com ++ DOMAINNAME=server.name ++ GATEWAYDEV=venet0 ++ NETWORKING_IPV6=yes ++ IPV6_DEFAULTDEV=venet0 + '[' yes = no ']' + '[' -x /usr/bin/vncserver ']' + '[' -x /usr/bin/Xvnc ']' + echo -n 'Starting VNC server: ' Starting VNC server: + RETVAL=0 + '[' '!' -d /tmp/.X11-unix ']' + for display in '${VNCSERVERS}' + SERVS=1 + echo -n '1:larry ' 1:larry + DISP=1 + USER=larry + VNCUSERARGS='-geometry 800x600' + runuser -l larry -c 'cd ~larry && [ -r .vnc/passwd ] && vncserver :1 -geometry 800x600' + RETVAL=1 + '[' 1 -eq 0 ']' + break + '[' -z 1 ']' + '[' 1 -eq 0 ']' + failure 'vncserver start' + local rc=1 + '[' color '!=' verbose -a -z '' ']' + echo_failure + '[' color = color ']' + echo -en '\033[60G' + echo -n '[' [+ '[' color = color ']' + echo -en '\033[0;31m' + echo -n FAILED FAILED+ '[' color = color ']' + echo -en '\033[0;39m' + echo -n ']' ]+ echo -ne '\r' + return 1 + '[' -x /usr/bin/plymouth ']' + /usr/bin/plymouth --details + return 1 + echo + '[' 1 -eq 98 ']' + return 1 + exit 1

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  • Encryption setup for Linux NAS?

    - by Daniel
    There's a bazillion hard disk encryption HOWTOs, but somehow I can't find one that actually does what I want. Which is: I have a home NAS running Ubuntu, which is being accessed by a Linux and a Win XP client. (Hopefully MacOS X soon...) I want to setup encryption for home dirs on the NAS so that: It does not interfere with the boot process (since the NAS it tucked away in a cupboard), the home dirs should be accessible as a regular file system on the client(s) (e.g. via SMB), it is easy to use by 'normal' people, (so it does not require SSH-ing to the NAS, mount the encrypted partition on command line, then connecting via SMB, and finally umount the partition after being done. I can't explain that to my mom, or in fact to anyone.) does not store the encryption key the NAS itself, encrypts file meta-data and content (i.e. safe against the 'RIAA' attack, where an intruder should not be able to identify which songs are in your MP3 collection). What I hoped to do was use Samba + PAM. The idea was that on connecting to the SMB server, I'd have to enter the password on the client, which sends it to the server for authentication, which would use the password to mount the encrpytion partition, and would unmount it again when the session was closed. Turns out that doesn't really work, because SMB does not transmit the password in the plain and hence I can't configure PAM to use the incoming password to mount the encrypted patition. So... anything I'm overlooking? Is there any way in which I can use the password entered on the client (e.g. on SMB connect) to initiate mounting the encrypted dir on the server?

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  • IPSec for LAN traffic: Basic considerations?

    - by chris_l
    This is a follow-up to my Encrypting absolutely everything... question. Important: This is not about the more usual IPSec setup, where you want to encrypt traffic between two LANs. My basic goal is to encrypt all traffic within a small company's LAN. One solution could be IPSec. I have just started to learn about IPSec, and before I decide on using it and dive in more deeply, I'd like to get an overview of how this could look like. Is there good cross-platform support? It must work on Linux, MacOS X and Windows clients, Linux servers, and it shouldn't require expensive network hardware. Can I enable IPSec for an entire machine (so there can be no other traffic incoming/outgoing), or for a network interface, or is it determined by firewall settings for individual ports/...? Can I easily ban non-IPSec IP packets? And also "Mallory's evil" IPSec traffic that is signed by some key, but not ours? My ideal conception is to make it impossible to have any such IP traffic on the LAN. For LAN-internal traffic: I would choose "ESP with authentication (no AH)", AES-256, in "Transport mode". Is this a reasonable decision? For LAN-Internet traffic: How would it work with the internet gateway? Would I use "Tunnel mode" to create an IPSec tunnel from each machine to the gateway? Or could I also use "Transport mode" to the gateway? The reason I ask is, that the gateway would have to be able to decrypt packages coming from the LAN, so it will need the keys to do that. Is that possible, if the destination address isn't the gateway's address? Or would I have to use a proxy in this case? Is there anything else I should consider? I really just need a quick overview of these things, not very detailed instructions.

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  • Automated software installation for MS Windows?

    - by Duncan Bayne
    I am currently setting up a Windows development environment (the whole Visual Studio 2010 stack plus plugins on top of Windows 7). This has got me wondering whether there's a Windows equivalent to what I do for dev environment setup in Ubuntu. It takes literally hours to get a dev environment set up in Windows, involving a lot of manual intervention. On Ubuntu, I have two shell scripts - one I run as root which configures the system using apt-get (amongst other things), one I run as me which configures my user account. Those scripts live in my private Subversion repository. To set up a dev environment from scratch requires five commands: sudo apt-get install -y subversion svn co http://svn.XXXX.XXX/personal/ cd personal sudo ./ubuntu_setup_root.sh ./ubuntu_setup_user.sh The only human intervention required is to pick a root password for MySQL. So it takes only a few minutes of human attention to go from a vanilla Ubuntu installation to a full development environment with the latest builds of everything, perfectly tailored down to shortcut keys and wallpaper. Is there an equivalent process for Windows? In an ideal world it'd be something trivially scriptable using C# Script or Powershell, which could live in source control & make use of a repository of ISOs downloaded from MSDN ...

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  • How can I make Cygwin open a new window each time I use a Window 7 keyboard shortcut?

    - by Michael Gundlach
    [Update: The short answer is, if an application in the 3rd thing on your taskbar, press WindowsKey+Shift+3 to open a new instance. Hooray!] I have Chrome and Cygwin on my taskbar. Chrome's shortcut is Ctrl-Alt-C (as set through right clicking the icon and putting Ctrl-Alt-C into Chrome - Properties - Shortcut Key). Cygwin's shortcut is Ctrl-Alt-T. When I press Ctrl-Alt-C, I get a new Chrome window. Great! It's as if I had shift-clicked on the Chrome icon. When I press Ctrl-Alt-T, I get a Cygwin window the first time, but after that I just get focused on the Cygwin window. As if I had simply clicked on the Cygwin icon and not shift-clicked. As if Cygwin wasn't able to have more than one instance open. I can still shift-click the icon to get more instances. I've tried with different keys than Ctrl-Alt-T and got the same behavior. Strangely, I've twice managed to get it into a state (via just clearing and setting the shortcut key over and over) where a shortcut WOULD open multiple instances -- but it was Ctrl-Alt-G both times, which doesn't make sense to my brain which has been trained to use Ctrl-Alt-T for years. Ctrl-Alt-G usually behaves just as poorly as Ctrl-Alt-T, except for the two times when magically it started behaving properly. So I'm thinking this is a Windows 7 bug (which has existed since Windows XP at least), but I'm hoping someone knows something I don't :)

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  • I am under DDoS. What can I do?

    - by Falcon Momot
    This is a Canonical Question about DoS and DDoS mitigation. I found a massive traffic spike on a website that I host today; I am getting thousands of connections a second and I see I'm using all 100Mbps of my available bandwidth. Nobody can access my site because all the requests time out, and I can't even log into the server because SSH times out too! This has happened a couple times before, and each time it's lasted a couple hours and gone away on its own. Occasionally, my website has another distinct but related problem: my server's load average (which is usually around .25) rockets up to 20 or more and nobody can access my site just the same as the other case. It also goes away after a few hours. Restarting my server doesn't help; what can I do to make my site accessible again, and what is happening? Relatedly, I found once that for a day or two, every time I started my service, it got a connection from a particular IP address and then crashed. As soon as I started it up again, this happened again and it crashed again. How is that similar, and what can I do about it?

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  • How have I locked me out from my Ubuntu VPS?

    - by Sanoj
    I have a Ubuntu Server as VPS (OpenVZ), and yesterday I installed php-fpm, but I guess something went wrong with the installation. Because since then I cannot log in to my server over SSH with PuTTY or using WinSCP. The message I get when connecting is Network error: Connection timed out. Immediately after the installation I was not able to use emacs either, I had to re-install it with apt-get install emacs. I have tried with clearing the firewall and rebooting the server from my web-based "control panel", but it doesn't help. The commands I used for installation of the PHP-fpm was from Installing PHP 5.3, Nginx And PHP-fpm On Ubuntu/Debian. And I guess it has something to do with these commands: cd /tmp wget http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/k/krb5/libkrb53_1.6.dfsg.4~beta1-5ubuntu2_i386.deb wget http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/i/icu/libicu38_3.8-6ubuntu0.2_i386.deb sudo dpkg -i *.deb sudo echo "deb http://php53.dotdeb.org stable all" >> /etc/apt/sources.list sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install php5-cli php5-common php5-suhosin sudo apt-get install php5-fpm php5-cgi The web-sites that are hosted from my server works fine. Anyone that have the same experience or know how this could happen? I guess that I have to re-install Ubuntu Server from my "control panel" now, but I would like to avoid this situation in the future. Finally, I have backup on everything so nothing is lost if I have to re-install the machine.

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  • Best way to 'harden' embedded ext4 file server against unexpected loss of power?

    - by Jeremy Friesner
    Hi all, First, a little background: my company makes an audio streaming device that is a headless, rack-mounted Linux box with a couple of SSDs attached. Each SSD is formatted with ext4. The users can connect to the system using Samba/CIFS to upload new audio files or access existing ones. There is also custom software for streaming out audio over the network. This is all fine. The only problem is that the users are audio people, not computer people, and see the system as a 'black box', not as a computer. Which means that at the end of the day, they aren't going to ssh in to the box and enter "/sbin/shutdown -h"; they are just going to cut power to the rack and leave, and expect things to still work properly the next day. Since ext4 has journalling, journal checksumming, etc, this mostly works. The only time it doesn't work is when someone uploads a new file via Samba and then cuts power to the system before the uploaded data has been fully flushed to the disk. In that case, they come in the next day and find that their new file has been truncated or is missing entirely, and are unhappy. My question is, what is the best way to avoid this problem? Is there a way to get smbd to call "sync" at the end of every upload? (Performance on uploads isn't so important, since they only happen occasionally). Or is there a way to tell ext4 to automatically flush within a few seconds of any change to a file? (Again, performance can be sacrificed for safety here) Should I set a particular write-ordering mode, activate barriers, etc?

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  • Processing-time billing in Amazon EC2

    - by Rafael Almeida
    Hi all! I think my question is fairly basic, but I would like a clarification: in the Pricing part of AWS we can see that Amazon charges people around .10 by the 'instance computing hour'. I've seen in a blog post somewhere (can't remember where exactly, and even if I did I think it was in Portuguese anyway) that this way your minimum monthly payment would be $72 (= .10 $s/hour x 24 hours x 30 days). Is this correct? (I don't think it is!) In my understanding is that this 'virtual computing time' is only used when your machine is actually doing something (serving pages, serving the admin via ssh, whatever), so real billable usage would be less than 720 hours/month in most webserver scenarios. Is my view correct? If it is, then it leads me to another question: is it economically interesting to buy access to one of these instances for testing? I mean, would I have the 'freedom' to 'forget' about it for a month and receive a very-close-to-zero (as in, a few cents) bill? Do you do it/know of anybody who does? Any thoughts on the matter (as in, "yes, it's a good idea", or "yes, but there's this 'gotcha': ...", or "no, nobody does it because of...")? PS: sorry for the loong question text. I highlighted the main questions for easy view. Also, I'm not sure if this question is actually more than one and if it's desirable for the community, so, sorry if it is too! Thanks in advance!

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  • AutoHotkey - Organizing hotkeys so as to use Several hotkeys optimally

    - by Stenemo
    My question is how to structure key combinations in script below most effectively using AutoHotkey. Having searched for exactly how to do this for hours I figured I should post here so others can at least find this solution if they are trying to do the same: http://www.autohotkey.com/board/topic/90013-solved-wasd-fna-left-fnalta-home-fnctrla-ctrl-left-etc/ and How to combine three keys as a hotkey with Autohotkey? My Question is how to use this method most effectively, and is not answered in those threads. My idea would be to use this for everything related to up (etc), e.g.: ; Up Combinations: Ctrl Up, SHIFT + Up, SHIFT + Ctrl Up, [Alt/win + Up easily added and organized using this system] CapsLock & w:: GetKeyState, stateCtrl, LCtrl GetKeyState, stateShift, LShift GetKeyState, stateWin, LWin GetKeyState, stateAlt, LAlt if stateCtrl = D if stateShift = D if stateWin = D Send ^+#{Up}; Ctrl + SHIFT + Win + Up else Send ^+{Up} ; Ctrl + SHIFT + Up else if stateWin = D Send ^#{Up} ; Ctrl + Win + Up else Send ^{Up} ; Ctrl Up else if stateShift = D Send +{Up} ; SHIFT + Up else if stateWin = D Send #{Up} ; Win + Up else if stateAlt = D Send !{Up} ; Alt + Up else Send {Up} ; Up return Also, if there is a better way to do this, that would be great. E.g.: *CapsLock & w:: send {Up} Does almost exactly the opposite of what I want (sends up even if other modifiers are held down). When I hold e.g. control at the same time, I want it to do control + up. Have I missed such a AutoHotkey command? If anyone has a better way to do this that would be great.

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  • Ubuntu Server mdadm drbd ocfs2 kvm hangs under heavy file reading

    - by Stefano Annese
    I have deployed four ubuntu 10.04 server. They are coupled two by two in a cluster scenario. on both sides we have software raid1 disks, drbd8 and OCFS2 and on top of it some kvm machines run with qcow2 disks. I followed this: Link corosync is just used for DRBD and OCFS, the kvm machines are run "manually" When it works is fine: good performances, good I/O, but at a given time one of the two cluster started hanging. Then we tried with just one server turned on and it hangs the same. It seems to happen when an heavy READ in one of the virtual machines occurs, that is during rsyn backup. When the fact occurs the virtual machines are not reachable any more and the real server responds with good delay to the ping but no screen and no ssh is available. All we can do is force shutdown (hold the button) and restart and when it turns on again the raid on which relay drbd is resyncing. All the time it hangs we see such fact. After a couple of week of pain on one side this morning also the other cluster hung, but it has different moteherboard, ram, kvm instances. What is similar is reading for rsync scenario and Western Digital RAID Edistion disks on both side. Can anybody give me some input to solve such issue?

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  • Iptables Forwarding problem

    - by ankit
    Hi all, I had initally asked question about sertting up my linux box for natting for my home network and was given suggestions in the thread here. Did not want to clutter the old question so starting a new one here. based on the earlier suggestions, i have come up with the following rules ... :PREROUTING ACCEPT [1:48] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [12:860] :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [3:228] -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE COMMIT *filter :INPUT DROP [3:228] :FORWARD DROP [0:0] :OUTPUT DROP [0:0] -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i eth0 -p icmp -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -i eth1 -p icmp -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -i eth1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -i eth1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT COMMIT If you notice, i do have the proper MASQURADING rule and the proper FORWARD filter rule as well. However i am facing 2 problems On the linux box itself DNS resolving is not working the lan clients connected to the linux box, are still not able to get to internet. when i ping something from them, i see the DROP count in iptables INPUT rule increasing. now my question is, when i am pinging something from the lan client, how come it is being matched by the input chain ?! should it be in the forward chain ? Chain INPUT (policy DROP 20 packets, 2314 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 99 9891 ACCEPT all -- lo any anywhere anywhere 0 0 ACCEPT icmp -- eth0 any anywhere anywhere 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- eth0 any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:http 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- eth0 any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:https 122 9092 ACCEPT tcp -- eth0 any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ssh Thanks ankit

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  • Cause of slow download speed on a particular EC2 instance?

    - by James
    I have a networking issue I'm trying to solve. I have two EC2 instances, same zone, same type. On one of the two EC2 instances (the 'bad' instance), the download speed is really poor (200k/s), while on the other (the 'good' instance), the download speed is fine, comfortable at 30M/s +). To clarify, I'm talking about downloading files to the EC2 instance while ssh'd into the server, e.g running wget with a large file. I've tried different files, including S3 objects and a large linux ISO from elsewhere. Running ethtool eth0 only returns 'Link detected: yes' for both. When running ifconfig, both return the same for most part, aside from how the good instance shows no error packets yet the bad instance shows many: UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:168372370 errors:5075643 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:122116480 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 Both servers are configured the same, at least were supposed to be. How can I go about diagnosing the cause for the slow download speed? Is there anything particular to EC2 instances that could cause this? Having trouble knowing where to start. Thanks for any help!

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  • ubuntu - Best way of repartitioning a (running) production server

    - by egarcia
    I've got an (externally hosted) production server running Ubuntu LTS. It serves webpages (rails) and has an svn repository accesible through Apache, and a PostgreSQL db. I've got ssh access to the server and root privileges. Most of the "interesting" stuff is located in /var/ : svn repositories are inside /var/svn, web pages under /var/www, etc. Yesterday I was curious about how much disk space had it left, so I did the following: $ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/md1 950M 402M 500M 45% / varrun 990M 64K 990M 1% /var/run varlock 990M 0 990M 0% /var/lock udev 990M 76K 989M 1% /dev devshm 990M 0 990M 0% /dev/shm /dev/md5 4.7G 668M 4.1G 15% /usr /dev/md6 4.7G 1.4G 3.4G 29% /var /dev/md7 221G 28M 221G 1% /home none 990M 4.0K 990M 1% /tmp My 'var' partition, which holds most of the interesting part, is only 4.7G big. The /home/ partition, on the other hand, is 221G, but it is mostly unused. I should have checked the disk layout before starting installing stuff. Ideally I would need /var/ and /home/ to be "switched" - /home/ should be the one with 4.7G, and /var/ the one with 221G. Is there a way to solve this without having to reinstall the whole thing?

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