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  • Duplicate ID/indexes and looping

    - by Justin Alexander
    I realize having two elements in the same html doc with the same ID is wrong, bad, immoral, and will lead to global warming. But... I'm trying to write an XSS widgit, so I really have no control over the quality of the parent web page. I loop through document.images to retrieve a list of images on the page. I perform an action on each one. for(img in document.images){ ... } i've also tried for(var i=0;i<document.images.length;i++){ ... } in both cases it allows me to loop through all of the elements, BUT when trying trying to reference an object with a duplicate ID, I always get the first (in order of the html). When using debugger in IE8 i'm able to see that both elements ARE listed, but that they both have the same index (in IE the index of the document.images is either sequential or matches the image ID) Does anyone have a better solution?

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  • [Python/Tkinter] Grid within a frame?

    - by Sam
    Is it possible to place a grid of buttons in Tkinter inside another frame? I'm wanting to create a tic-tac-toe like game and want to use the grid feature to put gamesquares (that will be buttons). However, I'd like to have other stuff in the GUI other than just the game board so it's not ideal to just have everything in the one grid. To illustrate: O | X | X | ---------- | O | O | X | Player 2 wins! ---------- | X | O | X | The tic tac toe board is in a grid that is made up of all buttons and the 'player 2 wins' is a label inside a frame. This is an oversimplification of what I'm trying to do so bear with me, for the way I've designed the program so far (the board is dynamically created) a grid makes the most sense.

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  • Different behavior for REF CURSOR between Oracle 10g and 11g when unique index present?

    - by wweicker
    Description I have an Oracle stored procedure that has been running for 7 or so years both locally on development instances and on multiple client test and production instances running Oracle 8, then 9, then 10, and recently 11. It has worked consistently until the upgrade to Oracle 11g. Basically, the procedure opens a reference cursor, updates a table then completes. In 10g the cursor will contain the expected results but in 11g the cursor will be empty. No DML or DDL changed after the upgrade to 11g. This behavior is consistent on every 10g or 11g instance I've tried (10.2.0.3, 10.2.0.4, 11.1.0.7, 11.2.0.1 - all running on Windows). The specific code is much more complicated but to explain the issue in somewhat realistic overview: I have some data in a header table and a bunch of child tables that will be output to PDF. The header table has a boolean (NUMBER(1) where 0 is false and 1 is true) column indicating whether that data has been processed yet. The view is limited to only show rows in that have not been processed (the view also joins on some other tables, makes some inline queries and function calls, etc). So at the time when the cursor is opened, the view shows one or more rows, then after the cursor is opened an update statement runs to flip the flag in the header table, a commit is issued, then the procedure completes. On 10g, the cursor opens, it contains the row, then the update statement flips the flag and running the procedure a second time would yield no data. On 11g, the cursor never contains the row, it's as if the cursor does not open until after the update statement runs. I'm concerned that something may have changed in 11g (hopefully a setting that can be configured) that might affect other procedures and other applications. What I'd like to know is whether anyone knows why the behavior is different between the two database versions and whether the issue can be resolved without code changes. Update 1: I managed to track the issue down to a unique constraint. It seems that when the unique constraint is present in 11g the issue is reproducible 100% of the time regardless of whether I'm running the real world code against the actual objects or the following simple example. Update 2: I was able to completely eliminate the view from the equation. I have updated the simple example to show the problem exists even when querying directly against the table. Simple Example CREATE TABLE tbl1 ( col1 VARCHAR2(10), col2 NUMBER(1) ); INSERT INTO tbl1 (col1, col2) VALUES ('TEST1', 0); /* View is no longer required to demonstrate the problem CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vw1 (col1, col2) AS SELECT col1, col2 FROM tbl1 WHERE col2 = 0; */ CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE pkg1 AS TYPE refWEB_CURSOR IS REF CURSOR; PROCEDURE proc1 (crs OUT refWEB_CURSOR); END pkg1; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY pkg1 IS PROCEDURE proc1 (crs OUT refWEB_CURSOR) IS BEGIN OPEN crs FOR SELECT col1 FROM tbl1 WHERE col1 = 'TEST1' AND col2 = 0; UPDATE tbl1 SET col2 = 1 WHERE col1 = 'TEST1'; COMMIT; END proc1; END pkg1; Anonymous Block Demo DECLARE crs1 pkg1.refWEB_CURSOR; TYPE rectype1 IS RECORD ( col1 vw1.col1%TYPE ); rec1 rectype1; BEGIN pkg1.proc1 ( crs1 ); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('begin first test'); LOOP FETCH crs1 INTO rec1; EXIT WHEN crs1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec1.col1); END LOOP; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('end first test'); END; /* After creating this index, the problem is seen */ CREATE UNIQUE INDEX unique_col1 ON tbl1 (col1); /* Reset data to initial values */ TRUNCATE TABLE tbl1; INSERT INTO tbl1 (col1, col2) VALUES ('TEST1', 0); DECLARE crs1 pkg1.refWEB_CURSOR; TYPE rectype1 IS RECORD ( col1 vw1.col1%TYPE ); rec1 rectype1; BEGIN pkg1.proc1 ( crs1 ); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('begin second test'); LOOP FETCH crs1 INTO rec1; EXIT WHEN crs1%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(rec1.col1); END LOOP; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('end second test'); END; Example of what the output on 10g would be:   begin first test   TEST1   end first test   begin second test   TEST1   end second test Example of what the output on 11g would be:   begin first test   TEST1   end first test   begin second test   end second test Clarification I can't remove the COMMIT because in the real world scenario the procedure is called from a web application. When the data provider on the front end calls the procedure it will issue an implicit COMMIT when disconnecting from the database anyways. So if I remove the COMMIT in the procedure then yes, the anonymous block demo would work but the real world scenario would not because the COMMIT would still happen. Question Why is 11g behaving differently? Is there anything I can do other than re-write the code?

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  • iPhone Wait For Animation Ending

    - by paul simmons
    Hi, In an iPhone application, I try to catch animation endings using setAnimationDidStopSelector. I try to suspend code execution until animation ends. I have tried this; set a global BOOL variable, set it to TRUE before commiting animation and after commiting animations waited using a while loop. In the setAnimationDidStopSelector, set the BOOL variable to FALSE and hope while loop to break. But unluckily this did not work, the code did not even fall into setAnimationDidStopSelector (I check that with some trace outputs). What do you suggest?

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  • Bitmap size exceeds VM budget after second load

    - by jonny
    This is driving me crazy. I have a game which has a bitmap as the background, this is big so I scale it down and this works fine. However when I navigate to another activity and then reload the game screen it crashes on drawing the background. I am calling recycle on all the bitmaps and setting them to null on onDestroy() but this doesn't help. Any ideas and if not how can I debug the memory to see at which step its growing. I looked at getting the heap but nothing of any size is on there really. Thanks.

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  • For-Each and Pointers in Java

    - by John
    Ok, so I'm tyring to iterate through an ArrayList and remove a specefic element. However, I am having some trouble using the For-Each like structure. When I run the following code: ArrayList<String> arr = new ArrayList<String>(); //... fill with some values (doesn't really matter) for(String t : arr) { t = " some other value "; //hoping this would change the actual array } for(String t : arr) { System.out.println(t); //however, I still get the same array here } My question in, how can I make 't' a pointer to 'arr' so that I am able to change the values in a for-each loop? I know I could loop through the ArrayList using a different structure, but this one looks so clean and readable, it would just be nice to be able to make 't' a pointer. All comments are appreciated! Even if you say I should just suck it up and use a different construct.

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  • In MAYA 2009, is it possible to capture the cube rotate event?

    - by Rahul2047
    I need to call a function ( Maya-Python ) based on cube rotationX. For that I have to capture the event, programmatically. I tried using while loop but It stucks in the loop, Nothing can be done in that time. I tried theading (python), still same. Can it be done this or other way? If yes, How? Maya 2009 in Windows XP Some failed code references: import maya.cmds as cmds while (count < 90): lock = cmds.getAttr('pCube1.rotateX',lock=False) print lock count = count + 1 Here Python wise: #!/usr/bin/python import thread import time # Define a function for the thread def cubeRotateX( threadName, delay): count = 0 while count < 5: time.sleep(delay) count += 1 try: thread.start_new_thread( cubeRotateX, ("Thread-1", 2, ) ) except: print "Error: unable to start thread" while 1: pass

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  • Finding open contiguous blocks of time for every day of a month, fast

    - by Chris
    I am working on a booking availability system for a group of several venues, and am having a hard time generating the availability of time blocks for days in a given month. This is happening server-side in PHP, but the concept itself is language agnostic -- I could be doing this in JS or anything else. Given a venue_id, month, and year (6/2012 for example), I have a list of all events occurring in that range at that venue, represented as unix timestamps start and end. This data comes from the database. I need to establish what, if any, contiguous block of time of a minimum length (different per venue) exist on each day. For example, on 6/1 I have an event between 2:00pm and 7:00pm. The minimum time is 5 hours, so there's a block open there from 9am - 2pm and another between 7pm and 12pm. This would continue for the 2nd, 3rd, etc... every day of June. Some (most) of the days have nothing happening at all, some have 1 - 3 events. The solution I came up with works, but it also takes waaaay too long to generate the data. Basically, I loop every day of the month and create an array of timestamps for each 15 minutes of that day. Then, I loop the time spans of events from that day by 15 minutes, marking any "taken" timeslot as false. Remaining, I have an array that contains timestamp of free time vs. taken time: //one day's array after processing through loops (not real timestamps) array( 12345678=>12345678, // <--- avail 12345878=>12345878, 12346078=>12346078, 12346278=>false, // <--- not avail 12346478=>false, 12346678=>false, 12346878=>false, 12347078=>12347078, // <--- avail 12347278=>12347278 ) Now I would need to loop THIS array to find continuous time blocks, then check to see if they are long enough (each venue has a minimum), and if so then establish the descriptive text for their start and end (i.e. 9am - 2pm). WHEW! By the time all this looping is done, the user has grown bored and wandered off to Youtube to watch videos of puppies; it takes ages to so examine 30 or so days. Is there a faster way to solve this issue? To summarize the problem, given time ranges t1 and t2 on day d, how can I determine the remaining time left in d that is longer than the minimum time block m. This data is assembled on demand via AJAX as the user moves between calendar months. Results are cached per-page-load, so if the user goes to July a second time, the data that was generated the first time would be reused. Any other details that would help, let me know. Edit Per request, the database structure (or the part that is relevant here) *events* id (bigint) title (varchar) *event_times* id (bigint) event_id (bigint) venue_id (bigint) start (bigint) end (bigint) *venues* id (bigint) name (varchar) min_block (int) min_start (varchar) max_start (varchar)

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  • php: sort and count instances of words in a given string

    - by superUntitled
    Hello, I need help sorting and counting instances of the words in a string. Lets say I have a collection on words: happy beautiful happy lines pear gin happy lines rock happy lines pear How could I use php to count each instance of every word in the string and output it in a loop: There are $count instances of $word So that the above loop would output: There are 4 instances of happy. There are 3 instances of lines. There are 2 instances of gin.... Thank you for your genius.

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  • How to iterate into a string for a word after a fixed keyword? [closed]

    - by Parth
    Possible Duplicate: I need to iterate a loop to every time find the string appearing after a particular string say “if(OLD.”, then which PHP function will be helpful for me? This is the string BEGIN IF (NEW.name != OLD.name) THEN INSERT INTO jos_menuaudit set menuid=OLD.id, oldvalue = OLD.name, newvalue = NEW.name, field = "name"; END IF; IF (NEW.alias != OLD.alias) THEN INSERT INTO jos_menuaudit set menuid=OLD.id, oldvalue = OLD.alias, newvalue = NEW.alias, field = "alias"; END IF; END in which I am searching the particular word after " IF (NEW.", and after that particular others strings should not be displayed, hence whenever in a loop it finds " IF (NEW." I must get a word just next to it. And in this way an array should be ready for to use.

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  • Linux, C++ audio capturing (just microphone) library

    - by TheOm3ga
    I'm developing a musical game, it's like a singstar but instead of singing, you have to play the recorder. It's called oFlute, and it's still in early development stage. In the game, I capture the microphone input, then run a simple FFT analysis and compare the results to typical recorder's frequencies, thus getting the played note. At the beginning, the audio library I was using was RtAudio, but I don't remember why I switched to PortAudio, which is what I'm currently using. The problem is that, from time to time, either it crashes randomly or stops capturing, like if there were no sound coming from the microphone. My question is, what's the best option to capture microphone input on Linux? I just need to open, read, and close a flow of bytes from the microphone. I've been reading this guide, and (un)surprisingly it says: I don't think that PortAudio is very good API for Unix-like operating systems. So, what do you recommend me?

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  • Is it possible to exit a for before time in C++, if an ending condition is reached?

    - by tunnuz
    Hello, I want to know if it is possible to end a for loop in C++ when an ending condition (different from the reacheing right number of iterations) is verified. For instance: for (int i = 0; i < maxi; ++i) for (int j = 0; j < maxj; ++j) // But if i == 4 < maxi AND j == 3 < maxj, // then jump out of the two nested loops. I know that this is possible in Perl with the next LABEL or last LABEL calls and labeled blocks, is it possible to do it in C++ or I should use a while loop? Thank you.

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  • Problem in suspending 2 threads at the same time in MFC!

    - by kiddo
    I am learning about threading and multithreading..so i just created a small application in which i will update the progressbar and a static text using threading.I vl get two inputs from the user, start and end values for how long the loop should rotate.I have 2threads in my application. Thread1- to update the progressbar(according to the loop) the static text which will show the count(loop count). Thread2 - to update the another static text which will just diplay a name Basically if the user clicks start, the progressbar steps up and at the same time filecount and the name are displayed parallely. There's is another operation where if the user clicks pause it(thread) has to suspend until the user clicks resume. The problem is,the above will not work(will not suspend and resume) for both thread..but works for a singlw thread. Please check the code to get an idea and reply me what can done! on button click start void CThreadingEx3Dlg::OnBnClickedStart() { m_ProgressBar.SetRange(start,end); myThread1 = AfxBeginThread((AFX_THREADPROC)MyThreadFunction1,this); myThread2 = AfxBeginThread((AFX_THREADPROC)MyThreadFunction2,this); } thread1 UINT MyThreadFunction1(LPARAM lparam) { CThreadingEx3Dlg* pthis = (CThreadingEx3Dlg*)lparam; for(int intvalue =pthis->start;intvalue<=pthis->end; ++intvalue) { pthis->SendMessage(WM_MY_THREAD_MESSAGE1,intvalue); } return 0; } thread1 function LRESULT CThreadingEx3Dlg::OnThreadMessage1(WPARAM wparam,LPARAM lparam) { int nProgress= (int)wparam; m_ProgressBar.SetPos(nProgress); CString strStatus; strStatus.Format(L"Thread1:Processing item: %d", nProgress); m_Static.SetWindowText(strStatus); Sleep(100); return 0; } thread2 UINT MyThreadFunction2(LPARAM lparam) { CThreadingEx3Dlg* pthis = (CThreadingEx3Dlg*)lparam; for(int i =pthis->start;i<=pthis->end;i++) { pthis->SendMessage(WM_MY_THREAD_MESSAGE2,i); } return 0; } thread2 function LRESULT CThreadingEx3Dlg::OnThreadMessage2(WPARAM wparam,LPARAM lparam) { m_Static1.GetDlgItem(IDC_STATIC6); m_Static1.SetWindowTextW(L"Thread2 Running"); Sleep(100); m_Static1.SetWindowTextW(L""); Sleep(100); return TRUE; } void CThreadingEx3Dlg::OnBnClickedPause() { // TODO: Add your control notification handler code here if(!m_Track) { m_Track = TRUE; GetDlgItem(IDCANCEL)->SetWindowTextW(L"Resume"); myThread1->SuspendThread(); WaitForSingleObject(myThread1->m_hThread,INFINITE); myThread2->SuspendThread(); m_Static.SetWindowTextW(L"Paused.."); } else { m_Track = FALSE; GetDlgItem(IDCANCEL)->SetWindowTextW(L"Pause"); myThread1->ResumeThread(); myThread2->ResumeThread(); /*myEventHandler.SetEvent(); WaitForSingleObject(myThread1->m_hThread,INFINITE);*/ } }

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  • Java - understanding servlets

    - by Trup
    I am working on a homework project that should implement a board game between 2 clients over an HttpServlet. I have couple of questions: 1) I read that HttpServlets must be stateless, however, for the sake of the game, I have to keep a lot of state(whose turn it is, the state of the board, etc). Do I have to keep this in the clients? Does the HttpServlet indeed have to be stateless, i.e. have no fields that track state? 2) I know that the clients will talk to the servlet via the doGet/doPost methods, but how can the servlet talk to the clients(for example, if player 1 just made a move and sent it to the servlet, the servlet has to tell client 2 what the move was). Thank you Also, if you can point me to a useful, simple example of a similar code online, I would be very grateful

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  • How to calculate the touch location with convertToWorldSpace?

    - by Paul
    i would like to convert the touch location as a world coordinate in my tile game. With this code, i clicked on the right of the screen (so that my character walks in the tiled game, and the background goes slowly to the left) : - (void)ccTouchesEnded:(NSSet *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event { for( UITouch *touch in touches ) { CGPoint location = [touch locationInView: [touch view]]; location = [[CCDirector sharedDirector] convertToGL: location]; CGPoint test = [self convertToWorldSpace:location]; CCLOG(@"test : %.2g", test.x); The test log gives me : 50, 72, 1e+02, 2.6e+02, 4.2e+02, (and then goes down) 3.2e+02, 9.5, -1.9e+02, etc. Does anyone know why? I would like to calculate the "real" coordinate of the touch, so that i know when the character has to keep going (click on the right of its actual position) or if he has to turn and go backwards. (click on the left of its actual position) Thanks for your help

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  • How to go about with real GUI development with Java Swing and MVC.

    - by Myth17
    I am creating a Blackjack Card game emulator. I am a SCJP,familiar with Core Java concepts. I have a very basic understanding of Java swings and awt. Already finished writing the basic game logic,a CLI logic. My design includes several classes like, Dealer,Player,Table,Card,Casino and some others.. Enums for Cards and suite. I have read about MVC as a theoretical concept, familiar with the name 'design patters'(no understanding whatsoever as to how they are implemented) Everywhere I am suggested to learn while writing some real code.So I started off with this... I am stuck now, how should I go about writing code for my project?? Writing the GUI code and organising it within the already existent code.

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  • Android: Is decreasing size of .png files have some effect to resulted Bitmap in memory

    - by nahab
    I'm writing game with a large amount of .png pictures. All worked fine. Than I added new activity with WebView and got memory shortage. After that I made some experiment - replace game .png images with ones that just fully filled with some color. As result memory shortage had gone. But I suppose that Bitmap internally hold each pixel separately so such changes should have no effect. Maybe this because of initial images have alpha channel and my test images have not it? But actually question is: Will decreasing .png images files sizes make some effect on decreasing usage of VM application heap or not?

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  • iPhone - Drawing 2D with OpenGL ES, fast and simple.

    - by Johannes Jensen
    I'm going to make a game for the iPhone, and I'm mostly going to be using images. I've read that using Quartz only is slow for actual games with high frame rates, so I was wondering if you guys had any good ideas for using OpenGL for rendering a game scene? I'm going to be using a lot of images, and I want to be able to freely rotate them. I've looked at Apple's examples GLSprite and GLPaint, but I don't really see anything I could use. All I want to do is be able to render images at specific positions, and want to be able to rotate them. I'm a noob at OpenGL, but I know Quartz.

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  • OpenGL and layouts

    - by Hnefi
    I'm using OpenGL to render a game view in my android application. The game is turn based and I wish to add some buttons to the interface. I'd prefer to use standard Android widgets, structured in an XML-generated layout (or, if I have to, a hardcoded layout) and put the OpenGL view in its own window as part of that layout. So in regards to this, I have 3 questions: 1: Is such a thing possible? I've done a few half-hearted tries, but have had no luck so far. 2: Is such a thing advisable? Does it carry a significant performance penalty, for example, over using OpenGL-based homebrew widgetry? 3: Is it possible to pass particular arguments to instances created in XML layouts? For example, my current OpenGL view has three arguments in its constructor; is it somehow possible for me to invoke that particular constructor with particular parameters when it's part of a layout?

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  • Why vba doesnt handling Error 2042

    - by Jonathan Raul Tapia Lopez
    I have a variable "fila" with a full line with excel's values; The problem is when in excel I have --#N/A-- vba take that value like "Error 2042" and I cannot asign that value to "valor" and produce me an error, until this point everything is ok, now I am trying to define a "On error goto" for go to the "next" iteration in the loop "for", but I dont know Why vba doesnt handle the error. Do While Not IsEmpty(ActiveCell) txt = ActiveCell.Value2 cell = ActiveCell.Offset(0, 1).Value2 fila = Range("C20:F20") For j = 1 To UBound(fila, 2) On Error GoTo Siguiente If Not IsEmpty(fila(1, j)) Then valor = fila(1, j) cmd = Cells(1, j + 2).Value2 devolver = function1(cmd, txt, cell, valor) arrayDevolver(p) = devolver p = p + 1 End If Siguiente: Next Loop '

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  • Run time insert using bulk update ,giving an internal error?

    - by Vineet
    Hi , I am trying to make a run time table named dynamic and inserting data into it from index by table using bulk update,but when i am trying to execute it this error is coming: ERROR at line 1: ORA-06550: line 0, column 0: PLS-00801: internal error [74301 ] declare type index_tbl_type IS table of number index by binary_integer; num_tbl index_tbl_type; TYPE ref_cur IS REF CURSOR; cur_emp ref_cur; begin execute immediate 'create table dynamic (v_num number)';--Creating a run time tabl FOR i in 1..10000 LOOP execute immediate 'insert into dynamic values('||i||')';--run time insert END LOOP; OPEN cur_emp FOR 'select * from dynamic';--opening ref cursor FETCH cur_emp bulk collect into num_tbl;--bulk inserting in index by table close cur_emp; FORALL i in num_tbl.FIRST..num_tbl.LAST --Bulk update execute immediate 'insert into dynamic values('||num_tbl(i)||')'; end;

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  • jQuery selector after dynamically created element

    - by Bryan Williams
    I am trying to get an dynamically created element using a jQuery selector but it is returning an empty array. The first thing I am doing is grabbing an empty div: var packDiv = document.getElementById('templates'); packDiv.innerHTML = ""; then adding items to it in a loop: packDiv.innerHTML = packDiv.innerHTML + "<img id='" + thumbName + "' src='thumbs/" + thumbName + "'/>"; after the loop finishes I try to select an item using: console.log($("#"+thumbName)); and it returns the empty array. All the things I search on show to use .on but all the examples show that is to set event handlers. My question is how do I format a selector for dynamically created elements?

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  • Problem with variable inside gsp

    - by xain
    Hi, I have a loop inside a gsp page, and I want to do a calculation on the fly, so I set a variable: <g:set var="total" value="0" /> And in the loop: <g:each in="${mob}" var="m"> ... <g:set var="total" value="${total+(m.q*m.sts.uf)}"/> ... </g:each> The "total" value does not correspond to the expected calculation. m.q is an integer, and m.sts.uf is a float. Any hints ? Thanks.

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  • ant: iterator over properties file

    - by scheibenkleister
    Hi, all my projects and their versions are defined in a properties file like this: ProjectNameA=0.0.1 ProjectNameB=1.4.2 I'd like to iterate over all projects and use there names and versions in an ant script. Right now, I read the entire properties file in help of the property task. Then I iterate over a given list in a for loop like this: <for list="ProjectNameA,ProjectNameB" param="project"> <sequential> <echo message="@{project} has version ${@{project}}" /> </sequential> </for> How can I avoid the duplication of the project names in the for loop. So basically iterate over each line and extract the name and the version of a project. Thanks.

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  • Structs inside #define in C++

    - by Adam Smith
    Being pretty new to C++, I don't quite understand some instructions I encounter such as: #ifndef BOT_H_ #define BOT_H_ #include "State.h" /* This struct represents your bot in the game of Ants */ struct Bot { State state; Bot(); void playGame(); //plays a single game of Ants void makeMoves(); //makes moves for a single turn void endTurn(); //indicates to the engine that it has made its moves }; #endif //BOT_H_ What I don't understand is the "#ifndef BOT_H_" and the "#define -- #endif" From what I gather, it defines a constant BOT_H_ if it's not already defined when the precompiler looks at it. I don't actually get how the struct inside it is a constant and how it is going to let me access the functions inside it. I also don't see why we're doing it this way? I used C++ a while back and I wasn't using .h files, so it might be something easy I'm missing.

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