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• How can I automatically synchronize a directory tree on multiple machines?

  - by Blacklight Shining

  I have two Mac laptops and a Debian server, each with a directory that I would like to keep in sync between the three. The solution should meet the following criteria (in rough order of importance): It must not use any third-party service (e.g. Dropbox, SugarSync, Google whatever). This does not include installing additional software (as long as it's free). It must not require me to use specific directories or change my way of storing things. (Dropbox does this IIRC) It must work in all directions (changes made on /any/ machine should be pushed to the others) All data sent must be encrypted (I have ssh keypairs set up already) It must work even when not all machines are available (changes should be pushed to a machine when it comes back online) It must work even when the /directories/ on some machines are not available (they may be stored on disk images which will not always be mounted) This can be solved for Macs by using launchd to automatically launch and kill (or in some way change the behavior of) whatever daemon is used for syncing when the images are mounted and unmounted. It must be immediate (using an event-based system, not a periodic one like cron) It must be flexible (if more machines are added, I should be able to incorporate them easily) I also have some preferences that I would like to be fulfilled, but do not have to be: It should notify me somehow if there are conflicts or other errors. It should recognize symbolic and hard links and create corresponding ones. It should allow me to create a list of exceptions (subdirectories which will not be synced at all). It should not require me to set up port forwarding or otherwise reconfigure a network. This can be solved by using an ssh tunnel with reverse port forwarding. If you have a solution that meets some, but not all of the criteria, please contribute it in the comments as it might be useful in some way, and it might be possible to meet some of the criteria separately. What I tried, and why it didn't work: rsync and lsyncd do not support bidirectional synchronization csync2 is designed for server clusters and does not appear to work with machines with dynamic IPs DRBD (suggested by amotzg) involves installing a kernel module and does not appear to work on systems running OS X

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• GPO startup script not copying files

  - by marcwenger

  I created a GPO startup script to execute for computers in a specific AD container. The script takes a file from the AD netlogon share and places it on a directory on the computer. Given the right permissions (ie: myself) can execute the script just fine and the file copies. But it doesn't work on startup - the file does not copy over from the AD server. The startup script should run as localsystem (am I right?). So the question is why do the files not copy on startup? Could it be because of: Is it permissions of the local system user? Reading the registry is problematic on startup? Obtaining files from the AD netlogon folder is problematic on startup? Am I missing it completely? My test machine does have the registry key and local directories as described in the script. I myself have standard user permissions on the test machine. AD server is Windows 2008, test client is Windows XP SP3 (and soon to be Windows 7, which I assume permissions issues will be inevitable) Dim wShell, fso, oraHome, tnsHome, key, srcDir Set wShell = WScript.CreateObject("WScript.Shell") Set fso = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject") key = "HKLM\Software\Oracle\Oracle_Home" On Error Resume Next orahome = wShell.RegRead(key) If err.Number = 0 Then tnsHome = oraHome + "\" + "network\admin\" srcDir = wShell.ExpandEnvironmentStrings("%logonserver%") + "\netlogon\UpdatedFiles\" fso.CopyFile srcDir + "file1.ext", tnsHome, true End If Side note: To ensure that the script is properly deployed, I purposely put some errors in the script, and on the next startup the error message appeared. So I know the GPO is deployed properly.

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• How to make a persistent acknowledgment in Icinga/Nagios?

  - by blerontin

  I am using Icinga (Nagios fork) to also monitor uptime of external hosts and services. Currently when looking at the "Critical" count I find it difficult to decide if an internal service is affected (I should take immediate action) or an external service (I just acknowledge the problem). Is there a way to keep a problem acknowledgement for future down-times of the checked host/service? Is there some way to auto-acknowledge the state change of external hosts/services?

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• How to reset folder permissions to its Ubuntu default in UBUNTU 9.10

  - by ashenafis

  I recently typed the command sudo chmod 777 -R / after that some things like sudo -i are not working normally... ... so I am wondering if there is any way where i could reset the folder permissions to their original state Thanks in Advance!

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• Max. Temp. on Intel Burn Test for Stock Dell Precision T3500

  - by HK1

  I'm troubleshooting an issue on a Dell Precision T3500. As part of my troubleshooting I've decided to try running a stress test using Intel Burn Test software. This machine is a stock configuration with 12GB of RAM and a Xeon W3670 processor (nothing overclocked). When I run IBT using the standard mode, SpeedFan reports a processor temperature in excess of 80C. I've seen numbers as high as 90C but even at that temperature the machine does not become unstable or crash. However, it seems way too high. This processor has a TCase of 67.9C according to Intel's website. I'm guessing that means I'm in the danger zone any time I go over that temperature. I've checked the cooling system and everything looks fine. I've even took out the heat sink and reinstalled it with new thermal compound. This did not appear to make the problem better or worse. Is there a discrepancy somewhere here in the way temperatures are measured or displayed? I've also tried using HWMonitor from CPUID and it reports the same temperatures. Should I just let the Standard Test go and disregard the temperature outputs?

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• Importing VMware drive into VirtualBox drive

  - by Bry4n

  I have VMware on my Mac and it crashed. I am unable to access the files used by the VMware. So I downloaded VirtualBox and when I try to add the .vmwarevm file to VirtualBox it says that its unable to read that type. I wasn't sure if there was a way i can get to these files as they are extremely important. I can not shutdown or open my virtual state in VMware whatsoever. Thoughts?

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• Equivalent of scp -l bandwidth_cap for .ssh/config?

  - by Mark Bennett

  Short form: You can limit the bandwidth the scp uses with the -l switch, you pass a number that's in kbits/sec. I'd rather set this in my .ssh/config file for certain names machines. What's the equivalent named setting for -l ? I haven't been able to find it. Followup question: Generally, not sure how to map back and forth between ssh command line options and config names, short of doing Google searches or manually comparing man pages on a case by case basis. Is there a table that directly equates the two? Longer form of first question, with context: I've started using ssh config quite a bit, especially now that I need to go through a proxy and do lots of port mappings. I even define the same machine more than once depending on what type of tunneling I need. However, when uploading a large file, it's difficult to do anything else on my machine. Even though I have more download bandwidth than up, I think that scp saturates the link so even my small requests can't reach the Internet. There's a fix for this, using the -l bandwidth command line switch for scp. scp -l 1000 bigfile.zip titan: I'd like to use this in my config instead, so I'd create an additional named entry called "titan-upload" and I'd use that as the target whenever I upload. So instead of: scp bigfile.zip titan: I'd say: scp bigfile.zip titan-upload Or even set different caps depending on where I am: scp bigfile.zip titan-upload-from-home vs. scp bigfile.zip titan-upload-from-work I'm generally on Mac and Linux.

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• VirtualBox how to merge arbitrary snapshot into base vdi

  - by jmathew

  I botched a transfer of a VM from one harddisk to the other. Now I'm left with the base vdi and a whole bunch of snapshots. My steps Copied old VM directory over to new HDD Deleted old VM and added new VM using using Machine-add and providing the old XML file Couldn't add base vdi file due to conflict so changed the UUID of base vdi with VBOXMANGE.EXE internalcommands sethduuid Attempt to rollback to a snapshot, but it seems the VM is looking for the snapshots on the old HDD (which is formatted and gone) This is the error (networked is the name): Failed to restore the snapshot networked of the virtual machine lfs. Could not open the medium 'H:\vm\ft.vdi'. VD: error VERR_PATH_NOT_FOUND opening image file 'H:\vm\ft.vdi' (VERR_PATH_NOT_FOUND). Result Code: E_FAIL (0x80004005) Component: Medium Interface: IMedium {53f9cc0c-e0fd-40a5-a404-a7a5272082cd} The old HDD was drive H: the new one is drive N: How can I modify the snapshots/VM to look in N:\vm\ft.vdi for the base vdi? I've already set the default settings in VirtualBox in general (default vm/vm snapshot location). Or if not that how can I merge the old snap shot with the base vdi given that the only things that have changed is the base vdi's UUID? Thanks

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• How to go about rotating logs which are arbitrary named and placed in deeply nested directories?

  - by Roman Grazhdan

  I have a couple of hosts which are basically a playground for developers. On these hosts, each of them has a directory under /tmp where he is free to do all he wants - store files, write logs etc. Of course, the logs are to be rotated, or else the disc will be 100% full in a week. The files can be plenty, but I've dealt with it with paths like /tmp/[a-e]*/* and so on and lived happily for a while, but as they try new cool stuff on the machine logrotate rules grow ugly and unmanageable, and it's getting more difficult to understand which files hit the glob. Also, logrotate would segfault if asked to rotate a socket. I don't feel like trying to enforce some naming policies in that environment, I think it's going to take quite a lot of time and get people annoyed and still would fail at some point. And I still need to manage the logs, not just rm the dirs at night. So is it a good idea in circumstances like these to write a script which would handle these temporary files? I prefer sticking with standard utilities whenever possible, but here I think logrotate is getting less and less manageable. And probably someone heard of some logrotate alternatives which would work well in such an environment? I don't need emailing logs or some other advanced features, so theoretically some well commented find | xargs would do. P.S. I do have a log aggregator but this stuff is not going to touch my little cute logstash machine.

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• explanation of RAM specs, and what do I need for a Gaming rig

  - by ewok

  I am looking into upgrading my custom built PC's RAM. I use the machine mostly for gaming, but I don't really know a ton about RAM, so I wanted to ask a few questions. The research I've done tells me there is a negligible increase in speed for anything above 1600 MHz. is this true or is it worth the extra money to go higher? Other than drawing more power from the PSU, is there any real difference in performance with different voltages (1.5V vs 1.65V)? most of the kits I've found in the 2x4 1600 range have a CAS latency of 9 and timing of 9-9-9-24. For a significant increase in price (usually about 1.5x), I can get either 8 or 7 and lower timing. Is it worth the cost? What I am looking for here is someone to give a good explanation of what the different specs represent, and how that relates to the performance of the machine. Specifically, I'm looking for what specs I need to focus on for a good gaming rig. I am NOT looking for a "buy this, it's the best RAM" without an explanation of why. The information will be much more valuable as it will allow me to make my own informed decision. As they say, give a man a fish, he'll eat for a day. teach a man to fish, and he'll eat for the rest of his life.

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• Linux: Send mail to external mail box from a server with that user's hostname

  - by dtbarne

  I've got sendmail running on a linux box. Let's say the hostname of the box is bar.com. If I run the following command, I don't receive the email (which is hosted with a third party), presumably due to the hostname pointing to the local machine. echo "Test Body" | mail -s "Test Subject" [email protected] Is there any way to get this to work so that I can receive emails at my third party email address even though it has the same hostname? Do I have to change the hostname of this server (not preferred)? It may be worth noting that I created a user "foo" on my machine and noticed that the mailbox for that account is empty. I noticed these log entries, which may or may not be relevant: Jun 28 01:09:48 bar sendmail[14338]: p5S59min014338: from=apache, size=80, class=0, nrcpts=1, msgid=<[email protected]>, relay=apache@localhost Jun 28 01:09:48 bar sendmail[14339]: p5S59mIA014339: from=<[email protected]>, size=293, class=0, nrcpts=1, msgid=<[email protected]>, proto=ESMTP, daemon=MTA, relay=localhost.localdomain [127.0.$ Jun 28 01:09:48 bar sendmail[14338]: p5S59min014338: [email protected], ctladdr=apache (48/48), delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=relay, pri=30080, relay=[127.0.0.1] [127.0.0.1], dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent (p5S59mIA$ Jun 28 01:09:48 bar sendmail[14340]: p5S59mIA014339: to=<[email protected]>, ctladdr=<[email protected]> (48/48), delay=00:00:00, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=local, pri=30495, dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent

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• Adding Multiple Interfaces to EC2 Ubuntu 12.04

  - by nocode

  I have a m1.medium Ubuntu 12.04 instance with two ENI's. I have a VPC setup with a private and public subnet. Private: 10.50.1.0/24 Public: 10.50.101.0/24 I initiated the instance on the private subnet. I configured a NAT instance and route all servers in the private subnet internet access. The route tables on the private subnet point towards the NAT instance and the route table on the public subnet point to the internet gateway. I am trying to add a public interface on the machine so that I can put it behind a ELB. When I added the second ENI and configured a static IP in /etc/network/interfaces and restarted the network services, I can no longer access from the Public subnet to the Private Subnet. Works Private private Private public Does not work Public private From Public Private, I ran a TCPDUMp on the private machine and can see the request coming in. My guess is it's trying to route over the new Public interface instead of the Private. Here's my route: default 10.50.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth0 10.50.1.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.50.101.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 My networking knowledge is limited and I believe I have to add some routes but unsure of what command/syntax needs to be.

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• Convert MPG w/ AC3 audio to something else - on a Mac

  - by anonymous coward

  I'm helping with a small volunteer media team, and they have several .mpg videos that don't appear to have sound when played in QuickTime, iTunes, Real Player, etc, on the local Mac machine. I was able to hear audio after transferring one of the movies to a Windows machine that had VLC media player on it. Through VLC I was able to discover that the audio stream is a52 / AC3 format. We use Autodesk Cleaner in our normal workflow of converting the format of our videos to FLV, but for some reason it's unable to convert this particular batch of videos (well, the video converts fine, but with no audio). Obviously, it seems that there's a codec issue here, but I'm not sure how to correct it. (I'm not extremely familiar with Macs, and/or Autodesk Cleaner). I've seen the Perian codec pack, but I'm not sure that having the codecs on the system will enable Cleaner to convert these videos (particularly the audio stream, since the video converts fine). Is there something obvious that I'm overlooking, or will we have to use something else for this particular batch of videos? If so, what?

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• Light Blue Monitor Screen

  - by SixfootJames

  I have seen this before with an older monitor that over time, the monitor colours change to a light blue haze. This has started happening with an older monitor of mine now (A GigaByte Monitor) and although none of the pins are bent and it's a brand new machine, there is no reason, other than aging that it should show the light blue screen. Perhaps it is just time for a new monitor, but if there is a way of saving it still. I would appreciate the insight. Perhaps there is something I have not tried, perhaps it has something to do with the new machine instead of the monitor? I had the monitor plugged into two other machines over the weekend and didn't have this problem. So I am not quite sure what to make of it. Many thanks! EDIT: I must also add that when I plugged the monitor into the older machines, I had the VGA converter attached to the end of the newer DVI output. Which, when plugged into the newer PC, I don't need of course.

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• Ubuntu's 'drag window to side of screen expand' in a hotkey

  - by Bentley4

  In ubuntu(using version 12.04), when you drag a window to the left or right side of your screen the window gets auto-maximized in height and is half of the screen on the left or right side respectively. What would be super useful imo is a hotkey that autodetects what side of the screen your window is on the most and then expands it to a state identical to the one described in the above paragraph. Has anyone programatically done this before? If not, how would you go about achieving this?

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• ssh initial prompt hangs for 10 minutes but console login and initial prompt is very responsive - why?

  - by rfreytag

  I have been running an ESXi 4.0 server for months with a couple of WinServer2003 and several Ubuntu Server 10.4 VMs. The performance has been impressive on 6GB i7 Asus P6T hardware. Suddenly, a week ago, ssh logins to the Ubuntu VMs take 10 minutes when connecting over the LAN (over a WAN the connection (pipe) is broken long before that). When logging in to these VMs the password prompt arrives immediately, and failed passwords are responded to immediately. But the moment I log in then the shell prompt appears and I hang for many minutes. Sometimes the connection hangs before the shell prompt appears and sometimes I can type in a command but the moment I hit return the machine hangs. 10 full minute later control returns and the VM is responsive. NOTE: there are several Ubuntu VMs on the same host machine that are identical in all ways that I can tell. However, only one of the VMs displays this behavior. That is why I mention the ESXi host in passing - I don't think it has anything to do with the problem. This behavior is never seen when I connect with the troubled-VM's console (through vSphere Client). From the console the Ubuntu VMs all respond beautifully. I have seen: http://kb.vmware.com/selfservice/microsites/search.do?cmd=displayKC&docType=kc&externalId=1003496&sliceId=1&docTypeID=DT_KB_1_1&dialogID=229586372&stateId=1%200%20229588522 ...and since that relates to delays in seeing the password prompt that does not appear to be the solution here. Any other suggestions very welcome - thank you.

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• MS DPM 2007: Testing the Recovery for a Production Domain

  - by NewToDPM

  Hi everybody! MS DPM 2007 is a new technology in my company, and so am I to the product. We have a classic Microsoft domain with two DCs, Exchange 2007 and a couple Web/MS SQL servers. I have deployed DPM one month ago on the domain, and after fixing the various issues I got with the replicas inconsistence and adapting the schedule and retention range to the server storage pool size, I can say the backup system is working correctly (no errors) as of today. However, there is one problem: we did not attempt to restore from the backups yet, which is a big no-no of course. I'm not sure about the way I should handle this, my main concern being Exchange and the System State of the DCs. From my understanding, DPM can only protect AND restore data on a server which is part of the same domain as the backup server. If I restore the System State (containing Active Directory) and the Exchange Storage Groups on a testing server, I am afraid it would completely disturb the domain functioning (for example, having two primary DCs on the domain). I am thinking about building a second DPM server on a testing separate domain which would mirror the replicas and then restore it on testing servers from this new domain. Is it the right way to handle the data recovery testing? How did you do on your domain when you first deployed DPM? I'd be grateful for any link/documentation or advice. Thank you in advance for your help! EDIT: Two options seem possible so far: i. Create another DC/Exchange server in the alternate location; ii. Create a separate domain in the alternate location and setup a trust between this domain and the production one. The option i is certainly the best but implies setting up a secondary Exchange server, with a dedicated public IP address so that if Exchange #1 dies, we can still send emails with Exchange #2. I don't know how complex this can be and would need to discuss it with my colleagues. The option ii would only fit the testing purposes. My only question regarding this is: if my production and DPM servers are part of domain A, and there is a trust between domains A and B, can I restore a domain A content to any domain B server?

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• Simple Distributed Disconnected way to sync a directory

  - by Rory

  I want to start regularly backup my home directory on my ubuntu laptop, machine X. Suppose I have access to 2 different remote (linux) servers that I can backup to, machines A & B. Machine X will be the master, and should be synced to A and B. I could just regularly run rsync from X to A and then from X to B. That's all I need. However I'm curious if there's a more bandwidth effecient, and hence faster way to do it. Assuming X is going to be on residential style broadband lines, and since I don't want to soak up the bandwidth, I would limit the transfer from X. A and B will be on all the time, however X, will not be, so I'd also like to reduce the amount of time that X is transfering, potentially allowing A and B to spend more time transfering. Also, X won't be connected all the time. What's the best way to do this? rsync from X to A, then from A to B? Timing that right could be troublesome. I don't want to keep old files around, so if I was to rsync, then the --del option would be used. Could that mean something might get tranfered from A to B, then deleted from B, then transfered from A to B again? That's suboptimal. I know there are fancy distributed filesystems like gluster, but I think that's overkill in this case, and might not fit with the disconnected nature.

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• download and process a file by ftp at set intervals, with error handling, rescheduling and status messages

  - by compound eye

  I want to download a data file from a remote ftp server to my machine at regular intervals. Once the file is downloaded I want to call another script which will process the file. My development machine is mac os x, the eventual deployment environment is linux. What's would be the stock standard way to automate this? I know I can use cron to schedule curl to download and to run a script that will process the downloaded file at regular intervals, and I know could write a slightly more complex script or an application that would do this and add error handling, rescheduling and sending status emails. But one of my requirements for this project is to write as little custom code as possible, instead I should try to use standard, tried and true existing tools, and if I do have to write code, to try and write the most straightforward code possible. The reason for this is the code will potentially be installed on a large number of machines, all of which will need to be tweaked, customised and maintained by different people, long after I am gone from the project, so the intention is to use well documented, well supported tools as much as possible. This seems such a common task, there must be tools and scripts all over the internet, written by people who have carefully considered everything that could possibly go wrong when you need to download and process a file from a remote server at regular intervals, with error handling, rescheduling and sending status messages. Is that what Expect is for? What would you recommend? (the system will be downloading weather prediction data every six hours, so that the system can prepare in the event of bad weather warnings)

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• Some Apps don't start on Windows 8 Release Preview

  - by Exa

  I recently installed the Release Preview of Windows 8 in a virtual machine. Some apps do not work. When I open them (by clicking on their tile in the start screen) I see a splash screen and nothing else happens. Sometimes the app crashes after 30 seconds, sometimes it just keeps on loading. A good example is the "Map"-App from Windows 8 or the app "Cookbook" by Bewise. I installed Cookbook and when I had a look at the task manager I saw that it was the 32bit version running, but I have an x64 Windows 8... Could this be a problem? Shouldn't the Windows Store download the correct version? This is the setup of my virtual machine: Windows 8 Release Preview x64 Oracle VirtualBox 4 of 8 cores from host system 8 of 16 GB RAM from the host system 256 MB graphics memory guest additions installed resolution 1920 x 1080 Do you need further information? Unfortunately there is no error message... I just see the start screen of the app with its logo and it keeps loading, but nothing happens. Other Apps (like Mail, Video, Social, etc.) work fine.

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• Triple-Boot + 4 partition Limit

  - by dsimcha

  I just bought a new hard drive so that I could convert my XP-only machine into an XP-Ubuntu-Windows 7 triple boot machine. Since the drive is absurdly huge (1 TB) I wouldn't mind throwing ReactOS into the mix, too. I just found out that master boot records are limited to 4 entries, meaning 4 primary partitions. I had Windows XP set up on my old drive as a boot partition, a program files partition and a media partition. Since I really didn't want to install XP from scratch, I cloned this setup on my new drive. This leaves me one MBR partition entry for installing Windows 7, Ubuntu and ReactOS. I'd like to avoid having to install XP from scratch like the plague, partly because it's supposed to be a safety net in case things go wrong with my other OS's and because I've invested a lot of time getting it set up exactly the way I like it. Here are the options I've considered and why I don't like them: Install Windows 7 on my media partition. This would work, but I prefer to keep my media partition completely separate from any OS, so that I can reformat an OS partition without affecting my media partition at all. Use wubi or something to install Ubuntu in the same partition as something else. Again, this is brittle. Move all my media to a logical drive on an extended partition. Create another logical drive on this extended partition for Ubuntu. The problem here is that extended partitions are rather brittle--if you nuke one, it renders the rest useless. Just put the old drive back in my computer and run XP off it. Use the new one for the other OS's. The problem here is that the old drive is slower and uses extra power, generates extra heat, etc. Can anyone suggest any other possibilities that I may have overlooked?

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• processes slow after some time of actively running

  - by Yervand Aghababyan

  i have several cron jobs running on an ubuntu machine. each one does some pretty heavy load stuff. The cron jobs are parsing files and the bigger the file the longer it takes them to parse it. The strange thing is that if i make the files too big ( like 30mb) the script kind of hangs. It starts processing them really enthusiastically but after some time (something like 5-10 minutes) the cpu usage of the process drops a lot and it gets into some "zombie" state. If prior to this the process in htop was using 70-80% of the CPU then after this drop occurs it slows down to something like 5-10%. the load average drops down as well. The status of the processes sometimes changes to D in htop, which AFAIR stands for zombie. Today i noticed the same behavior of processes of mysql when executing heavy queries (a query took something like 4 hours to execute). the cron jobs are mostly php and during their processing most of the CPU eats the php process and not mysql. so i think the issue is not with a specific language/program but with the way the processes are "managed". The only other place i've seen similar behavior was on my Amazon EC2 micro instance when after some aggressive use of CPU the CPU quota was taking effect and everything was slowing down dramatically. This is a dedicated machine running ubuntu. what may be the cause?

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• Provisioning desktop fails with App-v 4.5 client

  - by ToreTrygg

  Did anybode tried to provisioning a Windows desktop with App-v 4.5 client in the image? I've tried it with Windows XP and 7 but after creating the desktop pool, provisioning fails. In the View Manager I see a error: View Composer agent initialization state error (6): Unknown failure (waited 0 seconds). We are using View 4 and also checked Vmware KB: 1011653. The App-v 4.5 client is installed before the View Agent.

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• Reverse proxy for mailserver (SMTP + HTTP for web client)

  - by ba

  I'm looking at doing some reverse proxy work for a mail server with corresponding web client. Both servers are running on the same machine, this is not a server with a high load. :) The solution I've discussed with friends is having the mail server/web client on our internal network. Then to put a reverse proxy on the DMZ to service both SMTP and web client HTTP-traffic to the mail server on the internal network. From what I understand this is the recommended secure solution? So far I've thought for the SMTP-proxy part of using postfix which will receive mail, do some spamhause and similar anti-spam measures and if it all checks out, send the mail to the mail server on the inside. The mail server on the inside will send all outgoing mail to the proxy which will then send it out on the Internet. For the web client I'm not sure exactly which software I should be running on the proxy machine, I've been thinking about using Squid -- but that's basically based on the fact that I know squid is a http proxy. The web client data will be sent out over SSL. Reading around some here on Serverfault I've seen other people using Apache with mod_proxy+mod_security for similar situations. Am I thinking correctly for this solution? What software would you guys use and with which modules? Thanks in advance for the help! :)

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• Spanning-Tree and redundant links

  - by Franko

  I have 2 switches which have redundancy between them, meaning fa0/1 on SW1 is connected to fa0/1 on SW2, and fa0/2 on SW1 is connected to fa0/2 on SW2. Both of the switches have the same BID, however the MAC address of SW1 is numerically lower, hence making it the root bridge. Now my question is, on SW2, what determines which of fa0/1 and fa0/2 becomes the RP (Root Port) and the other on blocking state?

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