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• Can't mount hard drive. Ubuntu 12.04

  - by Sam

  I am trying to recover some pictures on my 320 GB Hard Disk, so I put in a Live Ubuntu CD and am in that right now. In the devices list, it shows my USB drive, but not my 320 GB Hard Disk. I can see the disk in Disk Utility (it says it's on /dev/sda), but it's not mounted, and it says it has a few bad sectors but it is OK. In Disk Usage Analyzer, it says my maximum capacity is 13.4 GB, so it's definitely not using the 320 GB Hard Disk. I tried the following: sudo mkdir /media/newhd (worked) sudo mount /dev/sda /media/newhd (didn't work. it says I must specify the filesystem type) I then tried: fsck.ext4 -f /dev/sda (didn't work. Said: Superblock invalid, trying to backup blocks. then: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sda. The superblock could not be read or does not describe a correct ext2 filesystem. If the device is valid and it contains an ext2 filesystem (and not swap or ufs or something else), then the superblock is corrupt, and you might try running e2fsck with an alternate superblock) Does anyone have any ideas? The whole problem started when my Windows Vista said "Can't find operating system". Any ideas on how I can get on to my hard drive at /dev/sda?

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• Unable to resize ec2 ebs root volume

  - by nathanjosiah

  I have followed many of the tutorials that pretty much all say the same thing which is basically: Stop the instance Detach the volume Create a snapshot of the volume Create a bigger volume from the snapshot Attach the new volume to the instance Start the instance back up Run resize2fs /dev/xxx However, step 7 is where the problems start happening. In any case running resize2fs always tells me that it is already xxxxx blocks big and does nothing, even with -f passed. So I start to continue with tutorials which all basically say the same thing and that is: Delete all partitons Recreate them back to what they were except with the bigger sizes Reboot the instance and run resize2fs (I have tried these steps both from the live instance and by attaching the volume to another instance and running the commands there) The main problem is that the instance won't start back up again and the system error log provided in the AWS console doesn't provide any errors. (it does however stop at the grub bootloader which to me indicates that it doesn't like the partitions(yes, the boot flag was toggled on the partition with no affect)) The other thing that happens regardless of what changes I make to the partitions is that the instance that the volume is attached to says that the partition has an invalid magic number and the super-block is corrupt. However, if I make no changes and reattach the volume, the instance runs without a problem. Can anybody shed some light on what I could be doing wrong? Edit On my new volume of 20GB with the 6GB image,df -h says: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvde1 5.8G 877M 4.7G 16% / tmpfs 836M 0 836M 0% /dev/shm And fdisk -l /dev/xvde says: Disk /dev/xvde: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x7d833f39 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvde1 1 766 6144000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/xvde2 766 784 146432 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. Also, sudo resize2fs /dev/xvde1 says: resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) The filesystem is already 1536000 blocks long. Nothing to do!

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• iptables : how to allow incoming ftp traffic?

  - by logansama

  Hi, Still fighting my way through the jungle that is called iptables. I have managed to allow FTP access outside of our LAN: both these would work. NOTE: eth0 is the LAN interface and eth1 is the WAN interface. iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 20:21 -j ACCEPT or iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o eth1 -p tcp --sport 20:21 --dport 1024:65535 -j ACCEPT But when i connect to a external FTP server i manage to log in and all is fine until it wishes to List the directory content. Then nothing happens as the data is blocked, due to the fact that i do not have a rule set up to allow it! (my last rule on the FORWARD chain is to block all traffic) I have tried a gazillion rules (many of which i did not understand) to try and allow the FTP traffic back through my server. One such rule for example was: iptables -A FORWARD -i eth1 -o eth0 -p tcp --sport 20:21 --dport 1024:65535 -j ACCEPT But i cannot get the List to work. It just times out after a while. Would anyone perhaps know how to build a rule which would allow FTP to List / allow such traffic back? Or have a link to sources i could work through? Thank you,

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• What are ways to prevent files with the Right-to-Left Override Unicode character in their name (a malware spoofing method) from being written or read?

  - by galacticninja

  What are ways to avoid or prevent files with the RLO (Right-to-Left Override) Unicode character in their name (a malware method to spoof filenames) from being written or read in a Windows PC? More info on the RLO unicode character here: http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/202e/index.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-directional_text Info on the RLO unicode character when used by malware: http://www.ipa.jp/security/english/virus/press/201110/E_PR201110.html Mirror link: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:KasmfOvbVJ8J:www.ipa.jp/security/english/virus/press/201110/E_PR201110.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk You can try this RLO character test webpage: http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/202e/browsertest.htm The RLO character is also already pasted in the 'Input Test' field in that webpage. Try typing there and notice that the characters you're typing are coming out in their reverse orders (right-to-left, instead of left-to-right). In filenames, the RLO character can be specifically positioned in the filename to spoof or masquerade as having a filename or file extension that is different than what it actually has. (Will still be hidden even if 'Hide extensions for known filetypes' is unchecked.) The only info I can find that has info on how to prevent files with the RLO character from being run is from the Information Technology Promotion Agency, Japan website: http://www.ipa.jp/security/english/virus/press/201110/E_PR201110.html (Mirror link). They adviced to use the Local Security Policy settings manager to block files with the RLO character in its name from being run. Can anyone recommend any other good solutions to prevent files with the RLO character in their names from being written or being read in the computer, or a way to alert the user if a file with the RLO character is detected? My OS is Windows 7, but I'll be looking for solutions for Windows XP, Vista and 7, or a solution that will work for all those OSes, to help people using those OSes too.

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• Possible attack on my SQL server?

  - by erizias

  Checking my SQL Server log I see several entries like this: Date: 08-11-2011 11:40:42 Source: Logon Message: Login failed for user 'sa'. Reason: Password did not match for the login provided. [CLIENT: 56.60.156.50] Date: 08-11-2011 11:40:42 Source: Logon Message: Error: 18456. Severity: 14. State: 8. Date: 08-11-2011 11:40:41 Source: Logon Message: Login failed for user 'sa'. Reason: Password did not match for the login provided. [CLIENT: 56.60.156.50] Date: 08-11-2011 11:40:41 Source: Logon Message: Error: 18456. Severity: 14. State: 8. And so on.. Is this a possible attack on my SQL Server from the chineese???! I looked up the IP adress, at ip-lookup.net which stated it was chineese. And what to do? - Block the IP adress in the firewall? - Delete the user sa? And how do I protect my web server the best?! :) Thanks in advance!

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• Trouble Letting Users Get to Certain Sites through Squid Proxy

  - by armani

  We have Squid running on a RHEL server. We want to block users from getting to Facebook, other than a couple specific sites, like our organization's page. Unfortunately, I can't get those specific pages unblocked without allowing ALL of Facebook through. [squid.conf] # Local users: acl local_c src 192.168.0.0/16 # HTTP & HTTPS: acl Safe_ports port 80 443 # File containing blocked sites, including Facebook: acl blocked dst_dom_regex "/etc/squid/blocked_content" # Whitelist: acl whitelist url_regex "/etc/squid/whitelist" # I do know that order matters: http_access allow local_c whitelist http_access allow local_c !blocked http_access deny all [blocked_content] .porn_site.com .porn_site_2.com [...] facebook.com [whitelist] facebook.com/pages/Our-Organization/2828242522 facebook.com/OurOrganization facebook.com/media/set/ facebook.com/photo.php www.facebook.com/OurOrganization My biggest weakness is regular expressions, so I'm not 100% sure about if this is all correct. If I remove the "!blocked" part of the http_access rule, all of Facebook works. If I remove "facebook.com" from the blocked_content file, all of Facebook works. Right now, visiting facebook.com/OurOrganization gives a "The website declined to show this webpage / HTTP 403" error in Internet Explorer, and "Error 111 (net::ERR_TUNNEL_CONNECTION_FAILED): Unknown error" in Chrome. WhereGoes.com tells me the URL redirects for that URL goes like this: facebook.com/OurOrganization -- [301 Redirect] -- http://www.facebook.com/OurOrganization -- [302 Redirect] -- https://www.facebook.com/OurOrganization I tried turning up the debug traffic out of squid using "debug_options ALL,6" but I can't narrow anything down in /var/log/access.log and /var/log/cache.log. I know to issue "squid -k reconfigure" whenever I make changes to any files.

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• Finding the current user authenticated by basic auth (Apache)

  - by jtd

  When you log in through a basic auth page, is the username you authenticated as stored anywhere (on the server or client machine), maybe in an environment variable? Background: I have a common web administration page for an e-mail server and I'd like to know who is doing what. When a user successfully logs in via basic auth, I somehow want to be able to identify them and log their actions. So each time a request is submitted, I can write to a log file. The basic format would be: $username ran a $function against $useraccount so if a user changed someone's permissions, eg: Admin-Bob ran a permission change against User-Scott So if errors occur, I can easily trace back in the log file what actions lead to the cause. I tried checking the %ENV hash to no avail, any Ideas? I don't really want to get into PHP-like sessions, because that would mean scrapping my basic auth, which gives me a fine degree of control already. If I have to code something with sessions, I'd need to implement a system to block users after maximum tries and so on, which I don't really want to code. I think this is better geared towards serverfault because it pertains to Apache moreso than the programming language. Sessions can be done in a myriad of languages.

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• Use GRUB/GRUB2 to PXE boot OS image

  - by Jack

  Asked this in stackoverflow but they recommended I post this here: Here is the situation I am in: I currently have a Windows drive that boots XP. The BIOS does not support PXE booting so this is out of the question. Therefore, I was thinking I could install a customized GRUB bootloader on it instead such that it will have the option to PXE boot an image from a DHCP server connected to it and have the option to load Windows as it normally does (two items in menu). The catch is it may need to be automated (meaning no keyboard), so is there any way to run a script pre-boot during GRUB loading that determines if DHCP / TFTP servers are running and attempt to PXE boot an image from the network (and if not, say timeout of 10 seconds, regularly boot from Windows drive)? If this is not possible, what are some other options / suggestions? I was reading up on grub4dos as well but I'm not sure that is what I need. FWIW, I'm free to do whatever I want to the drive. I'd really appreciate some help on this as I'm not sure where to start. Thanks!

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• Prevent Linux from processing incoming ICMP Host unreachable packets

  - by bbc

  I have a test setup with one host on a network (10.1.0.0/16) talking via TCP to another one on another network (10.2.0.0/16) and a gateway in the middle. Sometimes, the TCP connection is lost and while scanning the trace (pcap), I looks like it's because of just one ICMP Host unreachable message sent by the gateway to 10.1.0.1 at some point. 10.1.0.1 then sends a TCP RST to 10.2.0.1. In my opinion, the gateway (pfSense) is broken or not configured correctly but anyway, for testing purposes, I'd like to block this kind of ICMP on the host (10.1.0.1) before it has an influence on my TCP connection (or does it? I'm not even sure). I've tried iptables: iptables -I INPUT -i eth0 -p icmp --icmp-type host-unreachable -j DROP but while it does a good job at preventing userpace applications like ping from receiving these ICMP messages, my TCP connection still comes to an end when the alleged "killer ICMP packet" is sent by the gateway. Am I right about how it is processed? If yes, then what can I do to achieve my goal?

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• proxy pass domain FROM default apache port 80 TO nginx on another port

  - by user10580

  Im still learning server things so hope the title is descriptive enough. Basically i have sub.domain.com that i want to run on nginx at port 8090. I want to leave apache alone and have it catch all default traffic at port 80. so i am trying something with a virtual name host to proxy pass to sub.domain.com:8090, nothing working yet and go no idea what the right syntax could be. any ideas? most of what i found was to pass TO apache FROM nginx, but i want to the do the opposite. LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so LoadModule proxy_http_module modules/mod_proxy_http.so <VirtualHost sub.domain.com:80> ProxyPreserveHost On ProxyRequests Off ServerName sub.domain.com DocumentRoot /home/app/public ServerAlias sub.domain.com proxyPass / http://appname:8090/ (also tried localhost and sub.domain.com) ProxyPassReverse / http://appname:8090/ </VirtualHost> when i do this i get [warn] module proxy_module is already loaded, skippin [warn] module proxy_http_module is already loaded, skipping [error] (EAI 2)Name or service not known: Could not resolve host name sub.domain.com -- ignoring! and yes, the app is working (i have it running on port 80 with another subdomain) and it works at sub.domain.com:8090

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• Debugging nginx URL rewrite: How do I figure out where the problem is?

  - by pjmorse

  I have a specific URL pattern on a site which needs to be redirected to the HTTPS version. This is a Django site; Nginx checks each URL in memcached, and if it doesn't find a cached version it proxies the request to Apache/mod_python for Django to render the page. The relevant configuration block is rewrite ^/certificate https://mysite.com/certificate ; rewrite ^/([a-zA-Z]{2})/certificate https://mysite.com/certificate ; ...and it doesn't appear to be working at all. Nginx is: $ nginx -V nginx version: nginx/0.7.65 built by gcc 4.2.4 (Ubuntu 4.2.4-1ubuntu4) TLS SNI support disabled configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --pid-path=/var/run/nginx.pid --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_ssl_module How can I figure out if the problem is my patterns not matching, or a more obscure configuration problem? (The site is localized to three languages, and the localization is in the URL string, e.g. /US/news/, /DE/about, etc. It tracks localization in the session as well, defaulting to US, so if you just requested /news Django will rewrite to /US/news unless the user has a cookie indicating they're using a different localization. Django handles this, though, not Nginx.)

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• Is Ubuntu a bad distro for a standalone mysql database server?

  - by DhruvPathak

  I read an article here : http://www.mysqlperformanceblog.com/2011/12/08/which-linux-distribution-for-mysql-server/ On the other end there are Debian and Ubuntu. Both use tool called dpkg for package management. There isn’t a month that I log in to a system based on either distribution where there are no issues with packages consistency. Unfinished installations, unresolved conflicts are so common that it’s just beyond simple negligence. The packaging system is just not robust enough. Another problem is that one broken package may block you from installing or uninstalling anything else. Imagine that someone left system in such shape, you prepared for downtime, stopped MySQL and… error – text editor has not been properly installed, so you cannot upgrade MySQL either until the problem is fixed. In a stressful situation when downtime clock ticks – annoying at best We prefer Ubuntu server because of familiarity and Ubuntu also being development environment. Questions: Is Ubuntu used commonly in production for a mysql database server ? Is it worth the trouble ever to have one distro eg Ubuntu in web server, and another say Red Hat in database server ? Or Is a homogenous server pool a better choice ?

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• Can sendmail be configured to discard routed email that has been rejected by the next hop?

  - by Guy Bolton King

  Background: We have a handful of hosts (running sendmail) acting as the MXs for a few domains each. Each domain is handled via the sendmail/cf /etc/mail/virtusertable, with a set of known recipients and a catch-all reject rule. Mail to postmaster on each host is aliased to root, and root is aliased to root+<host>@ourdomain.com. The MX for ourdomain.com is Google Apps, and [email protected] is a simple group that forwards to the admins. Google Apps will reject some emails at the SMTP stage, usually because of illegal attachments (instead of accepting them and filing them as spam). Problem: Given a particular spam email sent to a domain in a virtusertable entry: If the recipient address rejects the mail, then sendmail will try and send a DSN to the sender. If that sender also rejects the mail (because it's a falsified sender, and the MX for the sender rejects the mail as spam), then sendmail sends a DSN to the postmaster. The routing detailed above takes place, and...Google Apps rejects the mail as well. sendmail now gives up with a "savemail panic", and leaves the mail in the queue forever. Our mail queue fills up with garbage Is there any way I can get sendmail to discard messages that have been rejected by the next virtusertable hop (i.e. after step 1 in the Problem description)? Or does anyone have any other solutions to this?

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• Is there a way to log commands that a user runs in Windows 7?

  - by camster342

  I manage a large enterprise environment, and while we try to advise users not to, there are inevitably users that need to have local admin access to their machines. The problem is that some of these users like to "fiddle" and sometimes screw up their machines in "wonderful" ways. Is there an easy way to log what a user does on a machine, specifically in the command prompt? Maybe there is 3rd party tools I could use to log this information? With Linux that I used to use in past ages, you could look at a users bash history file to see what commands they have run. While I realise that specific log could also be altered by the user if they wanted to cover their tracks, that is the sort of log I'm looking for. If there are other ways I can also log what other system configuration type changes they make as well (not necessarily command line based), that's also useful. I know about event/system logs and so on, but that doesn't necessarily catch all the information I need to figure out how the user has buggered their machine this time.

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• Updating ASUS BIOS on Windows 7 64bit

  - by joesavage

  I've recently decided that I want to try and utilize my two graphics cards so that I can have a dual monitor setup. Unfortunately Windows only seems to notice my most recent graphics card installation - and so I've been told that I should look into my BIOS and try to enable two graphics cards. I could not find this setting anywhere in my M2N68-AM Plus v0210 BIOS. After some further research I figured that I should perhaps upgrade my BIOS, so I searched and managed to download the latest version (v1804) as a ROM file. However I am having difficulty figuring out how to install it. I've tried using the Asus EZFlash feature built into my BIOS, but when trying to load up a variety of different ROMs that are for my motherboard/BIOS I get the error: Boot block in file is not valid! I'm not totally sure what I should do to fix this, so I'm looking into other methods of upgrading my BIOS - however I can't really find any solutions that seem to work. Asus Update is for 32-bit only, AFUDOS doesn't appear to work on my Windows 7 64-bit system (I think it's supposed to run in DOS or something - but that just sounds confusing since I know nothing about DOS). Could anybody help me with this?

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• Adding a transaction ID to ruby-on-rails logs

  - by Blue Warrior NFB

  We have a RoR app (rails version 3.2.15 right now). As it has been getting busier, the log-files it's producing are becoming less and less useful for troubleshooting. When they come in like this, it's not a problem: Started GET "/accounts/28088166/kittens/22894/rendered_png?file_id=5d3eaec77954a489b5ddd75143091767&kitten_store_id=9970569bbacf7b6dbeb4eb9295960d69&size=large" for 172.16.202.30 at 2013-11-12 13:45:00 +0000 Processing by KittenController#rendered_png as HTML Parameters: {"file_id"="5d3eaec77954a489b5ddd75143091767", "kitten_store_id"="9970569bbacf7b6dbeb4eb9295960d69", "size"="large", "kitten_cam_id"="280941", "id"="kjlak357aw479607t"} Rendered text template (0.0ms) Sent data (1.8ms) Completed 200 OK in 1037.4ms (Views: 1.4ms | ActiveRecord: 98.4ms) Short request, quickly assembled, all the relevant log-lines are in one block. However, not all of our code renders in 1037ms. There are a few calls that can exceed several seconds, and during that time several of these quicker ones can come in. When that happens, its very, very hard to identify which log-lines belong to which GET. Sent data (4.1ms) Completed 200 OK in 767.4ms (Views: 3.2ms | ActiveRecord: 72.2ms) Completed 200 OK in 2338.0ms (Views: 0.2ms | ActiveRecord: 0.0ms) Ooookaaaay... which goes to what? Is it possible to add something like a transaction-ID to these log-lines? The log-spam would be interspersed, but at least grep-magic would give me the unified entries that I need.

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• TCP/UDP hole punching from and to the same NAT network

  - by Luc

  I was wondering if tcp/udp hole punching would still work when you are in the same network (behind a NAT), and what the packet's path would be. What happens when using hole punching on the same network, is that it will send a packet out with the same destination and source address. Only the source and destination port would differ. I imagine a router with NAT loopback enabled will handle this as it should, but how about other routers? Would they drop the packet, or would a router (the first?) from the ISP bounce the packet back after which it gets handled okay? I'm wondering because I was thinking about using this technique to circumvent a block between peers in a network (like a school network where clients can only access the internet, but any contact with each other is blocked). The only other option is to use a man in the middle as proxy (tunnel?). The disadvantage of this is that you have to have a server with significantly more bandwidth than one that would only do hole punching. Also the latency would increase significantly.

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• Blue screen of Death on Install

  - by Toby Allen

  I have a machine with Windows Vista Installed. It has an Intel X25 SSD as the System Drive I want to reinstall (I plan to format and overwrite Vista) with XP. When I boot up using the Dell XP CD it loads the initial drivers then i get a Blue Screen. This is quite concerning. The installed OS works ok, but its giving problems so I want to remove it. Should I just format the SSD and try again? Will this make any difference? Can I do something to avoid hitting the Blue Screen? Its possible I had corrupt sectors on one of the other disks, will a new XP install use the System drive or drive 0? Can I force the install to use a specific drive when installing? Error: *** STOP: 0x0000007B (0xF78D2524,0x0000034,0x00000000,0x00000000) I never did find the answer, however I removed the SSD and tried to install on other disk - CRASH I disconnected the other disk and tried to install with only SSD plugged in - CRASH I removed 1 block of RAM - CRASH I used a windows 7 CD - NO CRASH

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• Sendmail slow to accept emails

  - by Rich

  I have a PHP web app which is using SMTP to sendmail on localhost to send email. I would like sendmail to accept the mail request immediately and queue it for later sending, as I don't want to have user-facing request threads blocked on emails. Sendmail is installed with the default settings on RHEL web servers. Sometimes sendmail is blocking for a long time after the MAIL command is sent -- sometimes taking 60 or 90 seconds to accept the mail. The time take is usually very close to 60 or 90 sec, which makes me think this is some kind of timeout. I have looked in the sendmail logs, and there are plenty of "deferred" emails, but nothing which looks responsible for this delay. How can I diagnose what is slowing down sendmail? How can I configure sendmail to always accept the mail immediately and to queue the mail for later sending? Update: I'm not sure, but it looks like this might be linked to aol.com addresses. I strongly suspect that sendmail is doing some kind of blocking receipient address verification at the accept-email-for-sending stage. How can I disable that, so that sendmail doesn't block my UI threads? Update 2: This only seems to happen at busy times. Perhaps I am running out of sendmail threads or something? How can I check that?

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• How do I speed up and cache mmap file access over NFS on Linux?

  - by Zan Lynx

  The server and client are both 64-bit Ubuntu 10.04 LTS. The application in question is a custom app that uses mmap() for fast random file access. Its ideal state is when the entire file is cached in RAM. The network connections are really fast 10Gb Ethernet. It is a virtual server blade setup. It isn't the network connections slowing things down because everything performs superbly when using a virtual disk (iSCSI to the SAN). But when we run the application on a NFS home directory mount, performance goes to the dogs. It appears that the Linux kernel isn't caching anything. So it is reading every single disk block needed by mmap() accesses over and over and over again. The NFS mount is done through autofs, which has only default settings. /proc/mounts shows the NFS mount is done with the following options: rw,relatime,vers=3,rsize=131072,wsize=131072,namlen=255,hard,proto=tcp,timeo=600,retrans=2,sec=sys,mountaddr=192.168.11.52,mountvers=3,mountproto=tcp,addr=192.168.11.52 How can I make Ubuntu 10.04 cache the file instead of reloading it all the time?

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• maximum size filesystem on my test .... approach?

  - by jocco

  Hello all I'm new at the site, and I have a question. I got this question at a test and really like to know the correct approach to solving this problem? Here is the question. In an indexed filesystem the first indexblock (inode) has 12 direct pointers and 1 pointer to an indirect indexblock. The filesystem is implemented on a disk with a diskblock-size of 1024 bytes. All pointers are 32 bit. Question: what is the maximum filesize (Kilobytes) of this filesystem? If it's possible not an just an answer but an explanation. edit: It was a multiple choice btw with 4 answers a. 13 K b. 268 K c. 524 K d. 1036 K As for my approach I only got as far as to know that 1 pointer is 32 bit Also I found something else here on the site which seems very usefull. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2755006/understanding-the-concept-of-inodes Ok i got this far There are 12 blocks and each block is 1024 bytes. 1024 * 12 = 12288 bytes or 12 KB directly accessible. Please correct me if I'm wrong. Each pointer is 32 Bit = 4Byte And to be honest at this point I'm starting to get confused especially since my answer is way over any of my multiple choice answers.

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• ASA access lists and Egress Filtering

  - by Nate

  Hello. I'm trying to learn how to use a cisco ASA firewall, and I don't really know what I'm doing. I'm trying to set up some egress filtering, with the goal of allowing only the minimal amount of traffic out of the network, even if it originated from within the inside interface. In other words, I'm trying to set up dmz_in and inside_in ACLs as if the inside interface is not too trustworthy. I haven't fully grasped all the concepts yet, so I have a few issues. Assume that we're working with three interfaces: inside, outside, and DMZ. Let's say I have a server (X.Y.Z.1) that has to respond to PING, HTTP, SSH, FTP, MySQL, and SMTP. My ACL looks something like this: access-list outside_in extended permit icmp any host X.Y.Z.1 echo-reply access-list outside_in extended permit tcp any host X.Y.Z.1 eq www access-list outside_in extended permit tcp any host X.Y.Z.1 eq ssh access-list outside_in extended permit tcp any host X.Y.Z.1 eq ftp access-list outside_in extended permit tcp any host X.Y.Z.1 eq ftp-data established access-list outside_in extended permit tcp any host X.Y.Z.1 eq 3306 access-list outside_in extended permit tcp any host X.Y.Z.1 eq smtp and I apply it like this: access-group outside_in in interface outside My question is, what can I do for egress filtering? I want to only allow the minimal amount of traffic out. Do I just "reverse" the rules (i.e. the smtp rule becomes access-list inside_out extended permit tcp host X.Y.Z.1 any eq smtp ) and call it a day, or can I further cull my options? What can I safely block? Furthermore, when doing egress filtering, is it enough to apply "inverted" rules to the outside interface, or should I also look into making dmz_in and inside_in acls? I've heard the term "egress filtering" thrown around a lot, but I don't really know what I'm doing. Any pointers towards good resources and reading would also be helpful, most of the ones I've found presume that I know a lot more than I do.

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• nginx won't serve an error_page in a subdirectory of the document root

  - by Brandan

  (Cross-posted from Stack Overflow; could possibly be migrated from there.) Here's a snippet of my nginx configuration: server { error_page 500 /errors/500.html; } When I cause a 500 in my application, Chrome just shows its default 500 page (Firefox and Safari show a blank page) rather than my custom error page. I know the file exists because I can visit http://server/errors/500.html and I see the page. I can also move the file to the document root and change the configuration to this: server { error_page 500 /500.html; } and nginx serves the page correctly, so it's doesn't seem like it's something else misconfigured on the server. I've also tried: server { error_page 500 $document_root/errors/500.html; } and: server { error_page 500 http://$http_host/errors/500.html; } and: server { error_page 500 /500.html; location = /500.html { root /path/to/errors/; } } with no luck. Is this expected behavior? Do error pages have to exist at the document root, or am I missing something obvious? Update 1: This also fails: server { error_page 500 /foo.html; } when foo.html does indeed exist in the document root. It almost seems like something else is overwriting my configuration, but this block is the only place anywhere in /etc/nginx/* that references the error_page directive. Is there any other place that could set nginx configuration?

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• iptables rules for DNS/Transparent proxy with ip exceptions

  - by SlimSCSI

  I am running a router (A Netgear WNDR3700 if that matters) with dd-wrt. For content filtering I am using OpenDNS. I wanted to make sure a user could not bypass OpenDNS by putting in their own name servers, so I have a rule to catch all DNS traffic. iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i br0 -p all --dport 53 -j DNAT --to $LAN_IP I did have one computer on the network I wanted to allow past OpenDNS filters. On that machine I manually set the name servers, and created another rule to allow it to pass iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -i br0 -s 192.168.1.2 -j ACCEPT This worked well. Today, I installed a transparent proxy (squid) on the router and added these rules: iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i br0 -s $LAN_NET -d $LAN_NET -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i br0 -s ! $PROXY_IP -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to $PROXY_IP:$PROXY_PORT iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o br0 -s $LAN_NET -d $PROXY_IP -p tcp -j SNAT --to $LAN_IP iptables -I FORWARD -i br0 -o br0 -s $LAN_NET -d $PROXY_IP -p tcp --dport $PROXY_PORT -j ACCEPT This also works, however the 192.168.1.2 address does not get routed through squid. How can I have 192.168.1.2 (and maybe others in the future) by-pass the port 53 rules, but not the port 80 rules?

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• Creating a private wiki

  - by Hand-E-Food

  I want to create a simple, private wiki, but am really struggling to find what I need. I require the following features: Private wiki. Only I will read or write it. Some formatting capability: headings, bold, italic, bullets, block quotes Wiki Viewer for Windows 7. If it comes with an editor, I need to be able to hide it. Page Editor for Windows 7. Page Editor for iPhone. Synchronize by cloud but available offline in Windows. So far, my research has led me to Markdown language. I can easily edit this as plain text using Notepad++ for Windows and Elements for iPhone. I can sync these files through Dropbox and have them available offline. What I can't find is a suitable viewer for Windows. I'd prefer to steer away from using HTML due to its verbose formatting codes. Can anyone recommend a solution for me? If need be, I'll happy to make a small one-off payment for software.

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