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• XNA calculate normals for linesegment

  - by Gerhman

  I am quite new to 3D graphical programming and thus far only understand that normal somehow define the direction in which a vertex faces and therefore the direction in which light is reflected. I have now idea how they are calculated though, only that they are defined by a Vector3. For a visualizer that I am creating I am importing a bunch of coordinate which represent layer upon layer of line segments. At the moment I am only using a vertex buffer and adding the start and end point of each line and then rendering a linelist. The thing is now that I need to calculate the normal for the vertices of these line segments so that I can get some realistic lighting. I have no idea how to calculate these normal but I know they all face sideways and not up or down. To calculate them all I have are the start and end positions of each line segment. The below image is a representation of what I think I need to do in the case of an example layer: The red arrows represent the normal that should be calculates, the blue text represent the coordinates of the vertices and the green numbers represent their indices. I would greatly appreciate it if someone could please explain to me how I should calculate these normal.

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• How do I calculate opposite of a vector, add some slack

  - by Jason94

  How can i calulate a valid range (RED) for my object's (BLACK) traveling direction (GREEN). The green is a Vector2 where x and y range is -1 to 1. What I'm trying to do here is to create rocket fuel burn effekt. So what i got is rocket speed (float) rocket direction (Vector2 x = [-1, 1], y = [-1, 1]) I may think that rocket speed does not matter as fuel burn effect (particle) is created on position with its own speed.

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• Setting Anchor Point

  - by Siddharth

  I want to set anchor point for the sprite like cocos2d has done for their implementation. I do not found any thing like that in andengine so please provide guidance on that. I want to move the sprite on touch so I use following code but that does not work for me. super.setPosition(pX - this.getWidthScaled() / 2, pY - this.getHeightScaled() / 2); Because I touch on the corner of the image but automatically it comes at center of the image because of above code. I want to remain the touch at desire position and drag it. For me the anchor point became useful. But I don't found anything in andengine.

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• Breakout clone, how to handle/design for collision detection/physics between objects?

  - by Zolomon

  I'm working on a breakout clone, and I wish to create some realistic physics effects for collision - angles on the paddle should allow the ball to bounce, as well as doing curve balls etc. I could use per-pixel based collision detection, but then I thought it might be easier with line/circle intersection testing. So, then I naturally consider making a polygon class for the line-based objects and use the built-in circle class for the circular objects. That sounds like an OK approach, right? And then just check for collision using the specified algorithm based on the objects that might be within each other's range?

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• Box2D physics editor for complex bodies

  - by Paul Manta

  Is there any editor out there that would allow me to define complex entities, with joins connecting their multiple bodies, instead of regular single body entities? For example, an editor that would allow me to 'define' a car as having a main body with two circles as wheels, connected through joints. Clarification: I realize I haven't been clear enough about what I need. I'd like to make my engine data-driven, so all entities (and therefore their Box2D bodies) should be defined externally, not in code. I'm looking for a program like Code 'N' Web's PhysicsEditor, except that one only handles single body entities, no joints or anything like that. Like PhysicsEditor, the program should be configurable so that I can save the data in whatever format I want to. Does anyone know of any such software?

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• Unable to create xcode project again from unity

  - by Engr Anum

  I am using unity 4.5.3. I already created/built xcode project from unity. However, there were some strange linking errors I was unable to solve, so I decided to delete my xcode project and rebuilt it again from unity. Unfortunately, whenever I try to build the project, just empty project folder is created. There is nothing inside it. I don't know why it is happening. Please tell me how can I create xcode project again. May be I am missing small thing. Thanks.

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• How to draw a global day night curve

  - by Lumis

  I see many applications which have world-clock map, and I would like to make my own to enhance some of my mobile apps. I wonder if anybody has any knowledge where to start, how to draw a curved shadow representing the dawn and the sunset on the globe. See the example: http://aa.usno.navy.mil/imagery/earth/map?year=2012&month=6&day=19&hour=14&minute=47 I think that this curve goes up and down and creates an artic day/night etc Perhaps there is some acceptable approximation formula without a need to load data for each our and each global parallel and meridian...

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• Moving player in direciton camera is facing

  - by Samurai Fox

  I have a 3rd person camera which can rotate around the player. My problem is that wherever camera is facing, players forward is always the same direction. For example when camera is facing the right side of the player, when I press button to move forward, I want player to turn to the left and make that the "new forward". My camera script so far: using UnityEngine; using System.Collections; public class PlayerScript : MonoBehaviour { public float RotateSpeed = 150, MoveSpeed = 50; float DeltaTime; void Update() { DeltaTime = Time.deltaTime; transform.Rotate(0, Input.GetAxis("LeftX") * RotateSpeed * DeltaTime, 0); transform.Translate(0, 0, -Input.GetAxis("LeftY") * MoveSpeed * DeltaTime); } } public class CameraScript : MonoBehaviour { public GameObject Target; public float RotateSpeed = 170, FollowDistance = 20, FollowHeight = 10; float RotateSpeedPerTime, DesiredRotationAngle, DesiredHeight, CurrentRotationAngle, CurrentHeight, Yaw, Pitch; Quaternion CurrentRotation; void LateUpdate() { RotateSpeedPerTime = RotateSpeed * Time.deltaTime; DesiredRotationAngle = Target.transform.eulerAngles.y; DesiredHeight = Target.transform.position.y + FollowHeight; CurrentRotationAngle = transform.eulerAngles.y; CurrentHeight = transform.position.y; CurrentRotationAngle = Mathf.LerpAngle(CurrentRotationAngle, DesiredRotationAngle, 0); CurrentHeight = Mathf.Lerp(CurrentHeight, DesiredHeight, 0); CurrentRotation = Quaternion.Euler(0, CurrentRotationAngle, 0); transform.position = Target.transform.position; transform.position -= CurrentRotation * Vector3.forward * FollowDistance; transform.position = new Vector3(transform.position.x, CurrentHeight, transform.position.z); Yaw = Input.GetAxis("Right Horizontal") * RotateSpeedPerTime; Pitch = Input.GetAxis("Right Vertical") * RotateSpeedPerTime; transform.Translate(new Vector3(Yaw, -Pitch, 0)); transform.position = new Vector3(transform.position.x, transform.position.y, transform.position.z); transform.LookAt(Target.transform); } }

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• 2D Tile Based Collision Detection

  - by MrPlosion1243

  There are a lot of topics about this and it seems each one addresses a different problem, this topic does the same. I was looking into tile collision detection and found this where David Gouveia explains a great way to get around the person's problem by separating the two axis. So I implemented the solution and it all worked perfectly from all the testes I through at it. Then I implemented more advanced platforming physics and the collision detection broke down. Unfortunately I have not been able to get it to work again which is where you guys come in :)! I will present the code first: public void Update(GameTime gameTime) { if(Input.GetKeyDown(Keys.A)) { velocity.X -= moveAcceleration; } else if(Input.GetKeyDown(Keys.D)) { velocity.X += moveAcceleration; } if(Input.GetKeyDown(Keys.Space)) { if((onGround && isPressable) || (!onGround && airTime <= maxAirTime && isPressable)) { onGround = false; airTime += (float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds; velocity.Y = initialJumpVelocity * (1.0f - (float)Math.Pow(airTime / maxAirTime, Math.PI)); } } else if(Input.GetKeyReleased(Keys.Space)) { isPressable = false; } if(onGround) { velocity.X *= groundDrag; velocity.Y = 0.0f; } else { velocity.X *= airDrag; velocity.Y += gravityAcceleration; } velocity.Y = MathHelper.Clamp(velocity.Y, -maxFallSpeed, maxFallSpeed); velocity.X = MathHelper.Clamp(velocity.X, -maxMoveSpeed, maxMoveSpeed); position += velocity * (float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds; position = new Vector2((float)Math.Round(position.X), (float)Math.Round(position.Y)); if(Math.Round(velocity.X) != 0.0f) { HandleCollisions2(Direction.Horizontal); } if(Math.Round(velocity.Y) != 0.0f) { HandleCollisions2(Direction.Vertical); } } private void HandleCollisions2(Direction direction) { int topTile = (int)Math.Floor((float)Bounds.Top / Tile.PixelTileSize); int bottomTile = (int)Math.Ceiling((float)Bounds.Bottom / Tile.PixelTileSize) - 1; int leftTile = (int)Math.Floor((float)Bounds.Left / Tile.PixelTileSize); int rightTile = (int)Math.Ceiling((float)Bounds.Right / Tile.PixelTileSize) - 1; for(int x = leftTile; x <= rightTile; x++) { for(int y = topTile; y <= bottomTile; y++) { Rectangle tileBounds = new Rectangle(x * Tile.PixelTileSize, y * Tile.PixelTileSize, Tile.PixelTileSize, Tile.PixelTileSize); Vector2 depth; if(Tile.IsSolid(x, y) && Intersects(tileBounds, direction, out depth)) { if(direction == Direction.Horizontal) { position.X += depth.X; } else { onGround = true; isPressable = true; airTime = 0.0f; position.Y += depth.Y; } } } } } From the code you can see when velocity.X is not equal to zero the HandleCollisions() Method is called along the horizontal axis and likewise for the vertical axis. When velocity.X is not equal to zero and velocity.Y is equal to zero it works fine. When velocity.Y is not equal to zero and velocity.X is equal to zero everything also works fine. However when both axis are not equal to zero that's when it doesn't work and I don't know why. I basically teleport to the left side of a tile when both axis are not equal to zero and there is a air block next to me. Hopefully someone can see the problem with this because I sure don't as far as I'm aware nothing has even changed from what I'm doing to what the linked post's solution is doing. Thanks.

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• Open Source Errors on Apple Cruch

  - by BluFire

  I've been looking around and I finally got the full source code called Apple-Crunch from google code. But when I put it into my project, the source code included so many errors in the class files such as: cannot be resolved into a type the constructor is undefined the method method() is undefined for the type Sprite class.java I downloaded the source directly from the command-line and noticed errors popping up on my project. Since i couldn't figure out how to import the actual folder into my workspace(it wouldn't show up on existing projects) I decided to copy and overwrite the folders into the project. The Errors were still there so I looked at the class files and noticed that the classes with errors extended from 'RokonActivity'. I then proceeded to add to the libs folder the rokon library in hopes to fix the errors. Sadly it didn't work and now I don't what to do to fix the errors. How do i fix the errors without having to manually change the code? The source code should be fully functional so why is there errors?

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• Examples of good Javascript/HTML5 based games

  - by Zuch

  Now that Flash is largely being replaced with HTML5 elements (video, audio, canvas, etc.) are there any good examples of web-based games built on completely open standards (meaning Javascript, HTML and CSS)? I see a lot of examples of pure HTML5 implementations of what was once only in Flash (like stuff here: http://www.html5rocks.com/) but not many games, a domain which still seem dominated by Flash. I'm curious what's possible and what the limitations are.

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• Javascript A* path finding ENEMY MOVEMENT in 3D environment

  - by faiz

  iam trying to implement pathfinding algorithm using PATHFINDING.JS in 3D world using webgl. iam have made a matrix of 200x200. and placed my enemy(swat) in it .iam confused in implmenting the path. i have tried implementing the path by compparing the value of each array value with swat's position . it works ! but ** THE ENEMY KEEPS GOING FROM THE UNWALKABLE AREA OF MY MATRIX....like the enemy should not move from 119,100(x=119,z=100) but its moving from that co-ordinate too ..... can any one help me out in this regard .. *prob facing :* enemy (swat character keeps moving from the wall /unwalkable area) wanted solution : enemy does not move from the unwalkable path.. ** function draw() { grid = new PF.Grid(200, 200); grid.setWalkableAt( 119,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 107,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,104, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 135,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,120, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,112, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 127,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 123,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 139,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,124, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,128, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 115,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 131,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,116, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,108, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 111,100, false); grid.setWalkableAt( 103,132, false); finder = new PF.AStarFinder(); f1=Math.abs(first_person_controller.position.x); f2=Math.abs(first_person_controller.position.z); ff1=Math.round(f1); ff2=Math.round(f2); s1=Math.abs(swat.position.x); s2=Math.abs(swat.position.z); ss1=Math.round(s1); ss2=Math.round(s1); path = finder.findPath(ss1,ss2,ff1,ff2, grid); size=path.length-1; Ai(); } function Ai(){ if (i<size) { if (swat.position.x >= path[i][0]) { swat.position.x -= 0.3; if(Math.floor(swat.position.x) == path[i][0]) { i=i+1; } } else if(swat.position.x <= path[i][0]) { swat.position.x += 0.3; if(Math.floor(swat.position.x) == path[i][0]) { i=i+1; } } } if (j<size) { if((Math.abs(swat.position.z)) >= path[j][1]) { swat.position.z -= 0.3; if(Math.floor(Math.abs(swat.position.z)) == path[j][1]) { j=j+1; } } else if((Math.abs(swat.position.z)) <= path[j][1]) { swat.position.z += 0.3; if(Math.floor(Math.abs(swat.position.z)) == path[j][1]) { j=j+1; } } } }

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• Tweaking AStar to find closest location to unreachable destination

  - by Shivan Dragon

  I've implemented AStar in Java and it works ok for an area with obstacles where the chosen destination is reachable. However, when the destination is unreachable, the calculated "path" is in no way to the closest location (to the unreachable location) but is instead some random path. Is there a feasible way to tweak AStar into finding the path to the closest location to an unreachable destination?

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• Transform coordinates from 3d to 2d without matrix or built in methods

  - by Thomas

  Not to long ago i started to create a small 3D engine in javascript to combine this with an html5 canvas. One of the issues I run into is how can you transform 3d to 2d coords. Since I cannot use matrices or built in transformation methods I need another way. I've tried implementing the next explanation + pseudo code: http://freespace.virgin.net/hugo.elias/routines/3d_to_2d.htm Unfortunately no luck there. I've replace all the input variables with data from my own camera and object classes. I have the following data: An object with a rotation, position vector and an array of 4 3d coords (its just a plane) a camera with a position and rotation vector the viewport - a square 600 x 600 surface. The example uses a zoom factor which I've set as 1 Most hits on google use either matrix calculations or don't implement camera rotation. Basic transformation should be like this: screen.x = x / z * zoom screen.y = y / z * zoom Can anyone point me in the right direction or explain to me howto achieve this? edit: Thanks for all your posts, I haven't been able to apply all this to my project yet but I hope to do this soon.

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• Using multiple indexes with buffer objects in OpenTK

  - by Rushyo

  I've got multiple buffers in OpenGL holding data on position, normals and texcoords. I also have an equal number of buffers holding distinct index data for each of those buffers. I quite like this format (indvidual indexes for each buffer) utilised by COLLADA since it strikes me as optimally efficient at accessing each buffer. I've set up pointers to the relevant data arrays using VertexPointer, NormalPointer, etc however I have no way to assign pointers to the index buffers since DrawElements appear to only look at one ElementArrayBuffer. Can I utilise multiple indices some way or will I be better off using a different technique which can support this? I'd prefer to keep the distinct indices if at all possible.

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• Detecting if an object is following a path

  - by justin.m.chase

  I am attempting to take GPS data and track it on a map and see if it follows a given path. I have the path as a set of points and the GPS data streams in as a similar set of points. I am attempting to track the progression of the current position across the path and I am wondering if there are any well known algorithms for this. I have come up with my own that works ok but it is a complex enough problem that I would like to minimize the amount of re-inventing of the wheel that I do. What approach or algorithm would you recommend taking for this problem?

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• Unity-Animation parameters are not being set

  - by user1814893

  I have the following animation controller: with two parameters of walkingSpeed and Jump. I have the following code which should change the values: animator.SetFloat("walkingSpeed",0.9f); animator.SetBool("Jump",true); and animator is the correctly referenced animator object. However the values that the parameters are set to do not appear to change in the animator window, nor do they appear to impact what is happening on the screen. However they do seem to impact the values obtained when doing the following: animator.GetFloat("walkingSpeed"); The animator consists of the shown blend tree, which works correctly and is always active, however due to the values not being changed it does not blends, and always acts as if the value with which it blends (walkingSpeed is 0). What is going on?

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• What is wrong with my specular phong shading

  - by Thijser

  I'm sorry if this should be placed on stackoverflow instead however seeing as this is graphics related I was hoping you guys could help me: I'm attempting to write a phong shader and currently working on the specular. I came acros the following formula: base*pow(dot(V,R),shininess) and attempted to implement it (V is the posion of the viewer and R the reflective vector). This gave the following result and code: Vec3Df phongSpecular(const Vec3Df & vertexPos, Vec3Df & normal, const Vec3Df & lightPos, const Vec3Df & cameraPos, unsigned int index) { Vec3Df relativeLightPos=(lightPos-vertexPos); relativeLightPos.normalize(); Vec3Df relativeCameraPos= (cameraPos-vertexPos); relativeCameraPos.normalize(); int DotOfNormalAndLight = Vec3Df::dotProduct(normal,relativeLightPos); Vec3Df reflective =(relativeLightPos-(2*DotOfNormalAndLight*normal))*-1; reflective.normalize(); float phongyness= Vec3Df::dotProduct(reflective,relativeCameraPos); if (phongyness<0){ phongyness=0; } float shininess= Shininess[index]; float speculair = powf(phongyness,shininess); return Ks[index]*speculair; } I'm looking for something more like this:

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• 2D metaball liquid effect - how to feed output of one rendering pass as input to another shader

  - by Guye Incognito

  I'm attempting to make a shader for unity3d web project. I want to implement something like in the great answer by DMGregory in this question. in order to achieve a final look something like this.. Its metaballs with specular and shading. The steps to make this shader are. 1. Convert the feathered blobs into a heightmap. 2. Generate a normalmap from the heightmap 3. Feed the normal map and height map into a standard unity shader, for instance transparent parallax specular. I pretty much have all the pieces I need assembled but I am new to shaders and need help putting them together I can generate a heightmap from the blobs using some fragment shader code I wrote (I'm just using the red channel here cus i dont know if you can access the brightness) half4 frag (v2f i) : COLOR{ half4 texcol,finalColor; texcol = tex2D (_MainTex, i.uv); finalColor=_MyColor; if(texcol.r<_botmcut) { finalColor.r= 0; } else if((texcol.r>_topcut)) { finalColor.r= 0; } else { float r = _topcut-_botmcut; float xpos = _topcut - texcol.r; finalColor.r= (_botmcut + sqrt((xpos*xpos)-(r*r)))/_constant; } return finalColor; } turns these blobs.. into this heightmap Also I've found some CG code that generates a normal map from a height map. The bit of code that makes the normal map from finite differences is here void surf (Input IN, inout SurfaceOutput o) { o.Albedo = fixed3(0.5); float3 normal = UnpackNormal(tex2D(_BumpMap, IN.uv_MainTex)); float me = tex2D(_HeightMap,IN.uv_MainTex).x; float n = tex2D(_HeightMap,float2(IN.uv_MainTex.x,IN.uv_MainTex.y+1.0/_HeightmapDimY)).x; float s = tex2D(_HeightMap,float2(IN.uv_MainTex.x,IN.uv_MainTex.y-1.0/_HeightmapDimY)).x; float e = tex2D(_HeightMap,float2(IN.uv_MainTex.x-1.0/_HeightmapDimX,IN.uv_MainTex.y)).x; float w = tex2D(_HeightMap,float2(IN.uv_MainTex.x+1.0/_HeightmapDimX,IN.uv_MainTex.y)).x; float3 norm = normal; float3 temp = norm; //a temporary vector that is not parallel to norm if(norm.x==1) temp.y+=0.5; else temp.x+=0.5; //form a basis with norm being one of the axes: float3 perp1 = normalize(cross(norm,temp)); float3 perp2 = normalize(cross(norm,perp1)); //use the basis to move the normal in its own space by the offset float3 normalOffset = -_HeightmapStrength * ( ( (n-me) - (s-me) ) * perp1 + ( ( e - me ) - ( w - me ) ) * perp2 ); norm += normalOffset; norm = normalize(norm); o.Normal = norm; } Also here is the built-in transparent parallax specular shader for unity. Shader "Transparent/Parallax Specular" { Properties { _Color ("Main Color", Color) = (1,1,1,1) _SpecColor ("Specular Color", Color) = (0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0) _Shininess ("Shininess", Range (0.01, 1)) = 0.078125 _Parallax ("Height", Range (0.005, 0.08)) = 0.02 _MainTex ("Base (RGB) TransGloss (A)", 2D) = "white" {} _BumpMap ("Normalmap", 2D) = "bump" {} _ParallaxMap ("Heightmap (A)", 2D) = "black" {} } SubShader { Tags {"Queue"="Transparent" "IgnoreProjector"="True" "RenderType"="Transparent"} LOD 600 CGPROGRAM #pragma surface surf BlinnPhong alpha #pragma exclude_renderers flash sampler2D _MainTex; sampler2D _BumpMap; sampler2D _ParallaxMap; fixed4 _Color; half _Shininess; float _Parallax; struct Input { float2 uv_MainTex; float2 uv_BumpMap; float3 viewDir; }; void surf (Input IN, inout SurfaceOutput o) { half h = tex2D (_ParallaxMap, IN.uv_BumpMap).w; float2 offset = ParallaxOffset (h, _Parallax, IN.viewDir); IN.uv_MainTex += offset; IN.uv_BumpMap += offset; fixed4 tex = tex2D(_MainTex, IN.uv_MainTex); o.Albedo = tex.rgb * _Color.rgb; o.Gloss = tex.a; o.Alpha = tex.a * _Color.a; o.Specular = _Shininess; o.Normal = UnpackNormal(tex2D(_BumpMap, IN.uv_BumpMap)); } ENDCG } FallBack "Transparent/Bumped Specular" }

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• Align tetrahedrons

  - by thedeadlybutter

  I'm currently generating tetrahedron meshes in Unity When a player clicks the side of a mesh, a new one spawns aligned with it, like this. I'm not sure how nor can I find any information on implementing a tetra hedron grid. I tried playing around with the vertices until I realized I need to adjust position & rotation. Any ideas? EDIT: To be clear, the second image was manually placed objects in the Unity Editor. I'm looking to make an algorithm that places the meshes correctly.

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• Narrow-phase collision detection algorithms

  - by Marian Ivanov

  There are three phases of collision detection. Broadphase: It loops between all objecs that can interact, false positives are allowed, if it would speed up the loop. Narrowphase: Determines whether they collide, and sometimes, how, no false positives Resolution: Resolves the collision. The question I'm asking is about the narrowphase. There are multiple algorithms, differing in complexity and accuracy. Hitbox intersection: This is an a-posteriori algorithm, that has the lowest complexity, but also isn't too accurate, Color intersection: Hitbox intersection for each pixel, a-posteriori, pixel-perfect, not accuratee in regards to time, higher complexity Separating axis theorem: This is used more often, accurate for triangles, however, a-posteriori, as it can't find the edge, when taking last frame in account, it's more stable Linear raycasting: A-priori algorithm, useful for semi-realistic-looking physics, finds the intersection point, even more accurate than SAT, but with more complexity Spline interpolation: A-priori, even more accurate than linear rays, even more coplexity. There are probably many more that I've forgot about. The question is, in when is it better to use SAT, when rays, when splines, and whether there is anything better.

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• Marketing: Angry Birds - How it's done

  - by John

  Why do some apps, like Angry Birds, dominate the market while other cool/fun/addicting apps are never heard of? I'm trying to figure out the best marketing strategy, or best way to sell an app to mass market. Does anybody have any ideas or things they noticed about the marketing of major blockbuster apps, like Angry Birds, why they get so popular and stay at the top of charts. Thanks for any ideas, comments ...

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• Why does glGetString returns a NULL string

  - by snape

  I am trying my hands at GLFW library. I have written a basic program to get OpenGL renderer and vendor string. Here is the code #include <GL/glew.h> #include <GL/glfw.h> #include <cstdio> #include <cstdlib> #include <string> using namespace std; void shutDown(int returnCode) { printf("There was an error in running the code with error %d\n",returnCode); GLenum res = glGetError(); const GLubyte *errString = gluErrorString(res); printf("Error is %s\n", errString); glfwTerminate(); exit(returnCode); } int main() { // start GL context and O/S window using GLFW helper library if (glfwInit() != GL_TRUE) shutDown(1); if (glfwOpenWindow(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, GLFW_WINDOW) != GL_TRUE) shutDown(2); // start GLEW extension handler glewInit(); // get version info const GLubyte* renderer = glGetString (GL_RENDERER); // get renderer string const GLubyte* version = glGetString (GL_VERSION); // version as a string printf("Renderer: %s\n", renderer); printf("OpenGL version supported %s\n", version); // close GL context and any other GLFW resources glfwTerminate(); return 0; } I googled this error and found out that we have to initialize the OpenGL context before calling glGetString(). Although I have initialized OpenGL context using glfwInit() but still the function returns a NULL string. Any ideas? Edit I have updated the code with error checking mechanisms. This code on running outputs the following There was an error in running the code with error 2 Error is no error

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• A*, Tile costs and heuristic; How to approach

  - by Kevin Toet

  I'm doing exercises in tile games and AI to improve my programming. I've written a highly unoptimised pathfinder that does the trick and a simple tile class. The first problem i ran into was that the heuristic was rounded to int's which resulted in very straight paths. Resorting a Euclidian Heuristic seemed to fixed it as opposed to use the Manhattan approach. The 2nd problem I ran into was when i tried added tile costs. I was hoping to use the value's of the flags that i set on the tiles but the value's were too small to make the pathfinder consider them a huge obstacle so i increased their value's but that breaks the flags a certain way and no paths were found anymore. So my questions, before posting the code, are: What am I doing wrong that the Manhatten heuristic isnt working? What ways can I store the tile costs? I was hoping to (ab)use the enum flags for this The path finder isnt considering the chance that no path is available, how do i check this? Any code optimisations are welcome as I'd love to improve my coding. public static List<Tile> FindPath( Tile startTile, Tile endTile, Tile[,] map ) { return FindPath( startTile, endTile, map, TileFlags.WALKABLE ); } public static List<Tile> FindPath( Tile startTile, Tile endTile, Tile[,] map, TileFlags acceptedFlags ) { List<Tile> open = new List<Tile>(); List<Tile> closed = new List<Tile>(); open.Add( startTile ); Tile tileToCheck; do { tileToCheck = open[0]; closed.Add( tileToCheck ); open.Remove( tileToCheck ); for( int i = 0; i < tileToCheck.neighbors.Count; i++ ) { Tile tile = tileToCheck.neighbors[ i ]; //has the node been processed if( !closed.Contains( tile ) && ( tile.flags & acceptedFlags ) != 0 ) { //Not in the open list? if( !open.Contains( tile ) ) { //Set G int G = 10; G += tileToCheck.G; //Set Parent tile.parentX = tileToCheck.x; tile.parentY = tileToCheck.y; tile.G = G; //tile.H = Math.Abs(endTile.x - tile.x ) + Math.Abs( endTile.y - tile.y ) * 10; //TODO omg wtf and other incredible stories tile.H = Vector2.Distance( new Vector2( tile.x, tile.y ), new Vector2(endTile.x, endTile.y) ); tile.Cost = tile.G + tile.H + (int)tile.flags; //Calculate H; Manhattan style open.Add( tile ); } //Update the cost if it is else { int G = 10;//cost of going to non-diagonal tiles G += map[ tile.parentX, tile.parentY ].G; //If this path is shorter (G cost is lower) then change //the parent cell, G cost and F cost. if ( G < tile.G ) //if G cost is less, { tile.parentX = tileToCheck.x; //change the square's parent tile.parentY = tileToCheck.y; tile.G = G;//change the G cost tile.Cost = tile.G + tile.H + (int)tile.flags; // add terrain cost } } } } //Sort costs open = open.OrderBy( o => o.Cost).ToList(); } while( tileToCheck != endTile ); closed.Reverse(); List<Tile> validRoute = new List<Tile>(); Tile currentTile = closed[ 0 ]; validRoute.Add( currentTile ); do { //Look up the parent of the current cell. currentTile = map[ currentTile.parentX, currentTile.parentY ]; currentTile.renderer.material.color = Color.green; //Add tile to list validRoute.Add( currentTile ); } while ( currentTile != startTile ); validRoute.Reverse(); return validRoute; } And my Tile class: [Flags] public enum TileFlags: int { NONE = 0, DIRT = 1, STONE = 2, WATER = 4, BUILDING = 8, //handy WALKABLE = DIRT | STONE | NONE, endofenum } public class Tile : MonoBehaviour { //Tile Properties public int x, y; public TileFlags flags = TileFlags.DIRT; public Transform cachedTransform; //A* properties public int parentX, parentY; public int G; public float Cost; public float H; public List<Tile> neighbors = new List<Tile>(); void Awake() { cachedTransform = transform; } }

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• How to display a hierarchical skill tree in php

  - by user3587554

  If I have skill data set up in a tree format (where earlier skills are prerequisites for later ones), how would I display it as a tree, using php? The parent would be on top and have 3 children. Each of these children can then have one more child so its parent would be directly above it. I'm having trouble figuring out how to add the root element in the middle of the top div, and the child of the children below each child of the root. I'm not looking for code, but an explanation of how to do it. My data in array form is this: Data: Array ( [1] => Array ( [id] => 1 [title] => Jutsu [description] => Skill that makes you awesomer at using ninjutsu [tiers] => 1 [prereq] => [image] => images/skills/jutsu.png [children] => Array ( [2] => Array ( [id] => 2 [title] => fireball [description] => Increase your damage with fire jutsu and weapons [tiers] => 5 [prereq] => 1 [image] => images/skills/fireball.png [children] => Array ( [5] => Array ( [id] => 5 [title] => pin point [description] => Increases jutsu accuracy [tiers] => 5 [prereq] => 2 [image] => images/skills/pinpoint.png ) ) ) [3] => Array ( [id] => 3 [title] => synergy [description] => Reduce the amount of chakra needed to use ninjutsu [tiers] => 1 [prereq] => 1 [image] => images/skills/synergy.png ) [4] => Array ( [id] => 4 [title] => ebb & flow [description] => Increase the damage of water jutsu, water weapons, and reduce the damage of jutsu and weapons that use water element [tiers] => 5 [prereq] => 1 [image] => images/skills/ebbandflow.png [children] => Array ( [6] => Array ( [id] => 6 [title] => IQ [description] => Decrease the time it takes to learn a jutsu [tiers] => 5 [prereq] => 4 [image] => images/skills/iq.png ) ) ) ) ) ) An example would be this demo image minus the hover stuff.

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