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• How do you persist installed software & configurations on an Amazon EC2 instance?

  - by Richard

  I've gotten a base Debian AMI up and running and now I need to know the best way to maintain it. I've ran the updates (aptitude update/upgrade) and installed/configured my software (Apache, Ruby, etc.) but if I reboot the instance or start a new one I'll have to do all this work over again. How do you persist these types of things over a reboot? Do you build a new AMI every time you adjust some tiny piece of the system? Or is there some way to feed it a script on startup that configures it in "real-time"? I know I could go all the way with a Reductive Labs Puppet style setup but that's a bit too much for my needs right now (1-2 servers). Any best practices on this? Update: I found a bit of information on using User-Data to run scripts at instance boot time.

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• What is a preferred method for automatically configuring and setting up an Ubuntu instance?

  - by sutch

  I am tired of manually configuring instances of Ubuntu for testing web applications and for setting up workstations. I'm even more frustrated by the issues caused by inconsistent configurations. Is there a method (hopefully not too time consuming to learn and setup) that allows for automation of the setup and configuration of an Ubuntu server or workstation from an ISO. This is primarily for virtual machine instances, but it would be helpful to also create instances on hardware. I am specifically looking for a method to automate the installation of libraries (apt-get), configure services (such as Apache and MySQL), add 3rd party software (download, extract and build), and add libraries to scripting languages (for example, Ruby Gems or CPAN packages for Perl).

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• Server memory issues, and expected level of service from hosting company

  - by Greg

  I'm involved in maintaining an Ubuntu VPS which runs our django websites (nginx/apache/mod_wsgi) and we've been having some memory spikes which have either caused the database to die, or induced kernel panic when the memory management system can't find any killable processes. I'm working on fixing the memory spikes, but I'm wondering whether there's anything I can do to better deal with the problem if it occurs again. Are there any tools I could use to detect the memory spikes and then, say, kill the offending process and email the server admin to fix it up? Killing off one website so that the server can remain operational is certainly preferable to the whole thing falling over. Also, we were charged $600 for after-hours service because we had to get the hosting company to restart the server - is this standard practice among hosting companies? Another provider I work with provides a panel with which I can stop and start the server myself, and given that a restart was all that was needed, $600 seems mightily excessive. (That's NZD, it's around $445 USD)

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• Mutliple VMs for Tomcat cluster vs Multiple Tomcat instances on one physical box

  - by Greymeister

  I'm working on a project that will be implemented into production using a cluster of Apache Tomcat instances and I'm looking for the best Hardware/OS solutions and VMs have come up as one option. I have run ESXi/ESX instances before for development and testing, but I'm curious for a hosting environment if having multiple VMs is actually worse than just configuring a server to host multiple instances of Tomcat. These are my guesses: Pros for VMWare Easier Maintenance/Backup for individual VMs (VMWare makes this easy) Can remote login to individual VMs without having to give host access (security?) Easier way to re-purpose machine for OS/Hardware changes Pros for running on one Physical Machine Overhead of only one OS (also no VMWare footprint) Update OS/security changes once One less administrative layer (No VM expertise required) I'm curious if anyone has any other ideas about what the benefits would be for either option.

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• Best way to block a country by IP address?

  - by George Edison

  I have a website that needs to block a particular country based on IP address. I am more than aware that IP-based blocking is not a foolproof method for blocking visitors, but it is a necessary step in the right direction. Since I'm using PHP, what I would do is use a GeoIP database like geoplugin.net. However, I'm curious to know if there's a better way of doing this. The website is on a shared webserver (I don't have root access) and it is running Apache on centOS. I guess my question is "can an .htaccess file be configured to block by IP using an external source to lookup IP addresses."

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• Configure IIS 6 to deny access to specific file based upon IP address

  - by victorferreira

  Hello guys, We are using IIS 6 as our webserver. And we need to deny the access for one specif file, placed in only one specific URL, to everybody OUTSIDE the local network. In other words, if somebody is trying to access that filme/page from their own computer at home, using the internet, they must not succeed. But, if the same person try to do that at the same network of the web server, its ok. I am not sure about that, but Apache uses ORDER DENY,ALLOW. You specify the URL, allow or deny to all or to a range of IP. Any suggestions? Thanks!

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• mod_rewrite directory path to deeper directory

  - by DA.

  I don't usually work with LAMP and am a bit stumped getting a site working locally. The site is set up to be used via localhost: 1) http://localhost/mysite However, the way the site files are physically on the server the root is located as such: 2) /var/www/mysite/trunk/site I'm trying to figure out a way where I could type #1 but have apache actually looking for the files in #2 so that all of the asset/page links in the web application work. Is mod_rewrite the solution? If so, I'm stumped on the syntax. I have this but it won't work (due, I assume, to it causing an infinite loop) RewriteRule ^mysite/ mysite/trunk/site I have a hunch I need to sprinkle on some regex?

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• Reverse proxy for a subdirectory in nginx

  - by Maple

  I want to set up a Reverse proxy on my VPS for my Heroku app (http://lovemaple.heroku.com) So if I visit mysite.com/blog I can get the content in http://lovemaple.heroku.com I followed the instructions on the Apache wiki. location /couchdb { rewrite /couchdb/(.*) /$1 break; proxy_pass http://localhost:5984; proxy_redirect off; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; } I changed it to fit my situation: location /blog { rewrite /blog/(.*) /$1 break; proxy_pass http://lovemaple.heroku.com; proxy_redirect off; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; } When I visit mysite.com/blog, the page show up, but js/css file cannot be gotten (404). Their link becomes mysite.com/style.css but not mysite.com/blog/style.css. What's wrong and how can I fix it?

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• Retrieve a domain name based on an IP Address?

  - by Neil Kodner

  I'm reviewing some apache logs, specifically with respect to downloaded files. I'm interested in knowing, if possible, which domain is responsible for the download, given an IP address. I've given nslookup a try and it seems to (mostly) get the job done but it returns all sorts of extraneous information. Ideally, I pass in an IP and receive a domain back. Before I write a shell script to parse the output of nslookup to capture the domain, I'd like to know if this is the best way of approaching this problem, or if there is a more tried-and-true method of doing this. Specifically, I'd like to know if an address resolves to an amazonaws.com domain. I understand that this might be difficult because EC2 machines are dynamically created and destroyed - I'd like to know if the IP addresses for AWS/EC2/EMR machines fit any sort of addressing pattern.

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• How can I create an AMI from an existing EC2 instance?

  - by Arkaaito

  (I suspect that this may already be answered somewhere, since it seems like it would be a common operation. But I can't find it, so...) I am a relative AWS newbie. I have inherited a running Amazon EC2 instance, with various items (Apache, MySQL, Sphinx, ...) installed on it and a bunch of configuration. I'd like to turn it into an AMI that I can spin up other instances from. I can't find any information on creating a custom AMI on Amazon's site - only the fact that you can, repeatedly referenced, as if to taunt me... I believe this is not an EBS-backed instance, just an "ordinary" one. I do not know what AMI it was originally created from. How would I create an AMI that I could use for spinning up other instances which will be identical except for the hostname?

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• how to set auto redirection in tomcat

  - by Registered User

  I have a site http://social.openitup.in right now what you are seeing is a default Tomcat6 page. I am using mod_ajp as a front end and Apache vhost configuration for same is <VirtualHost *:80 > ServerName social.openitup.in ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost ProxyRequests off <Proxy *> Order deny,allow Allow from all </Proxy> ProxyPreserveHost On ProxyPass / ajp://192.168.1.19:8009/ ProxyPassReverse / ajp://192.168.1.19:8009/ </VirtualHost> How ever I have an application running on it http://social.openitup.in/olat what I want to do is when some one opens http://social.openitup.in then rather than seeing Tomcat6 home page from /var/lib/tomcat6/webapps/ROOT/index.html the person is redirected to olat application which is in /var/lib/tomcat6/webapps/olat how can this be achived? The above vhost configuration is on a machine separate than where OLAT is running.

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• Meta refresh tag not working in (my) firefox?

  - by mplungjan

  Code like on this page does not work in (my) Firefox 3.6 and also not in Fx4 (WinXPsp3) Works in IE8, Safari 5, Opera 11, Mozilla 1.7, Chrome 9 <meta http-equiv=refresh content="12; URL=meta2.htm"> <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="1; URL=http://fully_qualified_url.com/page2.html"> are completely ignored Not that I use such back-button killing things, but a LOT of sites do, possibly including my linux apache it seems when it wants to show a 503 error page... If I firebug or look at generated content, I do not see the refresh tag changed in any way so I am really curious what kind of plugin/addon could block me which is why I googled (in vain) for a known bug... In about:config I have accessibility.blockautorefresh; false so that is not it. I ran in safe mode and OH MY GOD, STACKEXCHANGE IS FULL OF ADS but no redirect

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• "Installing" GD for PHP

  - by gbuckingham89

  I'm new to server admin & Linux and have just got a VPS running CentOS 6. Apache, MySQL and PHP all came installed (along with cPanel and WHM), however I'm now also trying to install the GD library. I've run "yum install php-gd" and it installed ok. If I run it again I get "Package php-gd-5.3.2-6.el6_0.1.x86_64 already installed and latest version". However, when I do a phpinfo() or from the command line "php -m" there is no mention of GD. Is there anything else I need to do?

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• Windows Server 2008 r2 Hardening [on hold]

  - by Natasha

  I have created windows server 2008 r2, running on VM, Where Running services in Server Manager 1) File services ( in Role) 2) Telnet Client ( Features) Windows Firewall Disabled and we are using TOMCAT APACHE WEB SERVER, here i want to harden the windows server, While running SCW by simply clicking with default NEXT, at last when i have clicked SAVE and RUN now in SCW, immediately my remote desktop services disabled. May I Know the things i want to add in Roles,features and finally want to harden windows ? and also what about audit policy and network settings in that ? Please help me out, Don't Ignore.

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• Cannot Login To phpMyAdmin

  - by Zach Dziura

  I'm running a simple LAMP server at home from which I host a personal blog. The server is running Arch Linux, with the latest-and-greatest versions of Apache, MySQL, and PHP. In order to easily maintain the databases, I installed phpMyAdmin. However, I cannot login. If I were to SSH into the server and run mysql -u <user> -p <password>, no errors show up and I'm immediately placed into the MySQL prompt. No problem. However, when I try to log in with phpMyAdmin, using those exact same credentials, nothing happens. No errors, no nothing, I'm just redirected back to the login page. Did I do something wrong? Thanks in advance for any and all answers!

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• mailsend not sending to (or qmail not receiving from) the same machine

  - by roman

  A web applications sends two emails: to the user of the webapp to the administrator the administrators mailbox (qmail) is on the same machine as the web application (php, apache, /usr/sbin/sendmail). email 1 works, email 2 sometimes doesn't work. I don't see any pattern in the mails that don't work. Also because I don't exactly know WHICH emails failed (since the email itself would be the only notification). email 2 looks like this: from: <[email protected]> #changes for each user to: <[email protected]> What could be the problem? Are rejected emails stored somewhere? (if they are rejected.. how do I check this?)

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• How to rewrite the domain part of Set-Cookie in a nginx reverse proxy?

  - by Tobia

  I have a simple nginx reverse proxy: server { server_name external.domain.com; location / { proxy_pass http://backend.int/; } } The problem is that Set-Cookie response headers contain ;Domain=backend.int, because the backend does not know it is being reverse proxied. How can I make nginx rewrite the content of the Set-Cookie response headers, replacing ;Domain=backend.int with ;Domain=external.domain.com? Passing the Host header unchanged is not an option in this case. Apache httpd has had this feature for a while, see ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain, but I cannot seem to find a way to do the same in nginx.

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• Virtual hosting in Varnish with individual vcl files for configuration

  - by Michael Sørensen

  I wish to use varnish to put in front of an apache and a tomcat on the same server. Depending on the ip requested, it goes to a different backend. This works. Now for most of the sites the default varnish logic will work just fine. However for some specific sites I wish to use custom VCL code. I can test for host name and include config files for the specific domains, but this only works inside the individual methods recv etc. Is there a way to include a complete set of instructions, in one file, per domain, without having to manage separate files for subdomain_recv, subdomain_fetch etc? And preferably without running seperate instances of varnish. When I try to include a file on the "root level" of default.vcl, I get a compilation error. Best regards, Michael

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• Alias a Virtual Directory or Application as Root on IIS 7

  - by manyxcxi

  Our current IIS setup as two applications running on different paths at (for example) http://server/sub-a and http://server/sub-b. I want to alias http://server/sub-a as root so that just going to http://server/ will bring up the contents of sub-a. The problem I face is that when I initially set up a ReverseProxy it negatively affected http://server/sub-b. I know this is a fairly common problem- how have you solved it? 99.9% of my experience is with Apache, so I feel a tad lost in the GUI world of IIS.

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• www-data is unable to write to an NFS share

  - by Bastian

  On Debian Squeeze, I created an NFS share with these options rw,sync,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check,insecure and on the other Debian Squeeze I can successfully mount it and read write with root, but this share is intended to be used by Apache. I changed the permission to 777 just to make sure. And still, the www-data user can read, create files but not write to them! It does not sound to me like the typical permissions problem, maybe something related to NFS, a lock problem that I am not aware of. Any idea is welcome.

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• Wamp virtualhost with supporting of remote access

  - by Farid

  To cut the long story short, I've setup a Wamp server with local virtual host for domain like sample.dev, now I've bind my static IP and port 80 to my Apache and asked the client to make some changes in his hosts file and add x.x.x.x sample.dev , I've also configured my httpd virtual host like this : <VirtualHost *:80> ServerAlias sample.dev DocumentRoot 'webroot_directory' </VirtualHost> Client can reach to my web server using the direct access by ip address, but when he tries using the sample domain looks like he gets in to some infinite loop. The firewall is off too. What would be the problem?! Thanks.

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• how limit the number of open TCP streams from same IP to a local port?

  - by JMW

  Hi, i would like to limit the number of concurrent open TCP streams from the the same IP to the server's (local) port. Let's say 4 concurrent conncetions. How can this be done with ip tables? the closest thing, that i've found was: In Apache, is there a way to limit the number of new connections per second/hour/day? iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --set iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --update --seconds 86400 --hitcount 100 -j REJECT But this limitation just messures the number of new connections over the time. This might be good for controlling HTTP traffic. But this is not a good solution for me, since my TCP streams usually have a lifetime between 5 minutes and 2 hours. thanks a lot in advance for any reply :)

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• Proper way to rotate Nginx logs

  - by depesz

  I would like to achieve rotation of nginx logs that: would work without any extra software (i.e. - best if without "logrotate") would create rotated files with names based on date Best approach is something like PostgreSQL has - i.e. in it's log_filename config variable I can specify strftime-style %Y-%m-%d, and it will automatically change log on date (or time) change. Another approach from apache - sending logs via pipe to rotatelogs program. As far as I was able to search - no such approach exists. All I can do, is to use logrotate with dateext option, but it has it's own set of drawbacks, and I'd rather use something that works like |rotatelogs or log_filename in PostgreSQL.

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• Why would changing httpd.conf work for me, but .htaccess would not? [closed]

  - by Carl Rempel

  I have html files which contain PHP. When I use filename.php they work great. When I use filename.html the entire file renders as plain text. If I add the following line to my .htaccess, the file still appears as plain text. AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .html But ... if I add the the exact same line to my httpd.conf, then PHP renders my page correctly. What are some possible explanations as to why the .htaccess would not work for me? I'm using apache OS X, Snow Leopard.

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• Port forwarding on D-Link DIR-615 super-slow, useless

  - by Jaroslav Záruba

  Hello I have replaced my old router with DIR-615 from D-Link, and now the port forwarding is so slow it makes the router practically useless. Accessing the router itself (admin UI) is without issues, no delay whatsoever. But when I try to access a service on another computer in the network the requests take minutes and minutes. (E.g. I can see source of my GWT-app main page, but loading additional CSS and JS files takes years.) If anyone could recommend any further diagnostics I should do to figure out what is happening it would be great. Few notes: happens with more services (web-app on Tomcat, viewing directory index via Apache) it does not make a difference whether the service is hosted on wired or wireless PC accessing the service on a localhost works fine turning off firewall on the target PC does not make difference either (makes sense) when I replace this router with the old one (both 192.168.1.1) everything works fine I see nothing suspicious in the router's log I believe I have the latest firmware (4.11) DIR-615 sucks, it already died once completely Regards Jarda Z.

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