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• How can I install a package without installing some dependencies?

  - by Alex

  I'm trying to install the package LaTeXila, and the output looks like this: $ sudo apt-get install latexila --no-install-recommends Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following extra packages will be installed: latexila-data latexmk luatex tex-common texlive-base texlive-binaries texlive-common texlive-doc-base texlive-latex-base Suggested packages: rubber texlive-latex-extra debhelper Recommended packages: texlive texlive-latex-recommended texlive-luatex lmodern texlive-latex-base-doc The following NEW packages will be installed: latexila latexila-data latexmk luatex tex-common texlive-base texlive-binaries texlive-common texlive-doc-base texlive-latex-base 0 upgraded, 10 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 29.3 MB of archives. After this operation, 74.5 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? I don't want to install the texlive packages. I've installed texlive manually from http://www.tug.org/texlive/. Any suggestions?

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• HTG Explains: Why Do Hard Drives Show the Wrong Capacity in Windows?

  - by Chris Hoffman

  If you’ve ever purchased a computer with a hard disk capacity of 500 GB and opened Windows Explorer only to find that its capacity looked more like 440 GB, you may be wondering where all those gigabytes went. There are several reasons Windows could display the wrong amount of available space, from invisible shadow files, formatting overhead, and hidden recovery partitions to misleading (though technically accurate) storage capacities advertised by hard drive manufacturers. Image Credit: Norlando Pobre HTG Explains: Why Do Hard Drives Show the Wrong Capacity in Windows? Java is Insecure and Awful, It’s Time to Disable It, and Here’s How What Are the Windows A: and B: Drives Used For?

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• Run fstrim from LiveCD

  - by CharlesW

  A few years ago I installed Ubuntu 10.04 with LVM + LUKS on a system with SSD, TRIM was not enabled. Now I want to install Ubuntu 12.04 on the same SSD. I have found a guide explaining how to enable TRIM on Ubuntu 12.04 with LVM + LUKS, but before installing the new system, I want to clean out all the "marked for deletion" data generated under Ubuntu 10.04, to make the disk fast as new. My plan is to boot a Ubuntu 12.04 LiveCD and create a new ext4 filesystem on the SSD, then mount the filesystem and run fstrim on it. After rebooting the LiveCD I will install the system as normal, and enable TRIM. Can anybody say if this will work?

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• Install unetbootin on Ubuntu 12.04

  - by Matteo

  I'm trying to install UNetbootin on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS. I downloaded the executable file from this link and followed the instructions below: If using Linux, make the file executable (using either the command chmod +x ./unetbootin-linux, or going to Properties-Permissions and checking "Execute"), then start the application, you will be prompted for your password to grant the application administrative rights, then the main dialog will appear, where you select a distribution and install target (USB Drive or Hard Disk), then reboot when prompted.\ So I typed on my terminal sudo chmod +x unetbootin-linux-584 and tried to execute the binary file with ./unetbootin-linux-584 but got this output: ./unetbootin-linux-584: error while loading shared libraries: libXrandr.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory However when I checked for libraries libXrandr on my system I actually found them $> locate libXrandr /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXrandr.so.2 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXrandr.so.2.2.0 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXrandr_ltsq.so.2 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXrandr_ltsq.so.2.2.0 so I really don't have a clue of what's the problem and how can I fix it, any ideas?

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• The Most Useful Bookmarklets to Enhance Your Browsing Experience

  - by Lori Kaufman

  Bookmarklets are JavaScript links you can place on your browser’s toolbar that add one-click functionality to the browser or webpage. They are free and help make repetitive tasks in your browser quicker and easier to perform. Use bookmarklets to add functionality to your browser, such as modifying the appearance of a webpage, extracting data from a webpage, and search for highlighted text in a search engine or online encyclopedia. We’ve collected some links to useful bookmarklets here to enhance your browsing experience. 7 Ways To Free Up Hard Disk Space On Windows HTG Explains: How System Restore Works in Windows HTG Explains: How Antivirus Software Works

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• Unity Dash to search only in Documents

  - by bioShark

  I have a document (LibreOffice Calc Spreadsheet) which is in my ~/Documents folder. However, I have the same file (older version of it) on a mounted drive. In the past few weeks I have opened the file from both my ~/Documents folder and from the mounted drive. However, the latest version is the one from ~/Documents. When I open the Dash and look in the documents lens, of course I will find my file twice there. One from the mounted disk and one from ~/Documents. But I don't know which one is which. So, my question is: How can I limit the document lens to look for documents only from my /home. Or to exclude mounted disks from the search. Thanks. I use Ubuntu 12.04.

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• Make Your Own Paper-Craft Enigma Machine [DIY Project]

  - by Asian Angel

  If you love tinkering around with ciphers and want a fun DIY project for the upcoming weekend, then we have just the thing for you. Using common household items you can construct your own personal Enigma machine that will be completely compatible with all the settings of a real Enigma machine (models I, M1, M2 and M3). Visit the second link below for the step-by-step instructions and enjoy putting together this awesome DIY project! PDF Templates for the Enigma Machine Note: This is a direct link for the PDF file itself and the templates are sized for printing on 2 A4 sheets of paper. Enigma/Paper Enigma Instruction Homepage [via BoingBoing] HTG Explains: What Is RSS and How Can I Benefit From Using It? HTG Explains: Why You Only Have to Wipe a Disk Once to Erase It HTG Explains: Learn How Websites Are Tracking You Online

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• Installation-Allocate drive space/Boot Loader

  - by user10134

  When I try to install Ubuntu 10.10 from the official livedisc I got in the mail, when I get to the "Allocate Disk Space" step I cannot get it to work. I shrank my win7 partition so I have unallocated space, then I tried using the space while it is formatted in NTFS, but the partitions will not show up in the box. /dev/sda is selected under boot loader, and I can't select anything else, but the partition box is blank so when I click "install ubuntu" it just says: "No root file system is defined. Please correct this from the partitioning menu." -I am trying to dual-boot win7 and ubuntu, but I was never asked in the install process whether I would like to install just ubuntu or dual-boot?

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• How to encrypt php folder under /var/www?

  - by sirchaos

  I need to encrypt the folder /var/www/test. The folder contains PHP files. The goal it to prevent any user to read the php content AND if the HD is mounted on another computer, the /var/www/test should be encrypted AND if computer booted up without any user logged I would like anyone to be able to access data in /var/www/tests. What is the correct approach for this? I've tried "ecryptfs-setup-private" as advised in How to encrypt /var/www? yet it didn't work for me. I've might missed something - I've tested the folders while booting with ubuntu 12.04 installation disk and mounted the drive, than I was able to access /var/www/test content.. yet this is what I want to prevent. The gnome-encfs isn't the way to go since its decryption happens when users logs on to the system & I would like the system to be working after power failure etc' without any one logged in. Please advice.

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• No root file system - Alternate CD + LVM

  - by Carlos

  I am trying to install 11.10 as dual boot with Windows 7. I have all partitioned well as you can see here: http://www.flickr.com/photos/42897978@N00/7111180385/ I burned the Alternate CD ISO to a CD. Boot from it and followed instructions to Partitioning. There, I configured the LVM partitions as follows: Volume Group ubuntu-vg - Uses Physical Volume /dev/sda7 380GB - Provides Logical Volume home-lv 60GB - Provides Logical Volume root-lv 60GB - Provides Logical Volume swap-lv 6GB That is all I want (note that my /boot is outside of LVM) Then when I say that all is Ok and to write it to disk and continue with the installation, I get the following error. !! Partition Disks No root file system No root file system is defined Please correct this from the partitioning menu. What should I fix and how? I tried issuing the "Revert changes to partitions", but nothing happens. It seems that the LVM configuration has already been written to the CD. HELP!!

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• Need Help Unable to Mount Location

  - by Don't ASk Ubun

  I am not able to start Windows and am using a DVD copy of Ubuntu to start up. I see my 750 GB Hard Disk, but if I click it i get this error: Error mounting: mount exited with exit code 13: ntfs_attr_pread_i: ntfs_pread failed: Input/output error Failed to read NTFS $Bitmap: Input/output error NTFS is either inconsistent, or there is a hardware fault, or it's a SoftRAID/FakeRAID hardware. In the first case run chkdsk /f on Windows then reboot into Windows twice. The usage of the /f parameter is very important! If the device is a SoftRAID/FakeRAID then first activate it and mount a different device under the /dev/mapper/ directory, (e.g. /dev/mapper/nvidia_eahaabcc1). Please see the 'dmraid' documentation for more details. After googling for a while I think I need to do sudo apt-get install ntfsprogs but when I try that: E: Package 'ntfsprogs' has no installation candidate My problem is a lot like this thread

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• How can I copy/paste files via RDP in Kubuntu?

  - by Dai

  I recently installed the latest Kubuntu (x64) on my work machine as I am trying to migrate away from Windows. Unfortunately I use RDP very frequently to connect to customer's servers and need to be able to copy files across. I have tried the following packages with no luck: remmina rdesktop xfreerdp My latest attempt to solve this involved connecting one of my folders to the remote server, here is the command I used to launch rdesktop: rdesktop -5 -K -r disk:home=/home/dai -r clipboard:CLIPBOARD -r sound:off -x l -P 192.168.0.2 -u "administrator" -p pass The servers are not all running the same version of Windows, the one I've been trying so far is running Server 2003 R2. Customer servers range from Server 2000 to Server 2008. I've been Googling this like mad but all the solutions I find seem to fail, maybe because almost all the help out there assumes that I'm running Gnome. Sorry if this is a stupid question. Thanks in advance for your help. Edit: Copying and pasting text seems to work just fine, but that's not what I need.

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• Disable suspend / hibernate via the policykit

  - by redonath

  I am trying to run Lubuntu 12.04, but if the computer suspends I am unable to bootup again. Instead I see the bios post, the hard disk light flickers once and I have to install again (I have tried to re-install grub2). I am new to Linux and what I found that best answered my question was posted by James Henstridge. The instructions say to create disable-shutdown.pkla in etc/polkit-1/50-local.d/ but this directory does not exist, so do I create a folder titled 50-local.d in poolkit-1 or do I have to place this file elsewhere?

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• Unable to Install GRUB in /dev/sda on raid drives

  - by Henry

  I'm trying to install 12.04LTS on a server but keep running into the unable to install grub error like so "Unable to Install GRUB in /dev/sda". The drives are in raid1 and I'm using fakeraid on a supermicro motherboard, which according to the manual is fully supported. I've tried installing both from USB and CD-R but still no luck. I'm not dual booting with any other OS, just using 2x320gb drives and have been choosing to install using the entire disk. Any ideas what I'm doing wrong or can do to fix this? Thanks

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• Can I remove "Free space" text from the Nautilus status bar?

  - by DisgruntledGoat

  I want to remove the part in Nautilus that shows free disk space. In theory it may useful but it's so badly designed, every time I select some files my eye gets drawn to "15 GB" instead of the actual size of the files. And with no files selected, it says something like "24 items, Free space 15GB" which at a quick glance looks like the total size of the files. I've looked through the preferences and don't see anything. I'm using Ubuntu 10.10 with Nautilus 2.32.0.

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• I dont know how to run e2fsck or fsck and what are their differences

  - by Salvador

  My Kern.log file advise me to run e2fsck. Aug 30 14:10:11 ubuntu kernel: [ 122.378292] EXT4-fs (sda11): warning: maximal mount count reached, running e2fsck is recommended Aug 30 14:10:11 ubuntu kernel: [ 122.387488] EXT4-fs (sda11): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) /dev/sda11 is not mounted within my current OS (Ubuntu 10.04) I have known that e2fsck is a dangerous command when running against the root partition which is at the same hard disk as sda11. I would trust in this solution better than others: Can I run fsck or e2fsck when Linux file system is mounted?

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• Limited resource practice problems?

  - by Mark

  I'm applying for some big companies and the areas I seem to be getting burned on is problems involving limited memory, disk-space or throughput. These large companies process GBs of data every second (or more), and they need efficient ways of managing all that data. I have no experience with this as none of the projects I have worked on have grown that large. Is there a good place to learn about or practice these sorts of problems? Most of the practice-problem sites I've encountered only have problems where you have to solve something efficiently (usually involving prime numbers) but none of them limit your resources.

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• Visit the Museum of Endangered Sounds for a Bit of Nostalgic Sound-Based Fun

  - by Asian Angel

  Are you ready for a trip down memory lane? Then you will definitely want to visit the Museum of Endangered Sounds where you can have fun listening to the classic sounds of yesteryear! Enjoy listening to the sound of dial-up, the login sound of Windows 95, that classic Nokia ringtone, and more at the Museum. Click on a picture to play the sound, then click on the picture again to stop it. The sounds will continue to play until you click on the chosen picture… Museum of Endangered Sounds [via Neatorama] Browse on over to another of our ETC posts for more nostalgic sound fun: Hack Your Kindle for Easy Font Customization HTG Explains: What Is RSS and How Can I Benefit From Using It? HTG Explains: Why You Only Have to Wipe a Disk Once to Erase It

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• CodePlex Daily Summary for Wednesday, December 12, 2012

  CodePlex Daily Summary for Wednesday, December 12, 2012Popular ReleasesTorrents-List Organizer: Torrents-list organizer v 0.5.0.3: ????????? ? 0.5.0.3: 1) ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???-??????? ? ???????-??????. 2) ? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????: ???? ?? ??????-???? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????, ?? ? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????, ? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????.Fiskalizacija za developere: FiskalizacijaDev 2.0: Prva prava produkcijska verzija - Zakon je tu, ova je verzija uskladena sa trenutno važecom Tehnickom specifikacijom (v1.2. od 04.12.2012.) i spremna je za produkcijsko korištenje. Verzije iza ove ce ovisiti o naknadnim izmjenama Zakona i/ili Tehnicke specifikacije, odnosno, o eventualnim greškama u radu/zahtjevima community-a za novim feature-ima. Novosti u v2.0 su: - That assembly does not allow partially trusted callers (http://fiskalizacija.codeplex.com/workitem/699) - scheme IznosType...Simple Injector: Simple Injector v1.6.1: This patch release fixes a bug in the integration libraries that disallowed the application to start when .NET 4.5 was not installed on the machine (but only .NET 4.0). The following packages are affected: SimpleInjector.Integration.Web.dll SimpleInjector.Integration.Web.Mvc.dll SimpleInjector.Integration.Wcf.dll SimpleInjector.Extensions.LifetimeScoping.dllBootstrap Helpers: Version 1: First releasesheetengine - Isometric HTML5 JavaScript Display Engine: sheetengine v1.2.0: Main featuresOptimizations for intersectionsThe main purpose of this release was to further optimize rendering performance by skipping object intersections with other sheets. From now by default an object's sheets will only intersect its own sheets and never other static or dynamic sheets. This is the usual scenario since objects will never bump into other sheets when using collision detection. DocumentationMany of you have been asking for proper documentation, so here it goes. Check out the...MySqlBackup.NET - MySQL Backup Solution for C#, VB.NET, ASP.NET: MySqlBackup.NET 1.5.5 beta: Fix Bug: max_allowed_packet is modified to 1GB, but does not take effect in import & export process. This bug is fixed by re-initialize the MySqlConnection. Modified max_allowed_packet will only take effect on new connection, not on current connection.DirectX Tool Kit: December 11, 2012: December 11, 2012 Ex versions of DDSTextureLoader and WICTextureLoader Removed use of ATL's CComPtr in favor of WRL's ComPtr for all platforms to support VS Express editions Updated VS 2010 project for official 'property sheet' integration for Windows 8.0 SDK Minor fix to CommonStates for Feature Level 9.1 Tweaked AlphaTestEffect.cpp to work around ARM NEON compiler codegen bug Added dxguid.lib as a default library for Debug builds to resolve GUID link issuesDirectXTex texture processing library: December 2012: December 11, 2012 Ex versions of CreateTexture, CreateShaderResourceView, DDSTextureLoader and WICTextureLoader Fixed BC2 and BC3 decompression issue for unusual color encoding case Converted annotation to SAL2 for improved VS 2012 /analyze experience Updated DirectXTex, DDSView, and Texconv with VS 2010 + Windows 8.0 SDK project using official 'property sheets'ArcGIS Editor for OpenStreetMap: ArcGIS Editor for OSM 2.1 Final for 10.1: We are proud to announce the release of ArcGIS Editor for OpenStreetMap version 2.1. This download is compatible with ArcGIS 10.1, and includes setups for the Desktop Component, Desktop Component when 64 bit Background Geoprocessing is installed, and the Server Component. Important: if you already have ArcGIS Editor for OSM installed but want to install this new version, you will need to uninstall your previous version and then install this one. This release includes support for the ArcGIS 1...Ad Rotator for Windows & Windows Phone: AdRotator v1.3 Silverlight: Note now also available via NuGet for both WP7 and WP8 v 1.3 Changelog: *Updated Ad Providers to Latest releases, inc: - Inneractive (new Nokia release) - Updated WP Smaato - MS Ad SDK Changed Caching strategy to always grab from network unless unavailable Pubcenter (Suspend/Resume) feature added Pubcenter "Active" fix option Cleaned up some threaded calls Other minor fixes For usage details check out the following tutorial blog post - http://bit.ly/S5CD4T *Note Included bin...SharpCompress - a fully native C# library for RAR, 7Zip, Zip, Tar, GZip, BZip2: SharpCompress 0.8.2: This release just contains some fixes that have been done since the last release. Plus, this is strong named as well. I apologize for the lack of updates but my free time is less these days.Media Companion: MediaCompanion3.511b release: Two more bug fixes: - General Preferences were not getting restored - Fanart and poster image files were being locked, preventing changes to themVodigi Open Source Interactive Digital Signage: Vodigi Release 5.5: The following enhancements and fixes are included in Vodigi 5.5. Vodigi Administrator - Manage Music Files - Add Music Files to Image Slide Shows - Manage System Messages - Display System Messages to Users During Login - Ported to Visual Studio 2012 and MVC 4 - Added New Vodigi Administrator User Guide Vodigi Player - Improved Login/Schedule Startup Procedure - Startup Using Last Known Schedule when Disconnected on Startup - Improved Check for Schedule Changes - Now Every 15 Minutes - Pla...Secretary Tool: Secretary Tool v1.1.0: I'm still considering this version a beta version because, while it seems to work well for me, I haven't received any feedback and I certainly don't want anyone relying solely on this tool for calculations and such until its correct functioning is verified by someone. This version includes several bug fixes, including a rather major one with Emergency Contact Information not saving. Also, reporting is completed. There may be some tweaking to the reporting engine, but it is good enough to rel...VidCoder: 1.4.10 Beta: Added progress percent to the title bar/task bar icon. Added MPLS information to Blu-ray titles. Fixed the following display issues in Windows 8: Uncentered text in textbox controls Disabled controls not having gray text making them hard to identify as disabled Drop-down menus having hard-to distinguish white on light-blue text Added more logging to proxy disconnect issues and increased timeout on initial call to help prevent timeouts. Fixed encoding window showing the built-in pre...WPF Application Framework (WAF): WPF Application Framework (WAF) 2.5.0.400: Version 2.5.0.400 (Release): This release contains the source code of the WPF Application Framework (WAF) and the sample applications. Requirements .NET Framework 4.0 (The package contains a solution file for Visual Studio 2010) The unit test projects require Visual Studio 2010 Professional Changelog Legend: [B] Breaking change; [O] Marked member as obsolete Update the documentation. InfoMan: Write the documentation. Other Downloads Downloads OverviewHome Access Plus+: v8.5: v8.5.1211.1240 Fixed: changed to using the thumbnailPhoto attribute instead of jpegPhoto v8.5.1208.1500 This is a point release, for the other parts of HAP+ see the v8.3 release. Fixed: #me#me issue with the Edit Profile Link Updated: 8.5.1208 release Updated: Documentation with hidden booking system feature Added: Room Drop Down to the Booking System (no control panel interface), can be Resource Specific Fixed: Recursive AD Group Membership Lookup Fixed: User.IsInRole with recursive lookup...Http Explorer: httpExplorer-1.1: httpExplorer now has the ability to connect to http server via web proxies. The proxy may be explicitly specified by hostname or IP address. Or it may be specified via the Internet Options settings of Windows. You may also specify credentials to pass to the proxy if the proxy requires them. These credentials may be NTLM or basic authentication (clear text username and password).Bee OPOA Platform: Bee OPOA Demo V1.0.001: Initial version.Microsoft Ajax Minifier: Microsoft Ajax Minifier 4.78: Fix for issue #18924 - using -pretty option left in ///#DEBUG blocks. Fix for issue #18980 - bad += optimization caused bug in resulting code. Optimization has been removed pending further review.New ProjectsBattle of Colors: Vacation project. Summary.blockme: This is a Blog using C#, ASP.Net MVC3 & RazorCoevery for Windows Phone: Coevery for Windows Phone is a free CRM Windows Phone application developed by Nova Software which is a .NET focused software development company.DNN Flash Viewer: Simple module for displaying flash content within a DNN pane.DonablRow Line Follower Simulator: This Application helps you to find the best Algorithm for your line follower robot.ExcelMerge: Merge microsoft excel file to a single.FCMGAAI: project ini merupakan implementasi algoritma fuzzy Cmeans dengan optimasi algoritma genetikaLIRC#: LIRC# is a simple client library to allow a .NET application to interact with an LIRC server to control or be controlled by IR devices.Managed Media Aggregation: Allowing developers to aggregate media from Rtsp sources over Rtsp without degrading the source bandwidth. Agnostic of Video or Audio format. Decodes Jpeg / RTPMarket Data Server: Local database server with quotes and trade-related data associated with equity, fixed-income, financial derivatives, currency, and other investment instrumentsproject13251212: papproject13271212: paPutovanje: Android aplikacija napisana za Mtel android ligu 2Questionario dinâmico: Questionario dinâmico para fins de estudos.Rasoulian: my RepoSharepoint Blog Archive Web Part: This Web Part is an alternative of the standart SharePoint Blog Site Archives Web Part. It's based on SharePoint 2010 Blog Site Archives Web Part by Bandar AlSimpleSocket for Windows Phone: SimpleSocket for Windows Phone is a super simple to use wrap around the built in socket framework that makes using socket connections incredibly easy and fast.

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• Recover files from a SATA drive from USB

  - by Shane

  I've damaged the drive I had in my windows laptop and now I want to try to recover as many files as possible. I know very little about linux though. I have Ubuntu 10.04. I have a docking station for the drive and it is connected to my linux machine. The drive appears in disk utility. Unfortunately, this is where I have no idea where to proceed. Any help is appreciated and I can provide more info if needed.

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• Ubuntu Server 12 HD full

  - by julio

  I have a server with Ubuntu Server 12, today it stops some services and I found some comments about full disk, so I made a df -h S.files Size Used Disp Use% /dev/mapper/ubuntu-root 455G 434G 0 100% / udev 1,7G 4,0K 1,7G 1% /dev tmpfs 689M 4,2M 685M 1% /run none 5,0M 0 5,0M 0% /run/lock none 1,7G 0 1,7G 0% /run/shm /dev/sda1 228M 51M 166M 24% /boot overflow 1,0M 0 1,0M 0% /tmp Then I tried to delete some files but I made it from a windows remote computer just right clic and "delete" option on files, but HD still full. Is in Ubuntu Server any Trash file or what could be happeing?

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• Anatomy of a .NET Assembly - CLR metadata 2

  - by Simon Cooper

  Before we look any further at the CLR metadata, we need a quick diversion to understand how the metadata is actually stored. Encoding table information As an example, we'll have a look at a row in the TypeDef table. According to the spec, each TypeDef consists of the following: Flags specifying various properties of the class, including visibility. The name of the type. The namespace of the type. What type this type extends. The field list of this type. The method list of this type. How is all this data actually represented? Offset & RID encoding Most assemblies don't need to use a 4 byte value to specify heap offsets and RIDs everywhere, however we can't hard-code every offset and RID to be 2 bytes long as there could conceivably be more than 65535 items in a heap or more than 65535 fields or types defined in an assembly. So heap offsets and RIDs are only represented in the full 4 bytes if it is required; in the header information at the top of the #~ stream are 3 bits indicating if the #Strings, #GUID, or #Blob heaps use 2 or 4 bytes (the #US stream is not accessed from metadata), and the rowcount of each table. If the rowcount for a particular table is greater than 65535 then all RIDs referencing that table throughout the metadata use 4 bytes, else only 2 bytes are used. Coded tokens Not every field in a table row references a single predefined table. For example, in the TypeDef extends field, a type can extend another TypeDef (a type in the same assembly), a TypeRef (a type in a different assembly), or a TypeSpec (an instantiation of a generic type). A token would have to be used to let us specify the table along with the RID. Tokens are always 4 bytes long; again, this is rather wasteful of space. Cutting the RID down to 2 bytes would make each token 3 bytes long, which isn't really an optimum size for computers to read from memory or disk. However, every use of a token in the metadata tables can only point to a limited subset of the metadata tables. For the extends field, we only need to be able to specify one of 3 tables, which we can do using 2 bits: 0x0: TypeDef 0x1: TypeRef 0x2: TypeSpec We could therefore compress the 4-byte token that would otherwise be needed into a coded token of type TypeDefOrRef. For each type of coded token, the least significant bits encode the table the token points to, and the rest of the bits encode the RID within that table. We can work out whether each type of coded token needs 2 or 4 bytes to represent it by working out whether the maximum RID of every table that the coded token type can point to will fit in the space available. The space available for the RID depends on the type of coded token; a TypeOrMethodDef coded token only needs 1 bit to specify the table, leaving 15 bits available for the RID before a 4-byte representation is needed, whereas a HasCustomAttribute coded token can point to one of 18 different tables, and so needs 5 bits to specify the table, only leaving 11 bits for the RID before 4 bytes are needed to represent that coded token type. For example, a 2-byte TypeDefOrRef coded token with the value 0x0321 has the following bit pattern: 0 3 2 1 0000 0011 0010 0001 The first two bits specify the table - TypeRef; the other bits specify the RID. Because we've used the first two bits, we've got to shift everything along two bits: 000000 1100 1000 This gives us a RID of 0xc8. If any one of the TypeDef, TypeRef or TypeSpec tables had more than 16383 rows (2^14 - 1), then 4 bytes would need to be used to represent all TypeDefOrRef coded tokens throughout the metadata tables. Lists The third representation we need to consider is 1-to-many references; each TypeDef refers to a list of FieldDef and MethodDef belonging to that type. If we were to specify every FieldDef and MethodDef individually then each TypeDef would be very large and a variable size, which isn't ideal. There is a way of specifying a list of references without explicitly specifying every item; if we order the MethodDef and FieldDef tables by the owning type, then the field list and method list in a TypeDef only have to be a single RID pointing at the first FieldDef or MethodDef belonging to that type; the end of the list can be inferred by the field list and method list RIDs of the next row in the TypeDef table. Going back to the TypeDef If we have a look back at the definition of a TypeDef, we end up with the following reprensentation for each row: Flags - always 4 bytes Name - a #Strings heap offset. Namespace - a #Strings heap offset. Extends - a TypeDefOrRef coded token. FieldList - a single RID to the FieldDef table. MethodList - a single RID to the MethodDef table. So, depending on the number of entries in the heaps and tables within the assembly, the rows in the TypeDef table can be as small as 14 bytes, or as large as 24 bytes. Now we've had a look at how information is encoded within the metadata tables, in the next post we can see how they are arranged on disk.

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• Crashes while playing Mp3 songs

  - by sid

  I have Downloaded and Installed Ubuntu last month while downloading codecs for playing Music and Video Formats my Laptop (Dell XPS) crashed. later i again started the system now the problems i face are 1) After Signing in as User/Admin the wallpaper loads while all other windows disappear no UI (task bar and dock) is displayed even after say 30 min. 2) I uninstalled and reinstalled Ubnutu hence there were no problems but when i play Music files the Laptop crashes and the same sequence as above follows this has happened for last 6 times. 3) Whenever the UI disaapears after logging in the Hard Disk starts to heat up and there is considerable increase in power usage of the system. where in the power drain is notable. Please suggest any changes or rectify the issue. Regards Sid

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• subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit code 1

  - by Laura quintero

  I had installed snort on ubuntu 11.04 and uninstall it because I had problems, to reinstall it leaves a problem: Reading package lists ... done Building dependency tree Reading state information ... done Calculating upgrade ... ready 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. 1 not fully installed or removed. 0 B will be used for additional disk space after this operation. Do you want to continue [S / n]? s Configuring snort (2.8.5.2-9.1) ... * Stopping Network Intrusion Detection System snort * - No running snort instance found * Starting Network Intrusion Detection System snort [fail] invoke-rc.d: initscript snort, action "start" failed. dpkg: error processing snort (- configure): subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit code 1 Errors were encountered while processing: snort E: Sub-process / usr / bin / dpkg Returned an error code (1) any solution? Commands allready used apt-get clean apt-get remove snort sudo apt-get dist-upgrade dpkg - remove - force-remove-reinstreq snort and nothing.

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• Wubi 12.04 installation error executing command command

  - by Erik Lau

  I have tried to install wubi but have not had luck because there is an error executing command: command=C:\Users\Me\AppData\Local\Temp\pyl4266.tmp\bin\resize2fs.exe-f C:\ubuntu\disks\root.disk 17744M retval=1 stderr= stdout=resize2fs1.40.6 (09-Feb-2008) Usage: /cygdrive/c/Users/Eriks/AppData/Local/Temp/pyl4266.tmp/bin/resize2fs.exe-f C:/unbuntu/disks.root.disk17744M [-d debug_flags][-f][-F][-p] device[new_size] I do not understand what is the problem. Here is my log file. https://skydrive.live.com/redir?resid=B4F19CA027FFAD89!324 Please let me know what can be done to fix this error.

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