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  • Is Python Interpreted or Compiled?

    - by crodjer
    This is just a wondering I had while reading about interpreted and compiled languages. Ruby is no doubt an interpreted language, since source code is compiled by an interpreter at the point of execution. On the contrary C is a compiled language, as one have to compile the source code first according to the machine and then execute. This results is much faster execution. Now coming to Python: A python code (somefile.py) when imported creates a file (somefile.pyc) in the same directory. Let us say the import is done in a python shell or django module. After the import I change the code a bit and execute the imported functions again to find that it is still running the old code. This suggests that *.pyc files are compiled python files similar to executable created after compilation of a C file, though I can't execute *.pyc file directly. When the python file (somefile.py) is executed directly ( ./somefile.py or python somefile.py ) no .pyc file is created and the code is executed as is indicating interpreted behavior. These suggest that a python code is compiled every time it is imported in a new process to crate a .pyc while it is interpreted when directly executed. So which type of language should I consider it as? Interpreted or Compiled? And how does its efficiency compare to interpreted and compiled languages? According to wiki's Interpreted Languages page it is listed as a language compiled to Virtual Machine Code, what is meant by that? Update Looking at the answers it seems that there cannot be a perfect answer to my questions. Languages are not only interpreted or only compiled, but there is a spectrum of possibilities between interpreting and compiling. From the answers by aufather, mipadi, Lenny222, ykombinator, comments and wiki I found out that in python's major implementations it is compiled to bytecode, which is a highly compressed and optimized representation and is machine code for a virtual machine, which is implemented not in hardware, but in the bytecode interpreter. Also the the languages are not interpreted or compiled, but rather language implementations either interpret or compile code. I also found out about Just in time compilation As far as execution speed is concerned the various benchmarks cannot be perfect and depend on context and the task which is being performed. Please tell if I am wrong in my interpretations.

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  • Au revoir, Python?

    - by GuySmiley
    I'm an ex-C++ programmer who's recently discovered (and fallen head-over-heels with) Python. I've taken some time to become reasonably fluent in Python, but I've encountered some troubling realities that may lead me to drop it as my language of choice, at least for the time being. I'm writing this in the hopes that someone out there can talk me out of it by convincing me that my concerns are easily circumvented within the bounds of the python universe. I picked up python while looking for a single flexible language that will allow me to build end-to-end working systems quickly on a variety of platforms. These include: - web services - mobile apps - cross-platform client apps for PC Development speed is more of a priority at the time-being than execution speed. However, in order to improve performance over time without requiring major re-writes or architectural changes I think it's imperative to be able to interface easily with Java. That way, I can use Java to optimize specific components as the application scales, without throwing away any code. As far as I can tell, my requirement for an enterprise-capable, platform-independent, fast language with a large developer base means it would have to be Java. .NET or C++ would not cut it due to their respective limitations. Also Java is clearly de rigeur for most mobile platforms. Unfortunately, tragically, there doesn't seem to be a good way to meet all these demands. Jython seems to be what I'm looking for in principle, except that it appears to be practically dead, with no one developing, supporting, or using it to any great degree. And also Jython seems too married to the Java libraries, as you can't use many of the CPython standard libraries with it, which has a major impact on the code you end up writing. The only other option that I can see is to use JPype wrapped in marshalling classes, which may work although it seems like a pain and I wonder if it would be worth it in the long run. On the other hand, everything I'm looking for seems to be readily available by using JRuby, which seems to be much better supported. As things stand, I think this is my best option. I'm sad about this because I absolutely love everything about Python, including the syntax. The perl-like constructs in Ruby just feel like such a step backwards to me in terms of readability, but at the end of the day most of the benefits of python are available in Ruby as well. So I ask you - am I missing something here? Much of what I've said is based on what I've read, so is this summary of the current landscape accurate, or is there some magical solution to the Python-Java divide that will snuff these concerns and allow me to comfortably stay in my happy Python place?

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  • Python 3.1 books still directly applicable to learning Python 2.7?

    - by jaysun
    I need to learn Python (v2.7) for my job, and looking for the best intro book for professional programmers. I found (via amazon) that "The Quick Python Book" is the best, but it's for Python 3.1 I know there's a lot of similarities in 2.7 and 3.1, and somewhere read that you can mostly use 3.1 syntax in 2.7 as a good "future practice". Can someone with experience please verify that a book for learning Python3 would still be directly applicable for 2.7? Thank you very much. edit: "The Quick Python Book" is for 3.1

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  • Getting started with Blocks and namespaces - Enterprise Library 5.0 Tutorial Part 2

    This is my second post in this series. In first blog post I explained how to install Enterprise Library 5.0 and provided links to various resources. Enterprise Library is divided into various blocks. Simply we can say, a block is a ready made solution for a particular common problem across various applications. So instead focusing on implementation of common problem across various applications, we can reuse these fully tested and extendable blocks to increase the productivity and also extendibility as these blocks are made with good design principles and patterns. Major blocks of Enterprise Library 5.0 are as follows.   Core infrastructure Functional Application Blocks Caching Data Exception Handling Logging Security Cryptography Validation Wiring Application Blocks Unity Policy Injection/Interception   Each block resides in its own assembly, and also some extra assemblies for common infrastructure. Assemblies are as follows. Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Caching.Cryptography.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Caching.Database.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Caching.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Common.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Configuration.Design.HostAdapter.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Configuration.Design.HostAdapterV5.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Configuration.DesignTime.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Configuration.EnvironmentalOverrides.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Data.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Data.SqlCe.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.ExceptionHandling.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.ExceptionHandling.Logging.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.ExceptionHandling.WCF.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Logging.Database.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Logging.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.PolicyInjection.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Security.Cache.CachingStore.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Security.Cryptography.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Security.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Validation.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Validation.Integration.AspNet.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Validation.Integration.WCF.dll Microsoft.Practices.EnterpriseLibrary.Validation.Integration.WinForms.dll Microsoft.Practices.ServiceLocation.dll Microsoft.Practices.Unity.Configuration.dll Microsoft.Practices.Unity.dll Microsoft.Practices.Unity.Interception.dll Enterprise Library Configuration Tool In addition to these assemblies you would get configuration tool “EntLibConfig-32.exe”. If you are targeting your application to .NET 4.0 framework then you would need to use “EntLibConfig.NET4.exe”. Optionally you can install Visual Studio 2008 and Visual Studio 2010 add-ins whilst installing of Enterprise Library. So that you can invoke the enterprise Library configuration from Visual Studio by right clicking on “app.config” or “web.config” file as shown below. I would suggest you to download the documentation from Codeplex which was released on May 2010. It consists 3MB of information. you can also find issue tracker to know various issues/bugs currently people talking about enterprise library. There is also discussion link takes you to community site where you can post your questions. In my next blog post, I would cover more on each block. span.fullpost {display:none;}

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  • How to organize modules for PyPI to support 2.x and 3.x

    - by Craig McQueen
    I have a Python module that I would like to upload to PyPI. So far, it is working for Python 2.x. It shouldn't be too hard to write a version for 3.x now. But, after following guidelines for making modules in these places: Distributing Python Modules The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Packaging it's not clear to me how to support multiple source distributions for different versions of Python, and it's not clear if/how PyPI could support it. I envisage I would have separate code for: 2.x 2.6 (maybe, as a special case to use the new buffer API) 3.x How is it possible to set up a Python module in PyPI so that someone can do: easy_install modulename and it will install the right thing whether the user is using 2.x or 3.x?

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  • Reinterpret a CGImageRef using PyObjC in Python

    - by Michael Rondinelli
    Hi, I'm doing something that's a little complicated to sum up in the title, so please bear with me. I'm writing a Python module that provides an interface to my C++ library, which provides some specialized image manipulation functionality. It would be most convenient to be able to access image buffers as CGImageRefs from Python, so they could be manipulated further using Quartz (using PyObjC, which works well). So I have a C++ function that provides a CGImageRef representation from my own image buffers, like this: CGImageRef CreateCGImageRefForImageBuffer(shared_ptr<ImageBuffer> buffer); I'm using Boost::Python to create my Python bridge. What is the easiest way for me to export this function so that I can use the CGImageRef from Python? Problems: The CGImageRef type can't be exported directly because it is a pointer to an undefined struct. So I could make a wrapper function that wraps it in a PyCObject or something to get it to send the pointer to Python. But then how do I "cast" this object to a CGImageRef from Python? Is there a better way to go about this?

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  • Java PlayFramework & Python Django GAE

    - by Maik Klein
    I already know Java, C# and C++. Now I want to start with web development and I saw that some really big sites are built with Python/C++. I like the coding style of Python, it looks really clean, but some other things like no errors before runtime is really strange. However, I don't know what I should learn now. I started with Python but then I saw that Google App Engine also supports Java and the PlayFramework looks amazing too. Now I am really confused. Should I go with Python or Java? I found the IDE for Python "PyCharm" really amazing for web development. Does Java have something similar, eclipse maybe? I know that this question isn't constructive, but it will help me with my decision. What are pro and cons of both languages?

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  • Convertion of tiff image in Python script - OCR using tesseract

    - by PYTHON TEAM
    I want to convert a tiff image file to text document. My code perfectly as I expected to convert tiff images with usual font but its not working for french script font . My tiff image file contains text. The font of text is in french script format.I here is my code import Image import subprocess import util import errors tesseract_exe_name = 'tesseract' # Name of executable to be called at command line scratch_image_name = "temp.bmp" # This file must be .bmp or other Tesseract-compatible format scratch_text_name_root = "temp" # Leave out the .txt extension cleanup_scratch_flag = True # Temporary files cleaned up after OCR operation def call_tesseract(input_filename, output_filename): """Calls external tesseract.exe on input file (restrictions on types), outputting output_filename+'txt'""" args = [tesseract_exe_name, input_filename, output_filename] proc = subprocess.Popen(args) retcode = proc.wait() if retcode!=0: errors.check_for_errors() def image_to_string(im, cleanup = cleanup_scratch_flag): """Converts im to file, applies tesseract, and fetches resulting text. If cleanup=True, delete scratch files after operation.""" try: util.image_to_scratch(im, scratch_image_name) call_tesseract(scratch_image_name, scratch_text_name_root) text = util.retrieve_text(scratch_text_name_root) finally: if cleanup: util.perform_cleanup(scratch_image_name, scratch_text_name_root) return text def image_file_to_string(filename, cleanup = cleanup_scratch_flag, graceful_errors=True): If cleanup=True, delete scratch files after operation.""" try: try: call_tesseract(filename, scratch_text_name_root) text = util.retrieve_text(scratch_text_name_root) except errors.Tesser_General_Exception: if graceful_errors: im = Image.open(filename) text = image_to_string(im, cleanup) else: raise finally: if cleanup: util.perform_cleanup(scratch_image_name, scratch_text_name_root) return text if __name__=='__main__': im = Image.open("/home/oomsys/phototest.tif") text = image_to_string(im) print text try: text = image_file_to_string('fnord.tif', graceful_errors=False) except errors.Tesser_General_Exception, value: print "fnord.tif is incompatible filetype. Try graceful_errors=True" print value text = image_file_to_string('fnord.tif', graceful_errors=True) print "fnord.tif contents:", text text = image_file_to_string('fonts_test.png', graceful_errors=True) print text

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  • How to familiarize myself with Python

    - by Zel
    I am Python beginner. Started Python 1.5 months back. I downloaded the Python docs and read some part of the tutorial. I have been programming on codechef.com and solving problems of projecteuler. I am thinking of reading Introduction to algorithms and following this course on MIT opencourse ware as I haven't been getting much improvement in programming and I am wasting much time thinking just what should I do when faced with any programming problem. But I think that I still don't know the correct way to learn the language itself. Should I start the library reference or continue with Python tutorial? Is learning algorithms useful for language such as C and not so much for Python as it has "batteries included"? Are there some other resources for familiarization with the language and in general for learning to solve programming problems? Or do I need to just devote some more time?

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  • Typing commands into a terminal always returns "-bash: /usr/bin/python: is a directory"

    - by Artur Sapek
    I think I messed something up on my Ubuntu server while trying to upgrade to Python 2.7.2. Every time I type in a command that doesn't have a response, the default from bash is this: -bash: /usr/bin/python: is a directory Just like it would say if I typed the name of a directory. But this happens every time I enter a command that doesn't do anything. artur@SERVER:~$ dslkfjdsklfdshjk -bash: /usr/bin/python: is a directory I remember messing with the update-alternatives to point at python at some point, perhaps that could be it? Any inklings as to why this is happening? Related to this problem is also the fact that when I try using easy_install it tells me -bash: /usr/bin/easy_install: /usr/bin/python: bad interpeter: Permission denied /etc/fstab/ is set to exec. I've read that could fix the second problem but it hasn't.

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  • How to make a python script run in Anacron

    - by Jeremy
    I have a python script that I would like to run daily using anacron, but I haven't been able to get it to work. The script is in my home directory, and I have put a symlink to it in /etc/cron.daily/. I saw somewhere that things here can't have dots in the filename, so the symlink has the .py extension removed (the original file still has it). The python file does have #!/usr/bin/python on the first line. This is my first experience with cron / anacron, and so I'm sure I'm making a dumb mistake - I just don't know what it is. Is a symlink a problem? Do I need the actual file there? Is the python script the problem? Do I need to run a bash script that will open the python script? Is there something else I'm not thinking of?

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  • Python script as a service on Ubuntu 11.10

    - by bugs99
    I am facing the following problem. I want to run a python script as a service on Ubuntu 11.10 system (already mentioned in the following link: Python service using Upstart on Ubuntu) I followed the steps mentioned in the above mentioned link, but i got the following error message in syslog: init: script main process (21826) terminated with status 1 Jun 8 16:59:55 bilbo kernel: [263012.984531] init: script main process ended, respawning Jun 8 16:59:55 bilbo kernel: [263013.044099] init: script main process (21827) terminated with status 1 The above two lines are getting repeated all the time. On saying sudo start script, I get the following: $ sudo start script script start/running, process 21826 Following is the content of my script.conf placed in /etc/init: description "Used to start python script as a service" author "bilbo" start on runlevel [2] stop on runlevel [06] exec python /home/bilbo/scripts/webserver.py respawn Please tell me what I am doing wrong? Do I have to change my python code as well?

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  • How to install Visual Python?

    - by user214152
    I'm a Linux newbie but I'm determined to get my favorite applications on my laptop running Ubuntu 12.04. I just installed Cinnamon. I'm trying to install Visual Python and it requires Python 2.7. I followed the instructions on the VPython site but the Wine application isn't extracting anything from the Python .msi file. From the first line wine start /i python-2.7.5.amd64.msi /qn TARGETDIR=~/Python27 ALLUSERS=1 it says fixme:storage:create_storagefile Storage share mode not implemented. I created that Python27 directory so I know it exists and it's empty. I know Ubuntu already has Python 2.7 so I just tried running the VPython.exe file but it says "This program can only be installed on versions of Windows designed for the following processor architectures: x64." My Toshiba satellite has a 64-bit processor. Could anybody help?

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  • Python repl in python application

    - by Olorin
    Hello i am learning python(so i can use qt with python not only c++) and i'm curios if it would be possible to embed a python interpreter in my application as a repl. I would like to give users to possibility to script the app using python either loading a file (and that file to act as a plugin for the app) or by evaluating code entered in a text box or something like that. Just like you can embed the interpreter in C or C++ and script the app using python can this be done if the application is itself written in python(and made a stand-alone binary using py2exe or something similar)? something like Anders did with the C# repl or Miguel with mono. Thanks.

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  • Using Python on Mac

    - by choise
    hi, i want to learn python using my mac. now i want to setup a python version = 3.1.3, because my materials for learning are using this version. typing python into terminal results version 2.6.1, using the dmg installer on python.org (http://docs.python.org/ftp/python/3.1.3/) doesn't have an effect on the python version in terminal, but it's bundled with an own shell under Applications/Python 3.1/Idle.app my question now is, should i use this shell for learing or is there a better way, updating the python version bundled with snow leopard? i already tried defaults write com.apple.versioner.python Version 3.1.3 or defaults write com.apple.versioner.python Version 3.0 without any result. thanks!

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  • Until when will Python 2.5 be supported?

    - by Emilien
    Apparently Python only supports 2 minor versions (like 2.X), so that would mean Python 2.5 would get phased out when Python 2.7 comes out (in June 2010?) Is this correct? PEP 356 -- Python 2.5 Release Schedule doesn't give much answers to this question.

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  • No IDLE for Python 3?

    - by NotSuper
    I installed Python 3.1 yesterday on my Windows Vista PC, and was surprised to find that the version of IDLE is 2.6.4, for "Python 2.6.4 (r264:75708, Oct 26 2009, 08:23:19) [MSC v.1500 32 bit (Intel)] on win32" I was hoping to use IDLE to investigate some of the new features of Python 3... I guess I'm stuck with the command line... Anyone know what's up with Python 3's IDLE? Thanks

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  • Why use Python interactive mode?

    - by mvid
    When I first started reading about Python, all of the tutorials have you use Python's Interactive Mode. It is difficult to save, write long programs, or edit your existing lines (for me at least). It seems like a far more difficult way of writing Python code than opening up a code.py file and running the interpreter on that file. python code.py I am coming from a Java background, so I have ingrained expectations of writing and compiling files for programs. I also know that a feature would not be so prominent in Python documentation if it were not somehow useful. So what am I missing?

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  • Boost.Python tutorial in Ubuntu 10.04

    - by Doughy
    I downloaded the latest version of Boost and I'm trying to get the Boost.python tutorial up and running on Ubuntu 10.04: http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_43_0/libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc/html/python/hello.html I navigated to the correct directory, ran "bjam" and it compiled using default settings. I did not yet create a bjam config file. The compilation appears to have worked, but now I have no idea how to include the files in my python script. When I try to run the python hello world script, it gives me this error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "./hello.py", line 6, in <module> import hello_ext ImportError: libboost_python.so.1.43.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory Anyone know what is going on?

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  • Avoiding accidentally catching KeyboardInterrupt and SystemExit in Python 2.4

    - by jrdioko
    In Python scripts, there are many cases where a keyboard interrupt (Ctrl-C) fails to kill the process because of a bare except clause somewhere in the code: try: foo() except: bar() The standard solution in Python 2.5 or higher is to catch Exception rather than using bare except clauses: try: foo() except Exception: bar() This works because, as of Python 2.5, KeyboardInterrupt and SystemExit inherit from BaseException, not Exception. However, some installations are still running Python 2.4. How can this problem be handled in versions prior to Python 2.5? (I'm going to answer this question myself, but putting it here so people searching for it can find a solution.)

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  • Collision library for bullet hell in Python

    - by darkfeline
    I am making a bullet hell game in Python and am looking for a suitable collision library, taking the following into consideration: The library should do 2D polygon collision. It should be very fast. As a bullet hell game, I expect to do collision checks between hundreds, likely thousands of objects every frame at a consistent 60fps. Good documentation Permissive license (like MIT, not GPL) I am also considering writing my own library in C/C++ and wrapping with python ctypes in the event that no such library exists, though I do not have experience with collision detection algorithms, so I am not sure if this would be more trouble than it's worth. Could someone provide some guidance on this matter?

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  • file layout and setuptools configuration for the python bit of a multi-language library

    - by dan mackinlay
    So we're writing a full-text search framework MongoDb. MongoDB is pretty much javascript-native, so we wrote the javascript library first, and it works. Now I'm trying to write a python framework for it, which will be partially in python, but partially use those same stored javascript functions - the javascript functions are an intrinsic part of the library. On the other hand, the javascript framework does not depend on python. since they are pretty intertwined it seems like it's worthwhile keeping them in the same repository. I'm trying to work out a way of structuring the whole project to give the javascript and python frameworks equal status (maybe a ruby driver or whatever in the future?), but still allow the python library to install nicely. Currently it looks like this: (simplified a little) javascript/jstest/test1.js javascript/mongo-fulltext/search.js javascript/mongo-fulltext/util.js python/docs/indext.rst python/tests/search_test.py python/tests/__init__.py python/mongofulltextsearch/__init__.py python/mongofulltextsearch/mongo_search.py python/mongofulltextsearch/util.py python/setup.py I've skipped out a few files for simplicity, but you get the general idea; it' a pretty much standard python project... except that it depends critcally ona whole bunch of javascript which is stored in a sibling directory tree. What's the preferred setup for dealing with this kind of thing when it comes to setuptools? I can work out how to use package_data etc to install data files that live inside my python project as per the setuptools docs. The problem is if i want to use setuptools to install stuff, including the javascript files from outside the python code tree, and then also access them in a consistent way when I'm developing the python code and when it is easy_installed to someone's site. Is that supported behaviour for setuptools? Should i be using paver or distutils2 or Distribute or something? (basic distutils is not an option; the whole reason I'm doing this is to enable requirements tracking) How should i be reading the contents of those files into python scripts?

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