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  • Where is the root

    - by smwikipedia
    I read the manual page of the "mount" command, at it reads as below: All files accessible in a Unix system are arranged in one big tree, the file hierarchy, rooted at /. These files can be spread out over several devices. The mount command serves to attach the file system found on some device to the big file tree. My question is: Where is this "big tree" located?

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  • php extensions & apache mods gone/not working after server restart?

    - by user1782359
    I was wondering if anyone has ever come across this before, as I'm pretty stumped to be honest, and my server admin knowledge isn't particular good so I'm not sure what could even be wrong, let alone how to fix it. Basically, Thursday last week everything was fine on our server. I come in on Friday and it's a mess: php extensions are missing/not working, apache modules are gone. (e.g. oci_* was gone completely, odbc_ not working but still there, the apache ntlm_auth for single sign on was gone and so the website wasn't even loading in IE). I'm ruling out anything deliberate because it's just incredibly unlikely. The only thing that really happened between thursday & friday is that on thursday evening one of the network guys did a RAM upgrade on the server and restarted it. That's it, nothing else. Now I'm wondering if somehow those extensions and such which we installed months ago were somehow only saved in a local memory of sorts, and a restart has wiped them? But we installed them all as root, so I don't see why it should be any different from installing anything else. It makes little/no sense to me. To expand on an example of something that's gone very wrong, the php odbc_ extension: It's still on the server, it doesn't return undefined function or anything. But it just cannot connect to the datasource any more. I've tested it through the command line and it's working perfectly fine with that datasource and login details, but all of a sudden having it in the php odbc_connect() function and it just can't connect. ( [S1000][unixODBC][FreeTDS][SQL Server]Unable to connect to data source. ) But unixODBC is set up fine. Like I say i've tested it all through the terminal and it can connect, and we've not changed anything, it's just now all of a sudden not working through the PHP function. Anyone have any ideas whatsoever as to what could be going on? This is on CentOS 5.x by the way.

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  • QNAP (469L) with Debian: can't connect to router

    - by agtoever
    I've been running my QNAP 469L with Debian (Wheezy deb7u3) for a few months. Yesterday I upgraded the memory to 4 GB. The system boots fine, but since the upgrade, I'm not able to connect the server to my router (a TP-Link WR941ND). My configuration: The router runs a DHCP server (192.168.67.100 and up), with a preconfigured ip address for the QNAP (192.168.67.10). The router is on 192.168.67.1. As said, Debian is installed on the QNAP (which can be regarded as a normal computer). Networking hardware on the QNAP: Intel PRO/1000 Network Connection using the e1000e kernel module. This is what I have tried so far: Replace the network cable (tried 3 different cables on different router ports). Check for messages from the kernel: dmesg | grep eth. Besides the normal hardware messages I get a ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready for each call to ifup. Manually restart the network sudo server networking restart Check sudo ifconfig (eth0 is up, but no ip addresses). Check the /etc/network/interfaces which has (besides the loopback device) an allow-hotplug eth0 and iface eth0 inet dhcp, which is afaik the default Debian configuration. Since the server has two ethernet ports, I checked if I'm using the right port (checked the hardware address that ifconfig reports for eth0 is the same as the hardware address that is in the preconfigured ip address for the server in the router. Do a manual sudo ifdown eth0 && sudo ifup eth0 with no results (but an extra ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready in the kernel log) Do a dhcp request dhclient -v eth0: for about a minute requests are send (according to the terminal) and at the end I get a No DHCPOFFERS received. No working leases in persistent database - sleeping.. Check the router system log if DHCP requests are received. I see them for some devices (my Mac, my iPhone) but not from the QNAP. The log entry looks like: DHCPS:Recv REQUEST from 84:85:06:07:75:6A and then a DHCPS:Send ACK to 192.168.67.101. There are no records from the QNAP's hardware address. So the two error messages that I do get are: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready for every ifup and No DHCPOFFERS received. No working leases in persistent database - sleeping. for every DHCP call.

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  • Setting up a transparent proxy with only one box.

    - by Scott Chamberlain
    I am playing around with transparent proxies, unfortunately I do not have two machines to test it out with. The current way I am doing things is the program makes a request to a computer on port 80, I use iptables -t nat -A OUTPUT -p tcp --destination-port 80 -j REDIRECT --to-port 1234 to redirect to my proxy that I am playing with. the proxy will send out a request to port 81 (as all outbound port 80 are being fed back in to the proxy so I want to do something like iptables -t nat -A OUTPUT -p tcp --destination-port 81 -j DNAT --to-destination xxxx:80 The problem lies with the xxxx part. How do I change the destination port without changing changing the destination ip? Or am I doing this setup completely wrong, I am learning after all and constructive criticism is definitely appreciated. The machine I am using is pretty low end so I would like not not have to create a VM with a second box unless absolutely necessary.

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  • can't run binaries or shell scripts

    - by hyperboreean
    I am running Debian testing and I am not able to run any binary or shell script. I keep getting "No such file or directory". The umask is the default one and I haven't fooled around with the paths. Also, I am aware of this question, but it doesn't work out for me - I compiled my code on this machine and trying to run it on the same machine. Also, all of my shell scripts have the correct shebang. Any advices?

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  • Sendmail: Use SMART_HOST for local mail

    - by bradlis7
    We are running an outbound SPAM filter, and we'd like to be able to have the mail sent through that filter, even when it's to a local user. Is there a way to force sendmail to use the SMART_HOST, even when it is going to be delivered locally?

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  • is there a way to run a command before puppet implements a change?

    - by Patrick
    I want to have puppet run a specific command before performing any type of change. I am aware of the prerun_command option in the main puppet.conf, but this is not what I'm looking for. I want the command to only run if something is about to change, not on every puppet run. Here's the scenario. Let's say I have a bunch of web servers behind a load balancer. I then want puppet to update the web site files. But in order to prevent issues where some files have been updated, but other files haven't, and the mixed versions causing problems, I want to take the server out of the load balancer pool. I could write a script which when run will tell the load balancer to remove the box from the pool. Then puppet can do the change, and use postrun_command to put the box back in the pool once complete. But I need a way to run that script to remove the server from the pool. The only solution I can think of is to keep 2 copies of the files on the box. One a staging copy, and when puppet updates that, use a notify action to trigger the removal script, and then copy from staging into the live location. But I was hoping for something a little more generic that would work on any change being performed (upgrading a package, restarting a service, creating a user, anything).

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  • CSF Unresolved issue

    - by josephmarhee
    I began receiving service failures for CSF/LFD once the limit was reached in iptables preventing the service from working properly. I flushed all iptables rules, and redid by rules using CIDR rather than the individual IPs that were listed and the issue persists. Error: The VPS iptables rule limit (numiptent) is too low (1527/1536) - stopping firewall to prevent iptables blocking all connections, at line 1459 This is after restarting CSF, which gave me: You have an unresolved error when starting csf. You need to restart csf successfully to remove this warning CSF still seems to be trying to enforce rules that no longer exists (lists entire chains upon trying to be restarted,only to fail with that error). Any idea of what's going on?

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  • Why doesn't the value in /proc/meminfo seem to map exactly to the system RAM?

    - by Eric Asberry
    The values in /proc/meminfo for MemTotal don't make sense. As a human, eyeballing it, it seems to roughly correspond to the installed RAM, but for using it to display the installed RAM from an automated utility it appears to be inexact, and inconsistent. For a system with 1G of RAM, I would expect the MemTotal line to have a value of 1048576 - 1024*1024. But instead, I'm seeing 1029392. On another 4G box, I'm seeing 3870172, which is not a multiple of 1024, and it's not even close to 1029392*4. On an 8G box, I get 8128204, which again seems to have no correlation to the other values, nor is it a multiple of 1024. I'm trying to use this information to report the RAM on a status web page. My work-around is to just "round" it to the nearest 1G multiple, but I'd like to understand why these values seem inconsistent and don't match my expectations. Can somebody fill me in on what I'm missing here? EDIT: To expand on the accepted answer below.... The reference can be found here. Also of interest to me from that page, which explains the inconsistency, is this bit: meminfo: Provides information about distribution and utilization of memory. This varies by architecture and compile options. ...

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  • SDcard /dev/sdb2 is apparently in use by the system; will not make a filesystem here

    - by user171223
    I divided my sdcard into 2 partitions, but It got an error and couldn't create a new partition. Error: /dev/sdb2 is apparently in use by the system; will not make a filesystem here! My /dev/sdb was not mounted, and the output of command lsblk was: cxphong@cxphong:~/Desktop$ lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk +-sda1 8:1 0 118.8G 0 part +-sda2 8:2 0 147.7G 0 part /media/DATA +-sda3 8:3 0 137.1G 0 part +-sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part +-sda5 8:5 0 1023M 0 part [SWAP] +-sda6 8:6 0 61.2G 0 part / sdb 8:16 1 3.7G 0 disk +-sdb1 8:17 1 70.6M 0 part +-sdb2 8:18 1 3.6G 0 part +-sdb1 (dm-0) 252:0 0 70.6M 0 part +-sdb2 (dm-1) 252:1 0 3.6G 0 part I couldn't delete /dev/sdb1 (dm-0) & /dev/sdb2 (dm-1). What are they?

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  • Why does everybody have the same MAC address as me?

    - by iblue
    I just bought some consumer-grade McCheap PCI-E NICs (and this was a bad idea). They both have the same MAC address. When I google it, it seems like every card of that company has the same address: 00:50:43:00:45:3e. Shouldn't they be unique? According to lspci it's a Marvell Technology Group Ltd. 88E8053 PCI-E Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 20). Is there a way to permanently flash a new address?

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  • E: Internal Error, Could not perform immediate configuration (2) on libattr1 ? in Ubuntu

    I am working with Ubuntu latest version. While installing via apt-get install i tried to abort that by pressing Ctrl+Z. It terminate successfully ;). But next time when i tried to use apt-get, i got some error "lock" and "temporally unavailable" something like that and **I unfortunately i delete the /var/lib/dkpg folder.** after that i cant install anything from apt-get, getting an error. E: Internal Error, Could not perform immediate configuration (2) on libattr1 so how can i solve this issue?

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  • How to set up a server without a hosting control panel

    - by A4J
    I have always used a control panel on my dedicated servers - from cPanel to Plesk to Virtualmin, and I am now considering ditching a CP altogether and manually editing config files. My requirements are fairly simple, I will host multiple sites on the server; some Apache with PHP & Mysql and some Passenger with Rails & Postgres. All will require email smtp/pop. FTP/Stats will not be required. Could someone please give me a quick run-down of what I would need to do - in terms of installing software and configuration? My server will come with a base install of CentOS 6.4 minimal. My thoughts so far: Install/update latest versions of MySQL & Postgres (are they 'safe' out of the box? Or do I need to do anything else like set up root passwords etc?) Install Apache & PHP (again, are the base installs good to go or do they require security tweaks?) Set up nameservers/hostnames/reverse DNS etc (Any guides on how to do this please?) Install Rubygems Install and configure Dovecot and Postfix (any tips on doing this? Or links to how-tos that cover it please?) Set up each website - any links to guides on how to do this? Install/configure firewall (or is the default install good to go?) Any other tips or advice would be greatly appreciated, as would links to guides or how-tos.

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  • can i use an ip-list include file for iptable blacklisting

    - by rubo77
    I would like to block all countries except mine in iptables, that is a lits with about 100.000 Entries. how can i define this blacklistfile in a script, so iptables blocks all those ip-ranges? maybe i can use http://www.ipdeny.com/ipblocks/data/countries/ that provides lists in the form 117.55.192.0/20 117.104.224.0/21 119.59.80.0/21 121.100.48.0/21 ... i want to be able to change the blacklistfile easily without having to change the iptables-script

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  • Hardware recommendations for building an Ubuntu encrypted file server

    - by Robert Mashlan
    I would like to build a file server for my home network using Ubuntu. It will serve files from RAID1 configured disks, either in the OS or in hardware. It will be connected to a Gigabit ethernet LAN. The disks will use an encrypted file system. It will serve samba shares. I would like a recommendation on what kind of processing power/memory I would need to build a box that would be able to sustain the full capacity of the Gigabit ethernet connection in a file transfer for a single connection with the overhead of serving from an encrypted disk. I'm not looking to build a dream server, I just want enough processing capacity for high performance (and reliable) file sharing and spend as little as possible for it. This may be tangential, but what kind of hardware would I need to have a server be able to reliably go into a low power mode when no requests are being made of it?

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  • OpenSSH (Windows) does not forward X11

    - by Shulhi Sapli
    I'm running Ubuntu 13.04 in VM and I wanted to do X11 forwarding to my host (Win 8), so far it works fine using PuTTY and XMing server for Windows. But I am curious why it doesn't work if I use OpenSSH binaries (it comes together with Git for windows). This is what I've done so far: ssh -X [email protected] (also tried with -Y) then gedit but received error of Cannot open display. echo $DISPLAY came out as empty. So, I try to export DISPLAY=localhost:0.0 but it still won't work. The DISPLAY environment that I set is exactly as when it runs with Putty. I also try changing the DISPLAY to 192.168.2.3:0.0 and other display number as well, but still it won't work. Of course I could just use Putty to make it work, but I was wondering why OpenSSH binaries does not work. I have enabled all settings required in both /etc/ssh/ssh_config and /etc/ssh/sshd_config. If I run with -v option, this is what I get F:\SkyDrive\Projects> ssh -X -v [email protected] OpenSSH_4.6p1, OpenSSL 0.9.8e 23 Feb 2007 debug1: Connecting to 192.168.2.3 [192.168.2.3] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /c/Users/Shulhi/.ssh/identity type -1 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Shulhi/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Shulhi/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_6.1p1 Debian-4 debug1: match: OpenSSH_6.1p1 Debian-4 pat OpenSSH* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_4.6 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-cbc hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-cbc hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY debug1: Host '192.168.2.3' is known and matches the RSA host key. debug1: Found key in /c/Users/Shulhi/.ssh/known_hosts:2 debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /c/Users/Shulhi/.ssh/identity debug1: Trying private key: /c/Users/Shulhi/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Next authentication method: password [email protected]'s password: It seems that there is no request for X11 (I'm not sure if there is should be one too here). Any pointers why it doesn't work?

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  • How do you get autofs and updatedb to work together?

    - by Veek.M
    /etc/my.misc sda1 -fstype=ntfs,user,exec :/dev/sda1 sda3 -fstype=ntfs,user,exec :/dev/sda3 sda4 -fstype=ntfs,user,exec :/dev/sda4 /etc/auto.master /my /etc/my.misc --ghost When I run locate .pdf, I get nothing because though the mount points (sda1, sda2, ..) are created in /my - there's nothing in them till I access them. Unfortunately this is not good enough for updatedb and it purges its cache of /my/sdaX files. How do I prevent/solve this problem?

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  • How to find the process(es) which are hogging the machine

    - by Aaron Digulla
    Scenario: All of a sudden, my computer feels sluggish. Mouse moves but windows take ages to open, etc. uptime says the load is 7.69 and raising. What is the fastest way to find out which process(es) are the cause of the load? Now, "top" and similar tools isn't the answer because they either show CPU or memory usage but not both at the same time. What I need is the single command which I might be able to type as it happens - something that will figure out any of System is trying to swap 8GB of RAM to disk because process X ... or process X seeks all over the disk or process X uses 400% CPU" So what I'm looking for is iostat, htop/atop and similar tools run into one with an output like this: 1235 cp - Disk trashing 87 chrome - Uses 2&nbsp;GB of RAM 137 nfs_bench - Uses 95% of the network bandwidth I don't want a tool that gives me some numbers which I can analyze but a tool that tells me exactly which process causes the current load. Assume that the user in front of the keyboard barely knows how to write "process", but the user is quickly overwhelmed when it comes to "resident size", "virtual memory" or "process life cycle". My argument goes like this: A user notices a problem. There can be thousands of reasons ... well, almost :-) The user wants to know the source of the problem. The current solutions give me lots of numbers, and I need to know what these numbers mean. What I'm looking for is a meta tool. 99% of the data is irrelevant to the problem. So what the tool should do is look for processes which hog some resource and list only those along with "this process needs a lot of CPU, this produces many IRQs, this process allocates a lot of RAM (and it's still growing)". This will be a relatively short list. It will be much more simple for someone new to this to locate the culprit from this list than from the output of, say, htop which gives me about 5000 numbers but requires me to fold multi-threaded processes myself (I have 50 lines which say VIRT 2750M but only 16 GB of RAM - the machine ought to swap itself to death but of course, this is a misinterpretation of the data that can happen quickly).

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  • Allow SFTP in iptables

    - by Kevin Orriss
    I have just purchased a VPS from linode and am going through the setup guide. I have everything running (apache2, php, mysql etc) but I am being denied access via SFTP when using fileZilla to upload a file. Now this is my second time installing the server as I missed a section out the first time. I was able to connect to my server through SFTP on filezilla the first time and the thing I missed out was adding a new user and editing the iptables in the firewall. So it would seem that the guide I have been following has blocked SFTP but allowed SSH. Here is the iptables file: *filter # Allow all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT ! -i lo -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accept all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allow all outbound traffic - you can modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allow HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites and SSL). -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # Allow SSH connections # # The -dport number should be the same port number you set in sshd_config # -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT # Log iptables denied calls -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT COMMIT All I would like is a line I need to put in there which allows SFTP over port 22. Thank you for reading this.

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  • Find command exclude files whose path match a certain pattern

    - by user40570
    I have a find command that looks for files that was modified recently and outputs the date find /path/on/server -mtime -1 -name '*.js' -exec ls -l {} \; I would like it to exclude any deeply nested folder that matches a certain pattern e.g. there are a number of folders that have a "statistics" directory and ".svn" directories. So i'd like to be able to say if the file that was modified yesterday is in a folder named statistics ignore it. Or perhaps not search for files in those folders at all.

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