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  • How split a column in two colunms in pandas

    - by user1345283
    I have el next dataframe data=read_csv('enero.csv') data Fecha DirViento MagViento 0 2011/07/01 00:00 318 6.6 1 2011/07/01 00:15 342 5.5 2 2011/07/01 00:30 329 6.6 3 2011/07/01 00:45 279 7.5 4 2011/07/01 01:00 318 6.0 5 2011/07/01 01:15 329 7.1 6 2011/07/01 01:30 300 4.7 7 2011/07/01 01:45 291 3.1 How to split the column Fecha in two columns,for example, get a dataframe as follows: Fecha Hora DirViento MagViento 0 2011/07/01 00:00 318 6.6 1 2011/07/01 00:15 342 5.5 2 2011/07/01 00:30 329 6.6 3 2011/07/01 00:45 279 7.5 4 2011/07/01 01:00 318 6.0 5 2011/07/01 01:15 329 7.1 6 2011/07/01 01:30 300 4.7 7 2011/07/01 01:45 291 3.1 I am using pandas for to read data I try to calculate daily averages from a monthly database has daily data recorded every 15 minutes. To do this, use pandas and grouped the columns: Date and Time for get a dataframe as follow: Fecha Hora 2011/07/01 00:00 -4.4 00:15 -1.7 00:30 -3.4 2011/07/02 00:00 -4.5 00:15 -4.2 00:30 -7.6 2011/07/03 00:00 -6.3 00:15 -13.7 00:30 -0.3 with this look, I get the following grouped.mean() Fecha DirRes 2011/07/01 -3 2011/07/02 -5 2011/07/03 -6

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  • With sqlalchemy how to dynamically bind to database engine on a per-request basis

    - by Peter Hansen
    I have a Pylons-based web application which connects via Sqlalchemy (v0.5) to a Postgres database. For security, rather than follow the typical pattern of simple web apps (as seen in just about all tutorials), I'm not using a generic Postgres user (e.g. "webapp") but am requiring that users enter their own Postgres userid and password, and am using that to establish the connection. That means we get the full benefit of Postgres security. Complicating things still further, there are two separate databases to connect to. Although they're currently in the same Postgres cluster, they need to be able to move to separate hosts at a later date. We're using sqlalchemy's declarative package, though I can't see that this has any bearing on the matter. Most examples of sqlalchemy show trivial approaches such as setting up the Metadata once, at application startup, with a generic database userid and password, which is used through the web application. This is usually done with Metadata.bind = create_engine(), sometimes even at module-level in the database model files. My question is, how can we defer establishing the connections until the user has logged in, and then (of course) re-use those connections, or re-establish them using the same credentials, for each subsequent request. We have this working -- we think -- but I'm not only not certain of the safety of it, I also think it looks incredibly heavy-weight for the situation. Inside the __call__ method of the BaseController we retrieve the userid and password from the web session, call sqlalchemy create_engine() once for each database, then call a routine which calls Session.bind_mapper() repeatedly, once for each table that may be referenced on each of those connections, even though any given request usually references only one or two tables. It looks something like this: # in lib/base.py on the BaseController class def __call__(self, environ, start_response): # note: web session contains {'username': XXX, 'password': YYY} url1 = 'postgres://%(username)s:%(password)s@server1/finance' % session url2 = 'postgres://%(username)s:%(password)s@server2/staff' % session finance = create_engine(url1) staff = create_engine(url2) db_configure(staff, finance) # see below ... etc # in another file Session = scoped_session(sessionmaker()) def db_configure(staff, finance): s = Session() from db.finance import Employee, Customer, Invoice for c in [ Employee, Customer, Invoice, ]: s.bind_mapper(c, finance) from db.staff import Project, Hour for c in [ Project, Hour, ]: s.bind_mapper(c, staff) s.close() # prevents leaking connections between sessions? So the create_engine() calls occur on every request... I can see that being needed, and the Connection Pool probably caches them and does things sensibly. But calling Session.bind_mapper() once for each table, on every request? Seems like there has to be a better way. Obviously, since a desire for strong security underlies all this, we don't want any chance that a connection established for a high-security user will inadvertently be used in a later request by a low-security user.

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  • Django access data passed to form

    - by realshadow
    Hey, I have got a choiceField in my form, where I display filtered data. To filter the data I need two arguments. The first one is not a problem, because I can take it directly from an object, but the second one is dynamically generated. Here is some code: class GroupAdd(forms.Form): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): self.pid = kwargs.pop('parent_id', None) super(GroupAdd, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) parent_id = forms.IntegerField(widget=forms.HiddenInput) choices = forms.ChoiceField( choices = [ [group.node_id, group.name] for group in Objtree.objects.filter( type_id = ObjtreeTypes.objects.values_list('type_id').filter(name = 'group'), parent_id = 50 ).distinct()] + [[0, 'Add a new one'] ], widget = forms.Select( attrs = { 'id': 'group_select' } ) ) I would like to change the parent_id that is passed into the Objtree.objects.filter. As you can see I tried in the init function, as well with kwargs['initial']['parent_id'] and then calling it with self, but that doesnt work, since its out of scope... it was pretty much my last effort. I need to acccess it either trough the initial parameter or directly trough parent_id field, since it already holds its value (passed trough initial). Any help is appreciated, as I am running out of ideas.

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  • how to load an image to a grid using pygame, instead of just using a fill color?

    - by yao jiang
    I am trying to create a "map of a city" using pygame. I want to be able to put images of buildings in specific grid coords rather than just filling them in with a color. This is how I am creating this map grid: def clear(): for r in range(rows): for c in range(rows): if r%3 == 1 and c%3 == 1: color = brown; grid[r][c] = 1; else: color = white; grid[r][c] = 0; pygame.draw.rect(screen, color, [(margin+width)*c+margin, (margin+height)*r+margin, width, height]) pygame.display.flip(); Now how do I put images of buildings in those brown colored grids at those specific locations? I've tried some of the samples online but can't seem to get them to work. Any help is appreciated. If anyone have a good source for free sprites that I can use for pygame, please let me know. Thanks!

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  • llvm-py questions

    - by DSblizzard
    1) Is it possible to use llvm-py on Windows without Visual Studio 2008? Maybe I can compile files on another computer and use on my? 2) Is llvm-py mature enough in your opinion? If not, what are the problems?

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  • Increasing coverage with try-except-finally and a context-manager

    - by Daan Timmer
    This is the flow that I have in my program 277: try: 278: with open(r"c:\afile.txt", "w") as aFile: ...: pass # write data 329: except IOError as ex: ...: print ex 332: finally: 333: if os.path.exists(r"c:\afile.txt"): 334: shutil.copy(r"c:\afile.txt", r"c:\dest.txt") I've got all paths covered except for from line 278 to line 333 I got a normal happy-flow. I stubbed __builtin__.open to raise IOError when the open is called with said file name But how do I go from 278 to 333. Is this even possible? Additional information: - using coverage.py 3.4 (only listing 3.5, we can't currently upgrade to 3.5)

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  • strange SqlAlchemy update behaviour

    - by Max
    I'm new to SqlAlchemy and Elixir, so I've started from tutorial and tried to create table, insert a record, and then update it as follows: #'elixir_test.py' from elixir import * metadata.bind = "postgresql://myuser:mypwd@localhost:5432/dbname" metadata.bind.echo = True class Movie(Entity): title = Field(Unicode(30)) year = Field(Integer) description = Field(UnicodeText) def __repr__(self): return '<Movie "%s" (%d)>' % (self.title, self.year) and in another file in the same directory: from elixir_test import * setup_all() #create table create_all() Movie(title=u"Blade Runner", year=1982) #add record session.commit() #get records Movie.query.all() #trying to update record and commit changes, BUT... movie = Movie.query.first() movie.year = 1983 session.commit() #now we have two records in our table, one #with year=1982 and one with year=1983 Movie.query.all() What did I missed?

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  • PyGTK/GIO: monitor directory for changes recursively

    - by detly
    Take the following demo code (from the GIO answer to this question), which uses a GIO FileMonitor to monitor a directory for changes: import gio def directory_changed(monitor, file1, file2, evt_type): print "Changed:", file1, file2, evt_type gfile = gio.File(".") monitor = gfile.monitor_directory(gio.FILE_MONITOR_NONE, None) monitor.connect("changed", directory_changed) import glib ml = glib.MainLoop() ml.run() After running this code, I can then create and modify child nodes and be notified of the changes. However, this only works for immediate children (I am aware that the docs don't say otherwise). The last of the following shell commands will not result in a notification: touch one mkdir two touch two/three Is there an easy way to make it recursive? I'd rather not manually code something that looks for directory creation and adds a monitor, removing them on deletion, etc. The intended use is for a VCS file browser extension, to be able to cache the statuses of files in a working copy and update them individually on changes. So there might by anywhere from tens to thousands (or more) directories to monitor. I'd like to just find the root of the working copy and add the file monitor there. I know about pyinotify, but I'm avoiding it so that this works under non-Linux kernels such as FreeBSD or... others. As far as I'm aware, the GIO FileMonitor uses inotify underneath where available, and I can understand not emphasising the implementation to maintain some degree of abstraction, but it suggested to me that it should be possible. (In case it matters, I originally posted this on the PyGTK mailing list.)

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  • Introspection of win32com module / pythoncom module

    - by crystal
    Hi, what is the best way to see what all functions that can be performed using pythoncom module? Specifically, i was working with the win32com module to operate upon excel files. I was not able to find introspection for it as we do for the rest of the modules. Can anyone please suggest how can i retrieve this information?

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  • strip extra quotes from html using uTidy

    - by mridang
    Hi, Could anyone tell me how I could remove extra-quotes from my HTML using uTidy. The malformed HTML tag looks like this: <th align="left""> <input type="submit" style="font-weight: bold;" value="Go"> </th> I would also like to remove some empty attributes in the HTML that looks like this (notice the alt tag): <img src="http://static.foobar.org/images/blank.gif" width="1" height="1" alt="" border="0"> Thank you.

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  • store/load numpy array from binary files

    - by Javier
    Dear all, I would like to store and load numpy arrays from binary files. For that purposes, I created two small functions. Each binary file should contain the dimensionality of the given matrix. def saveArrayToFile(data, fileName): with open(fileName, 'w') as file: a = array.array('f') nSamples, ndim = data.shape a.extend([nSamples, ndim]) # write number of elements and dimensions a.fromstring(data.tostring()) a.tofile(file) def readArrayFromFile(fileName): _featDesc = np.fromfile(fileName, 'f') _ndesc = int(_featDesc[0]) _ndim = int(_featDesc[1]) _featDesc = _featDesc[2:] _featDesc = _featDesc.reshape([_ndesc, _ndim]) return _featDesc, _ndesc, _ndim An example on how to use the functions is: myarr=np.array([[7, 4],[3, 9],[1, 3]]) saveArrayToFile(myarr,'myfile.txt') _featDesc, _ndesc, _ndim = readArrayFromFile('myfile.txt') However, an error message of 'ValueError: total size of new array must be unchanged' is shown. My arrays can be of size MxN and MxM. Any suggestions are more than welcomed. I think the problem might be in the saveArrayToFile function. Best wishes, Javier

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  • How to unescape special characters from BeautifulSoup output?

    - by Suhail
    Hi, I am facing issues with the special characters like ° and ® which represent the degree Fahrenheit sign and the registered sign, when i print the string the contains the special characters, it gives output like this: Preheat oven to 350&deg; F Welcome to Lorem Ipsum Inc&reg; Is there a way I can output the exact characters and not their codes? Please let me know.

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  • Framework for Implementing REST web service in Django

    - by Laizer
    I'm looking to implement a RESTful interface for a Django application. It is primarily a data-service application - the interface will be (at this point) read-only. The question is which Django toolsets / frameworks make the most sense for this task. I see Django-rest and Django-piston. There's also the option of rolling my own. The question was asked here, but a good two years back. I'd like to know what the current state of play is. In this question, circa 2008, the strong majority vote was to not use any framework at all - just create Django views that reply with e.g. JSON. (The question was also addressed, crica 2008, here.) In the current landscape, what makes the most sense?

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  • What is the correct way to backup ZODB blobs?

    - by joeforker
    I am using plone.app.blob to store large ZODB objects in a blobstorage directory. This reduces size pressure on Data.fs but I have not been able to find any advice on backing up this data. I am already backing up Data.fs by pointing a network backup tool at a directory of repozo backups. Should I simply point that tool at the blobstorage directory to backup my blobs? What if the database is being repacked or blobs are being added and deleted while the copy is taking place? Are there files in the blobstorage directory that must be copied over in a certain order?

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  • Creating a QuerySet based on a ManyToManyField in Django

    - by River Tam
    So I've got two classes; Picture and Tag that are as follows: class Tag(models.Model): pics = models.ManyToManyField('Picture', blank=True) name = models.CharField(max_length=30) # stuff omitted class Picture(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=100) pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published') tags = models.ManyToManyField('Tag', blank=True) content = models.ImageField(upload_to='instaton') #stuff omitted And what I'd like to do is get a queryset (for a ListView) given a tag name that contains the most recent X number of Pictures that are tagged as such. I've looked up very similar problems, but none of the responses make any sense to me at all. How would I go about creating this queryset?

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  • django model Form. Include fields from related models

    - by Tom
    Hi. I have a model, called Student, which has some fields, and a OneToOne relationship with user (django.contrib.auth.User). class Student(models.Model): phone = models.CharField(max_length = 25 ) birthdate = models.DateField(null=True) gender = models.CharField(max_length=1,choices = GENDER_CHOICES) city = models.CharField(max_length = 50) personalInfo = models.TextField() user = models.OneToOneField(User,unique=True) Then, I have a ModelForm for that model class StudentForm (forms.ModelForm): class Meta: model = Student Using the fields attribute in class Meta, i've managed to show only some fields in a template. However, can I indicate which user fields to show? Something as: fields =('personalInfo','user.username') is currently not showing anything. Works with only StudentFields though/ Thanks in advance.

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  • Underscore characters disappears on jEdit

    - by pocoa
    I'm using jEdit 4.3 pre 16. As I've mentioned on the title, when I'm typing, sometimes underscore characters disappears. I tried to change fonts, line highlighting etc. but it didn't work. For example when you type: if __name__ == 'main': it displays: if name == 'main': When you click on name, it displays the underscores again. Is there any solution of this problem?

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  • Iterating through nested dictionaries

    - by Framester
    I want to write an iterator for my 'toy' Trie implementation. Adding already works like this: class Trie: def __init__(self): self.root = dict() pass def add(self, string, value): global nops current_dict = self.root for letter in s: nops += 1 current_dict = current_dict.setdefault(letter, {}) current_dict = current_dict.setdefault('value', value) pass The output of the adding looks like that: trie = Trie() trie.add("hello",1) trie.add("world",2) trie.add("worlds",12) print trie.root {'h': {'e': {'l': {'l': {'o': {'value': 1}}}}}, 'w': {'o': {'r': {'l': {'d': {'s': {'value': 2}, 'value': 2}}}}}} I know, that I need a __iter__ and next method. def __iter__(self): self.root.__iter__() pass def next(self): print self.root.next() But AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'next'. How should I do it? [Update] In the perfect world I would like the output to be one dict with all the words/entries with their corresponding values.

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  • Blackjack game reshuffling problem

    - by Jam
    I am trying to make a blackjack game where before each new round, the program checks to make sure that the deck has 7 cards per player. And if it doesn't, the deck clears, repopulates, and reshuffles. I have most of the problem down, but for some reason at the start of every deal it reshuffles the deck more than once, and I can't figure out why. Help, please. Here's what I have so far: (P.S. the imported cards and games modules aren't part of the problem, I'm fairly sure my problem lies in the deal() function of my BJ_Deck class.) import cards, games class BJ_Card(cards.Card): """ A Blackjack Card. """ ACE_VALUE = 1 def get_value(self): if self.is_face_up: value = BJ_Card.RANKS.index(self.rank) + 1 if value > 10: value = 10 else: value = None return value value = property(get_value) class BJ_Deck(cards.Deck): """ A Blackjack Deck. """ def populate(self): for suit in BJ_Card.SUITS: for rank in BJ_Card.RANKS: self.cards.append(BJ_Card(rank, suit)) def deal(self, hands, per_hand=1): for rounds in range(per_hand): for hand in hands: if len(self.cards)>=7*(len(hands)): top_card=self.cards[0] self.give(top_card, hand) else: print "Reshuffling the deck." self.cards=[] self.populate() self.shuffle() top_card=self.cards[0] self.give(top_card, hand) class BJ_Hand(cards.Hand): """ A Blackjack Hand. """ def init(self, name): super(BJ_Hand, self).init() self.name = name def __str__(self): rep = self.name + ":\t" + super(BJ_Hand, self).__str__() if self.total: rep += "(" + str(self.total) + ")" return rep def get_total(self): # if a card in the hand has value of None, then total is None for card in self.cards: if not card.value: return None # add up card values, treat each Ace as 1 total = 0 for card in self.cards: total += card.value # determine if hand contains an Ace contains_ace = False for card in self.cards: if card.value == BJ_Card.ACE_VALUE: contains_ace = True # if hand contains Ace and total is low enough, treat Ace as 11 if contains_ace and total <= 11: # add only 10 since we've already added 1 for the Ace total += 10 return total total = property(get_total) def is_busted(self): return self.total > 21 class BJ_Player(BJ_Hand): """ A Blackjack Player. """ def is_hitting(self): response = games.ask_yes_no("\n" + self.name + ", do you want a hit? (Y/N): ") return response == "y" def bust(self): print self.name, "busts." self.lose() def lose(self): print self.name, "loses." def win(self): print self.name, "wins." def push(self): print self.name, "pushes." class BJ_Dealer(BJ_Hand): """ A Blackjack Dealer. """ def is_hitting(self): return self.total < 17 def bust(self): print self.name, "busts." def flip_first_card(self): first_card = self.cards[0] first_card.flip() class BJ_Game(object): """ A Blackjack Game. """ def init(self, names): self.players = [] for name in names: player = BJ_Player(name) self.players.append(player) self.dealer = BJ_Dealer("Dealer") self.deck = BJ_Deck() self.deck.populate() self.deck.shuffle() def get_still_playing(self): remaining = [] for player in self.players: if not player.is_busted(): remaining.append(player) return remaining # list of players still playing (not busted) this round still_playing = property(get_still_playing) def __additional_cards(self, player): while not player.is_busted() and player.is_hitting(): self.deck.deal([player]) print player if player.is_busted(): player.bust() def play(self): # deal initial 2 cards to everyone self.deck.deal(self.players + [self.dealer], per_hand = 2) self.dealer.flip_first_card() # hide dealer's first card for player in self.players: print player print self.dealer # deal additional cards to players for player in self.players: self.__additional_cards(player) self.dealer.flip_first_card() # reveal dealer's first if not self.still_playing: # since all players have busted, just show the dealer's hand print self.dealer else: # deal additional cards to dealer print self.dealer self.__additional_cards(self.dealer) if self.dealer.is_busted(): # everyone still playing wins for player in self.still_playing: player.win() else: # compare each player still playing to dealer for player in self.still_playing: if player.total > self.dealer.total: player.win() elif player.total < self.dealer.total: player.lose() else: player.push() # remove everyone's cards for player in self.players: player.clear() self.dealer.clear() def main(): print "\t\tWelcome to Blackjack!\n" names = [] number = games.ask_number("How many players? (1 - 7): ", low = 1, high = 8) for i in range(number): name = raw_input("Enter player name: ") names.append(name) print game = BJ_Game(names) again = None while again != "n": game.play() again = games.ask_yes_no("\nDo you want to play again?: ") main() raw_input("\n\nPress the enter key to exit.")

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  • How to store wiki sites (vcs)

    - by Eugen
    Hello, as a personal project I am trying to write a wiki with the help of django. I'm a beginner when it comes to web development. I am at the (early) point where I need to decide how to store the wiki sites. I have three approaches in mind and would like to know your suggestion. Flat files I considered a flat file approach with a version control system like git or mercurial. Firstly, I would have some example wikis to look at like http://hatta.sheep.art.pl/. Secondly, the vcs would probably deal with editing conflicts and keeping the edit history, so I would not have to reinvent the wheel. And thirdly, I could probably easily clone the wiki repository, so I (or for that matter others) can have an offline copy of the wiki. On the other hand, as far as I know, I can not use django models with flat files. Then, if I wanted to add fields to a wiki site, like a category, I would need to somehow keep a reference to that flat file in order to associate the fields in the database with the flat file. Besides, I don't know if it is a good idea to have all the wiki sites in one repository. I imagine it is more natural to have kind of like a repository per wiki site resp. file. Last but not least, I'm not sure, but I think using flat files would limit my deploying capabilities because web hosts maybe don't allow creating files (I'm thinking, for example, of Google App Engine) Storing in a database By storing the wiki sites in the database I can utilize django models and associate arbitrary fields with the wiki site. I probably would also have an easier life deploying the wiki. But I would not get vcs features like history and conflict resolving per se. I searched for django-extensions to help me and I found django-reversion. However, I do not fully understand if it fit my needs. Does it track model changes like for example if I change the django model file, or does it track the content of the models (which would fit my need). Plus, I do not see if django reversion would help me with edit conflicts. Storing a vcs repository in a database field This would be my ideal solution. It would combine the advantages of both previous approaches without the disadvantages. That is; I would have vcs features but I would save the wiki sites in a database. The problem is: I have no idea how feasible that is. I just imagine saving a wiki site/source together with a git/mercurial repository in a database field. Yet, I somehow doubt database fields work like that. So, I'm open for any other approaches but this is what I came up with. Also, if you're interested, you can find the crappy early test I'm working on here http://github.com/eugenkiss/instantwiki-test

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