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  • Why cant we create Object if constructor is in private section?

    - by Abhi
    Dear all I want to know why cant we create object if the constructor is in private section. I know that if i make a method static i can call that method using <classname> :: <methodname(...)>; But why cant we create object is my doubt... I also know if my method is not static then also i can call function by the following... class A { A(); public: void fun1(); void fun2(); void fun3(); }; int main() { A *obj =(A*)malloc(sizeof(A)); //Here we can't use new A() because constructor is in private //but we can use malloc with it, but it will not call the constructor //and hence it is harmful because object may not be in usable state. obj->fun1(); obj->fun2(); obj->fun3(); } So only doubt is why cant we create object when constructor is in private section? Thanks in advance

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  • How do I add an object to a binary tree based on the value of a member variable?

    - by Max
    How can I get a specific value from an object? I'm trying to get a value of an instance for eg. ListOfPpl newListOfPpl = new ListOfPpl(id, name, age); Object item = newListOfPpl; How can I get a value of name from an Object item?? Even if it is easy or does not interest you can anyone help me?? Edited: I was trying to build a binary tree contains the node of ListOfPpl, and need to sort it in the lexicographic. Here's my code for insertion on the node. Any clue?? public void insert(Object item){ Node current = root; Node follow = null; if(!isEmpty()){ root = new Node(item, null, null); return; }boolean left = false, right = false; while(current != null){ follow = current; left = false; right = false; //I need to compare and sort it if(item.compareTo(current.getFighter()) < 0){ current = current.getLeft(); left = true; }else { current = current.getRight(); right = true; } }if(left) follow.setLeft(new Node(item, null, null)); else follow.setRight(new Node(item, null, null)); }

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  • [javascript] Can I overload an object with a function?

    - by user257493
    Lets say I have an object of functions/values. I'm interested in overloading based on calling behavior. For example, this block of code below demonstrates what I wish to do. var main_thing = { initalized: false, something: "Hallo, welt!", something_else: [123,456,789], load: { sub1 : function() { //Some stuff }, sub2 : function() { //Some stuff }, all : function() { this.load.sub1(); this.load.sub2(); } } init: function () { this.initalized=true; this.something="Hello, world!"; this.something_else = [0,0,0]; this.load(); //I want this to call this.load.all() instead. } } The issue to me is that main_thing.load is assigned to an object, and to call main_thing.load.all() would call the function inside of the object (the () operator). What can I do to set up my code so I could use main_thing.load as an access the object, and main_thing.load() to execute some code? Or at least, similar behavior. Basically, this would be similar to a default constructor in other languages where you don't need to call main_thing.constructor(). If this isn't possible, please explain with a bit of detail.

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  • First toe in the water with Object Databases : DB4O

    - by REA_ANDREW
    I have been wanting to have a play with Object Databases for a while now, and today I have done just that.  One of the obvious choices I had to make was which one to use.  My criteria for choosing one today was simple, I wanted one which I could literally wack in and start using, which means I wanted one which either had a .NET API or was designed/ported to .NET.  My decision was between two being: db4o MongoDb I went for db4o for the single reason that it looked like I could get it running and integrated the quickest.  I am making a Blogging application and front end as a project with which I can test and learn with these object databases.  Another requirement which I thought I would mention is that I also want to be able to use the said database in a shared hosting environment where I cannot install, run and maintain a server instance of said object database.  I can do exactly this with db4o. I have not tried to do this with MongoDb at time of writing.  There are quite a few in the industry now and you read an interesting post about different ones and how they are used with some of the heavy weights in the industry here : http://blog.marcua.net/post/442594842/notes-from-nosql-live-boston-2010 In the example which I am building I am using StructureMap as my IOC.  To inject the object for db4o I went with a Singleton instance scope as I am using a single file and I need this to be available to any thread on in the process as opposed to using the server implementation where I could open and close client connections with the server handling each one respectively.  Again I want to point out that I have chosen to stick with the non server implementation of db4o as I wanted to use this in a shared hosting environment where I cannot have such servers installed and run.     public static class Bootstrapper    {        public static void ConfigureStructureMap()        {            ObjectFactory.Initialize(x => x.AddRegistry(new MyApplicationRegistry()));        }    }    public class MyApplicationRegistry : Registry    {        public const string DB4O_FILENAME = "blog123";        public string DbPath        {            get            {                return Path.Combine(Path.GetDirectoryName(Assembly.GetAssembly(typeof(IBlogRepository)).Location), DB4O_FILENAME);            }        }        public MyApplicationRegistry()        {            For<IObjectContainer>().Singleton().Use(                () => Db4oEmbedded.OpenFile(Db4oEmbedded.NewConfiguration(), DbPath));            Scan(assemblyScanner =>            {                assemblyScanner.TheCallingAssembly();                assemblyScanner.WithDefaultConventions();            });        }    } So my code above is the structure map plumbing which I use for the application.  I am doing this simply as a quick scratch pad to play around with different things so I am simply segregating logical layers with folder structure as opposed to different assemblies.  It will be easy if I want to do this with any segment but for the purposes of example I have literally just wacked everything in the one assembly.  You can see an example file structure I have on the right.  I am planning on testing out a few implementations of the object databases out there so I can program to an interface of IBlogRepository One of the things which I was unsure about was how it performed under a multi threaded environment which it will undoubtedly be used 9 times out of 10, and for the reason that I am using the db context as a singleton, I assumed that the library was of course thread safe but I did not know as I have not read any where in the documentation, again this is probably me not reading things correctly.  In short though I threw together a simple test where I simply iterate to a limit each time kicking a common task off with a thread from a thread pool.  This task simply created and added an random Post and added it to the storage. The execution of the threads I put inside the Setup of the Test and then simply ensure the number of posts committed to the database is equal to the number of iterations I made; here is the code I used to do the multi thread jobs: [TestInitialize] public void Setup() { var sw = new System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch(); sw.Start(); var resetEvent = new ManualResetEvent(false); ThreadPool.SetMaxThreads(20, 20); for (var i = 0; i < MAX_ITERATIONS; i++) { ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(delegate(object state) { var eventToReset = (ManualResetEvent)state; var post = new Post { Author = MockUser, Content = "Mock Content", Title = "Title" }; Repository.Put(post); var counter = Interlocked.Decrement(ref _threadCounter); if (counter == 0) eventToReset.Set(); }, resetEvent); } WaitHandle.WaitAll(new[] { resetEvent }); sw.Stop(); Console.WriteLine("{0:00}.{1:00} seconds", sw.Elapsed.Seconds, sw.Elapsed.Milliseconds); }   I was not doing this to test out the speed performance of db4o but while I was doing this I could not help but put in a StopWatch and see out of sheer interest how fast it would take to insert a number of Posts.  I tested it out in this case with 10000 inserts of a small, simple POCO and it resulted in an average of:  899.36 object inserts / second.  Again this is just  simple crude test which came out of my curiosity at how it performed under many threads when using the non server implementation of db4o. The spec summary of the computer I used is as follows: With regards to the actual Repository implementation itself, it really is quite straight forward and I have to say I am very surprised at how easy it was to integrate and get up and running.  One thing I have noticed in the exposure I have had so far is that the Query returns IList<T> as opposed to IQueryable<T> but again I have not looked into this in depth and this could be there already and if not they have provided everything one needs to make there own repository.  An example of a couple of methods from by db4o implementation of the BlogRepository is below: public class BlogRepository : IBlogRepository { private readonly IObjectContainer _db; public BlogRepository(IObjectContainer db) { _db = db; } public void Put(DomainObject obj) { _db.Store(obj); } public void Delete(DomainObject obj) { _db.Delete(obj); } public Post GetByKey(object key) { return _db.Query<Post>(post => post.Key == key).FirstOrDefault(); } … Anyways I hope to get a few more implementations going of the object databases and literally just get familiarized with them and the concept of no sql databases. Cheers for now, Andrew

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  • A leader election algorithm for an oriented hypercube

    - by mick
    I'm stuck with some problem where I have to design a leader election algorithm for an oriented hypercube. This should be done by using a tournament with a number of rounds equal to the dimension D of the hypercube. In each stage d, with 1 <= d < D two candidate leaders of neighbouring d-dimensional hypercubes should compete to become the single candidate leader of the (d+1)-dimensional hypercube that is the union of their respective hypercubes.

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  • Can I create object names from a text file in Python 2.7?

    - by user560100
    I'm working on a game project. I've created an object, Star(Object). I want to assign the name of the variables, dynamically, from a text file. If I have a text file with: Sol Centauri Vega I want the program to create the Star(Object) with variable names from the text file. I want the process automated, because I'm looking to create hundreds of stars. I could write the code out by hand: Sol = Star(Sol) Centauri = Star(Centauri) Vega = Star(Vega) But isn't there a way to automate this? Essentially, what I eventually want is a tuple with the list of stars, as their own objects. Then, when I am doing game maintenance, I can just iterate over all the objects in the tuple.

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  • How can I get a value out of a jQuery object?

    - by Jannis
    I am returning some data (example below) and saving it to a jQuery object (or is this an array and I am confusing the two?) when I log the variable that is the object it has the values I am looking for but how do I access the data inside this object? code $itemPosition = { 'top': $item.offset().top, 'left':$item.offset().left }, console.log($itemPosition); This would log out (the in this case expected) top: 0 & left: 490. But how can I know work with those values? Also, while this it is probably obvious I am still in the early stages of learning jQuery/Javascript rest assured that reference books are on their way, but so far the SO community has been invaluable to my learning, so thanks for reading! J.

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  • How can I dynamically add an <object> tag with JavaScript in IE?

    - by Detlef D. Doerscheln
    I have to add either an embed tag for Firefox or an object tag for Internet Explorer with JavaScript to address the appropriate ActiveX / Plugin depending on the browser. The plugin could be missing and needs to get downloaded in this case. The dynamically added embed tag for Firefox works as expected. The dynamically added object tag for Internet Explorer seems to do nothing at all. The object tag needs the following attributes to function properly. id ="SomeId" classid = "CLSID:{GUID}" codebase = "http://www.MyActicexSource.com/MyCuteActivex.CAB#Version=2,0,0,1" Even a general working idea or method would be nice. Thanks!

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  • Can can I reference extended methods/params without having to cast from the base class object return

    - by Greg
    Hi, Is there away to not have a "cast" the top.First().Value() return to "Node", but rather have it automatically assume this (as opposed to NodeBase), so I then see extended attributes for the class I define in Node? That is is there a way to say: top.Nodes.First().Value.Path; as opposed to now having to go: ((Node)top.Nodes.First().Value).Path) thanks [TestMethod()] public void CreateNoteTest() { var top = new Topology(); Node node = top.CreateNode("a"); node.Path = "testpath"; Assert.AreEqual("testpath", ((Node)top.Nodes.First().Value).Path); // *** HERE *** } class Topology : TopologyBase<string, Node, Relationship> { } class Node : NodeBase<string> { public string Path { get; set; } } public class NodeBase<T> { public T Key { get; set; } public NodeBase() { } public NodeBase(T key) { Key = key; } } public class TopologyBase<TKey, TNode, TRelationship> where TNode : NodeBase<TKey>, new() where TRelationship : RelationshipBase<TKey>, new() { // Properties public Dictionary<TKey, NodeBase<TKey>> Nodes { get; private set; } public List<RelationshipBase<TKey>> Relationships { get; private set; } }

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  • How to signal object instantiation in a Collaboration/Communication Diagram?

    - by devoured elysium
    I'd like to know how to translate the following line of code to a Collaboration Diagram: Food food = new Food("abc", 123); I know that I can call an Food's method using the following notation: MyStaticMethod() ----------------------> -------- | | | Food | | | -------- being that equivalent to Taste taste = Food.MyStaticMethod(); and MyInstanceMethod() ----------------------> --------------- | | | food : Food | | | --------------- is equivalent to food.MyInstanceMethod(); but how do I signal that I want to call a given constructor on Food? Thanks

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  • PHP: Object Oriented Programming -> Operator

    - by oman9589
    So I've been reading through the book PHP Solutions, Dynamic Web Design Made Easy by David Powers. I read through the short section on Object Oriented PHP, and I am having a hard time grasping the idea of the - operator. Can anyone try to give me a solid explanation on the - operator in OOP PHP? Example: $westcost = new DateTimeZone('America/Los_Angeles'); $now->setTimezone($westcoast); Also,a more general example: $someObject->propertyName Thanks

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  • How to refer to object in JavaScript event handler?

    - by George Edison
    Note: This question uses jQuery but the question has nothing to do with jQuery! Okay so I have this object: var box = new BigBox(); This object has a method named Serialize(): box.AddToPage(); Here is the method AddToPage(): function AddToPage() { $('#some_item').html("<div id='box' onclick='this.OnClick()'></div>"); } The problem above is the this.OnClick() (which obviously does not work). I need the onclick handler to invoke a member of the BigBox class. How can I do this? How can an object refer to itself in an event handler?

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  • Connection between Properties of Entities in Data Oriented Design

    - by sharethis
    I want to start with an example illustrating my question. The following way it is done in the most games. class car { vec3 position; vec3 rotation; mesh model; imge texture; void move(); // modify position and rotation void draw(); // use model, texture, ... }; vector<car> cars; for(auto i = cars.begin(); i != cars.end(); ++i) { i->move(); i->draw(); } Data oriented design means to process the same calculation on the hole batch of data at once. This way it takes more advantage out of the processor cache. struct movedata { vec3 position; vec3 rotation; }; struct drawdata { mesh model; imge texture; }; vector<movedata> movedatas; vector<drawdata> drawdatas; for(auto i = movedatas.begin(); i != movedatas.end(); ++i) { // modify position and rotation } for(auto i = drawdatas.begin(); i != drawdatas.end(); ++i) { // use model, texture, ... } But there comes a point where you need to find other properties according to an entity. For example if the car crashes, I do not need the drawdata and the movedata any more. So I need to delete the entries of this entity in all vectors. The entries are not linked by code. So my question is the following. How are properties of the same entity conceptually linked in a data oriented design?

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  • Repository, Service or Domain object - where does logic belong?

    - by betitall
    Take this simple, contrived example: UserRepository.GetAllUsers(); UserRepository.GetUserById(); Inevitably, I will have more complex "queries", such as: //returns users where active=true, deleted=false, and confirmed = true GetActiveUsers(); I'm having trouble determining where the responsibility of the repository ends. GetActiveUsers() represents a simple "query". Does it belong in the repository? How about something that involves a bit of logic, such as: //activate the user, set the activationCode to "used", etc. ActivateUser(string activationCode);

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  • How can I find out how much memory an object of a C++ class consumes?

    - by Shadow
    Hi, I am developing a Graph-class, based on boost-graph-library. A Graph-object contains a boost-graph, so to say an adjacency_list, and a map. When monitoring the total memory usage of my program, it consumes quite a lot (checked with pmap). Now, I would like to know, how much of the memory is exactly consumed by a filled object of this Graph-class? With filled I mean when the adjacency_list is full of vertices and edges. I found out, that using sizeof() doesn't bring me far. Using valgrind is also not an alternative as there is quite some memory allocation done previously and this makes the usage of valgrind impractical for this purpose. I'm also not interested in what other parts of the program cost in memory, I want to focus on one single object. Thank you.

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  • OOP beginner: classB extends classA. classA already object. method in classB needed.. etc.

    - by Yvo
    Hey guys, I'm learning myself to go from function based PHP coding to OOP. And this is the situation: ClassA holds many basic tool methods (functions). it's __construct makes a DB connection. ClassB holds specific methods based on a certain activity (extract widgets). ClassB extends ClassA because it uses some of the basic tools in there e.g. a database call. In a php file I create a $a_class = new ClassA object (thus a new DB connection). Now I need a method in ClassB. I do $b_class = new ClassB; and call a method, which uses a method from it's parent:: ClassA. In this example, i'm having ClassA 'used' twice. Onces as object, and onces via a parent:: call, so ClassA creates another DB connection (or not?). So what is the best setup for this basic classes parent, child (extend) situation? I only want to make one connection of course? I don't like to forward the object to ClassB like this $b_class = new ClassB($a_object); or is that the best way? Thanks for thinking with me, and helping :d

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  • Creating an object that is ready to be used & unset properties - with IoC

    - by GetFuzzy
    I have a question regarding the specifics of object creation and the usage of properties. A best practice is to put all the properties into a state such that the object is useful when its created. Object constructors help ensure that required dependencies are created. I've found myself following a pattern lately, and then questioning its appropriateness. The pattern looks like this... public class ThingProcesser { public List<Thing> CalculatedThings { get; set; } public ThingProcesser() { CalculatedThings = new List<Thing>(); } public double FindCertainThing() { CheckForException(); foreach (var thing in CalculatedThings) { //do some stuff with things... } } public double FindOtherThing() { CheckForException(); foreach (var thing in CalculatedThings) { //do some stuff with things... } } private void CheckForException() { if (CalculatedThings.Count < 2) throw new InvalidOperationException("Calculated things must have more than 2 items"); } } The list of items is not being changed, just looked through by the methods. There are several methods on the class, and to avoid having to pass the list of things to each function as a method parameter, I set it once on the class. While this works, does it violate the principle of least astonishment? Since starting to use IoC I find myself not sticking things into the constructor, to avoid having to use a factory pattern. For example, I can argue with myself and say well the ThingProcessor really needs a List to work, so the object should be constructed like this. public class ThingProcesser { public List<Thing> CalculatedThings { get; set; } public ThingProcesser(List<Thing> calculatedThings) { CalculatedThings = calculatedThings; } } However, if I did this, it would complicate things for IoC, and this scenario hardly seems appropriate for something like the factory pattern. So in summary, are there some good guidelines for when something should be part of the object state, vs. passed as a method parameter? When using IoC, is the factory pattern the best way to deal with objects that need created with state? If something has to be passed to multiple methods in a class, does that render it a good candidate to be part of the objects state?

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  • Elfsign Object Signing on Solaris

    - by danx
    Elfsign Object Signing on Solaris Don't let this happen to you—use elfsign! Solaris elfsign(1) is a command that signs and verifies ELF format executables. That includes not just executable programs (such as ls or cp), but other ELF format files including libraries (such as libnvpair.so) and kernel modules (such as autofs). Elfsign has been available since Solaris 10 and ELF format files distributed with Solaris, since Solaris 10, are signed by either Sun Microsystems or its successor, Oracle Corporation. When an ELF file is signed, elfsign adds a new section the ELF file, .SUNW_signature, that contains a RSA public key signature and other information about the signer. That is, the algorithm used, algorithm OID, signer CN/OU, and time stamp. The signature section can later be verified by elfsign or other software by matching the signature in the file agains the ELF file contents (excluding the signature). ELF executable files may also be signed by a 3rd-party or by the customer. This is useful for verifying the origin and authenticity of executable files installed on a system. The 3rd-party or customer public key certificate should be installed in /etc/certs/ to allow verification by elfsign. For currently-released versions of Solaris, only cryptographic framework plugin libraries are verified by Solaris. However, all ELF files may be verified by the elfsign command at any time. Elfsign Algorithms Elfsign signatures are created by taking a digest of the ELF section contents, then signing the digest with RSA. To verify, one takes a digest of ELF file and compares with the expected digest that's computed from the signature and RSA public key. Originally elfsign took a MD5 digest of a SHA-1 digest of the ELF file sections, then signed the resulting digest with RSA. In Solaris 11.1 then Solaris 11.1 SRU 7 (5/2013), the elfsign crypto algorithms available have been expanded to keep up with evolving cryptography. The following table shows the available elfsign algorithms: Elfsign Algorithm Solaris Release Comments elfsign sign -F rsa_md5_sha1   S10, S11.0, S11.1 Default for S10. Not recommended* elfsign sign -F rsa_sha1 S11.1 Default for S11.1. Not recommended elfsign sign -F rsa_sha256 S11.1 patch SRU7+   Recommended ___ *Most or all CAs do not accept MD5 CSRs and do not issue MD5 certs due to MD5 hash collision problems. RSA Key Length. I recommend using RSA-2048 key length with elfsign is RSA-2048 as the best balance between a long expected "life time", interoperability, and performance. RSA-2048 keys have an expected lifetime through 2030 (and probably beyond). For details, see Recommendation for Key Management: Part 1: General, NIST Publication SP 800-57 part 1 (rev. 3, 7/2012, PDF), tables 2 and 4 (pp. 64, 67). Step 1: create or obtain a key and cert The first step in using elfsign is to obtain a key and cert from a public Certificate Authority (CA), or create your own self-signed key and cert. I'll briefly explain both methods. Obtaining a Certificate from a CA To obtain a cert from a CA, such as Verisign, Thawte, or Go Daddy (to name a few random examples), you create a private key and a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) file and send it to the CA, following the instructions of the CA on their website. They send back a signed public key certificate. The public key cert, along with the private key you created is used by elfsign to sign an ELF file. The public key cert is distributed with the software and is used by elfsign to verify elfsign signatures in ELF files. You need to request a RSA "Class 3 public key certificate", which is used for servers and software signing. Elfsign uses RSA and we recommend RSA-2048 keys. The private key and CSR can be generated with openssl(1) or pktool(1) on Solaris. Here's a simple example that uses pktool to generate a private RSA_2048 key and a CSR for sending to a CA: $ pktool gencsr keystore=file format=pem outcsr=MYCSR.p10 \ subject="CN=canineswworks.com,OU=Canine SW object signing" \ outkey=MYPRIVATEKEY.key $ openssl rsa -noout -text -in MYPRIVATEKEY.key Private-Key: (2048 bit) modulus: 00:d2:ef:42:f2:0b:8c:96:9f:45:32:fc:fe:54:94: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . c9:c7 publicExponent: 65537 (0x10001) privateExponent: 26:14:fc:49:26:bc:a3:14:ee:31:5e:6b:ac:69:83: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 81 prime1: 00:f6:b7:52:73:bc:26:57:26:c8:11:eb:6c:dc:cb: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . bc:91:d0:40:d6:9d:ac:b5:69 prime2: 00:da:df:3f:56:b2:18:46:e1:89:5b:6c:f1:1a:41: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . f3:b7:48:de:c3:d9:ce:af:af exponent1: 00:b9:a2:00:11:02:ed:9a:3f:9c:e4:16:ce:c7:67: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 55:50:25:70:d3:ca:b9:ab:99 exponent2: 00:c8:fc:f5:57:11:98:85:8e:9a:ea:1f:f2:8f:df: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 23:57:0e:4d:b2:a0:12:d2:f5 coefficient: 2f:60:21:cd:dc:52:76:67:1a:d8:75:3e:7f:b0:64: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 06:94:56:d8:9d:5c:8e:9b $ openssl req -noout -text -in MYCSR.p10 Certificate Request: Data: Version: 2 (0x2) Subject: OU=Canine SW object signing, CN=canineswworks.com Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption Public-Key: (2048 bit) Modulus: 00:d2:ef:42:f2:0b:8c:96:9f:45:32:fc:fe:54:94: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . c9:c7 Exponent: 65537 (0x10001) Attributes: Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption b3:e8:30:5b:88:37:68:1c:26:6b:45:af:5e:de:ea:60:87:ea: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 06:f9:ed:b4 Secure storage of RSA private key. The private key needs to be protected if the key signing is used for production (as opposed to just testing). That is, protect the key to protect against unauthorized signatures by others. One method is to use a PIN-protected PKCS#11 keystore. The private key you generate should be stored in a secure manner, such as in a PKCS#11 keystore using pktool(1). Otherwise others can sign your signature. Other secure key storage mechanisms include a SCA-6000 crypto card, a USB thumb drive stored in a locked area, a dedicated server with restricted access, Oracle Key Manager (OKM), or some combination of these. I also recommend secure backup of the private key. Here's an example of generating a private key protected in the PKCS#11 keystore, and a CSR. $ pktool setpin # use if PIN not set yet Enter token passphrase: changeme Create new passphrase: Re-enter new passphrase: Passphrase changed. $ pktool gencsr keystore=pkcs11 label=MYPRIVATEKEY \ format=pem outcsr=MYCSR.p10 \ subject="CN=canineswworks.com,OU=Canine SW object signing" $ pktool list keystore=pkcs11 Enter PIN for Sun Software PKCS#11 softtoken: Found 1 asymmetric public keys. Key #1 - RSA public key: MYPRIVATEKEY Here's another example that uses openssl instead of pktool to generate a private key and CSR: $ openssl genrsa -out cert.key 2048 $ openssl req -new -key cert.key -out MYCSR.p10 Self-Signed Cert You can use openssl or pktool to create a private key and a self-signed public key certificate. A self-signed cert is useful for development, testing, and internal use. The private key created should be stored in a secure manner, as mentioned above. The following example creates a private key, MYSELFSIGNED.key, and a public key cert, MYSELFSIGNED.pem, using pktool and displays the contents with the openssl command. $ pktool gencert keystore=file format=pem serial=0xD06F00D lifetime=20-year \ keytype=rsa hash=sha256 outcert=MYSELFSIGNED.pem outkey=MYSELFSIGNED.key \ subject="O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com" $ pktool list keystore=file objtype=cert infile=MYSELFSIGNED.pem Found 1 certificates. 1. (X.509 certificate) Filename: MYSELFSIGNED.pem ID: c8:24:59:08:2b:ae:6e:5c:bc:26:bd:ef:0a:9c:54:de:dd:0f:60:46 Subject: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com Issuer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com Not Before: Oct 17 23:18:00 2013 GMT Not After: Oct 12 23:18:00 2033 GMT Serial: 0xD06F00D0 Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption $ openssl x509 -noout -text -in MYSELFSIGNED.pem Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 3496935632 (0xd06f00d0) Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption Issuer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com Validity Not Before: Oct 17 23:18:00 2013 GMT Not After : Oct 12 23:18:00 2033 GMT Subject: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption Public-Key: (2048 bit) Modulus: 00:bb:e8:11:21:d9:4b:88:53:8b:6c:5a:7a:38:8b: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . bf:77 Exponent: 65537 (0x10001) Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption 9e:39:fe:c8:44:5c:87:2c:8f:f4:24:f6:0c:9a:2f:64:84:d1: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 5f:78:8e:e8 $ openssl rsa -noout -text -in MYSELFSIGNED.key Private-Key: (2048 bit) modulus: 00:bb:e8:11:21:d9:4b:88:53:8b:6c:5a:7a:38:8b: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . bf:77 publicExponent: 65537 (0x10001) privateExponent: 0a:06:0f:23:e7:1b:88:62:2c:85:d3:2d:c1:e6:6e: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 9c:e1:e0:0a:52:77:29:4a:75:aa:02:d8:af:53:24: c1 prime1: 00:ea:12:02:bb:5a:0f:5a:d8:a9:95:b2:ba:30:15: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 5b:ca:9c:7c:19:48:77:1e:5d prime2: 00:cd:82:da:84:71:1d:18:52:cb:c6:4d:74:14:be: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 5f:db:d5:5e:47:89:a7:ef:e3 exponent1: 32:37:62:f6:a6:bf:9c:91:d6:f0:12:c3:f7:04:e9: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . 97:3e:33:31:89:66:64:d1 exponent2: 00:88:a2:e8:90:47:f8:75:34:8f:41:50:3b:ce:93: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . ff:74:d4:be:f3:47:45:bd:cb coefficient: 4d:7c:09:4c:34:73:c4:26:f0:58:f5:e1:45:3c:af: . . . [omitted for brevity] . . . af:01:5f:af:ad:6a:09:bf Step 2: Sign the ELF File object By now you should have your private key, and obtained, by hook or crook, a cert (either from a CA or use one you created (a self-signed cert). The next step is to sign one or more objects with your private key and cert. Here's a simple example that creates an object file, signs, verifies, and lists the contents of the ELF signature. $ echo '#include <stdio.h>\nint main(){printf("Hello\\n");}'>hello.c $ make hello cc -o hello hello.c $ elfsign verify -v -c MYSELFSIGNED.pem -e hello elfsign: no signature found in hello. $ elfsign sign -F rsa_sha256 -v -k MYSELFSIGNED.key -c MYSELFSIGNED.pem -e hello elfsign: hello signed successfully. format: rsa_sha256. signer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com. signed on: October 17, 2013 04:22:49 PM PDT. $ elfsign list -f format -e hello rsa_sha256 $ elfsign list -f signer -e hello O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com $ elfsign list -f time -e hello October 17, 2013 04:22:49 PM PDT $ elfsign verify -v -c MYSELFSIGNED.key -e hello elfsign: verification of hello failed. format: rsa_sha256. signer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com. signed on: October 17, 2013 04:22:49 PM PDT. Signing using the pkcs11 keystore To sign the ELF file using a private key in the secure pkcs11 keystore, replace "-K MYSELFSIGNED.key" in the "elfsign sign" command line with "-T MYPRIVATEKEY", where MYPRIVATKEY is the pkcs11 token label. Step 3: Install the cert and test on another system Just signing the object isn't enough. You need to copy or install the cert and the signed ELF file(s) on another system to test that the signature is OK. Your public key cert should be installed in /etc/certs. Use elfsign verify to verify the signature. Elfsign verify checks each cert in /etc/certs until it finds one that matches the elfsign signature in the file. If one isn't found, the verification fails. Here's an example: $ su Password: # rm /etc/certs/MYSELFSIGNED.key # cp MYSELFSIGNED.pem /etc/certs # exit $ elfsign verify -v hello elfsign: verification of hello passed. format: rsa_sha256. signer: O=Canine Software Works, OU=Self-signed CA, CN=canineswworks.com. signed on: October 17, 2013 04:24:20 PM PDT. After testing, package your cert along with your ELF object to allow elfsign verification after your cert and object are installed or copied. Under the Hood: elfsign verification Here's the steps taken to verify a ELF file signed with elfsign. The steps to sign the file are similar except the private key exponent is used instead of the public key exponent and the .SUNW_signature section is written to the ELF file instead of being read from the file. Generate a digest (SHA-256) of the ELF file sections. This digest uses all ELF sections loaded in memory, but excludes the ELF header, the .SUNW_signature section, and the symbol table Extract the RSA signature (RSA-2048) from the .SUNW_signature section Extract the RSA public key modulus and public key exponent (65537) from the public key cert Calculate the expected digest as follows:     signaturepublicKeyExponent % publicKeyModulus Strip the PKCS#1 padding (most significant bytes) from the above. The padding is 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, . . ., 0xff, 0x00. If the actual digest == expected digest, the ELF file is verified (OK). Further Information elfsign(1), pktool(1), and openssl(1) man pages. "Signed Solaris 10 Binaries?" blog by Darren Moffat (2005) shows how to use elfsign. "Simple CLI based CA on Solaris" blog by Darren Moffat (2008) shows how to set up a simple CA for use with self-signed certificates. "How to Create a Certificate by Using the pktool gencert Command" System Administration Guide: Security Services (available at docs.oracle.com)

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  • Lifetime issue of IDisposable unmanaged resources in a complex object graph?

    - by stakx
    This question is about dealing with unmanaged resources (COM interop) and making sure there won't be any resource leaks. I'd appreciate feedback on whether I seem to do things the right way. Background: Let's say I've got two classes: A class LimitedComResource which is a wrapper around a COM object (received via some API). There can only be a limited number of those COM objects, therefore my class implements the IDisposable interface which will be responsible for releasing a COM object when it's no longer needed. Objects of another type ManagedObject are temporarily created to perform some work on a LimitedComResource. They are not IDisposable. To summarize the above in a diagram, my classes might look like this: +---------------+ +--------------------+ | ManagedObject | <>------> | LimitedComResource | +---------------+ +--------------------+ | o IDisposable (I'll provide example code for these two classes in just a moment.) Question: Since my temporary ManagedObject objects are not disposable, I obviously have no control over how long they'll be around. However, in the meantime I might have Disposed the LimitedComObject that a ManagedObject is referring to. How can I make sure that a ManagedObject won't access a LimitedComResource that's no longer there? +---------------+ +--------------------+ | managedObject | <>------> | (dead object) | +---------------+ +--------------------+ I've currently implemented this with a mix of weak references and a flag in LimitedResource which signals whether an object has already been disposed. Is there any better way? Example code (what I've currently got): LimitedComResource: class LimitedComResource : IDisposable { private readonly IUnknown comObject; // <-- set in constructor ... void Dispose(bool notFromFinalizer) { if (!this.isDisposed) { Marshal.FinalReleaseComObject(comObject); } this.isDisposed = true; } internal bool isDisposed = false; } ManagedObject: class ManagedObject { private readonly WeakReference limitedComResource; // <-- set in constructor ... public void DoSomeWork() { if (!limitedComResource.IsAlive()) { throw new ObjectDisposedException(); // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ // is there a more suitable exception class? } var ur = (LimitedComResource)limitedComResource.Target; if (ur.isDisposed) { throw new ObjectDisposedException(); } ... // <-- do something sensible here! } }

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  • Any tools out there that will EXECUTE BPMN 2.0 xml code yet?

    - by processimprover
    Business Process Modeling Notation with version 2.0, an international standard formally approved by OMG, creates XML code that is generated when a person creates a process model in a process modeling tool...like Visio with ITP-Commerce BPM 2.0 add-in. I would like to know if any of you gurus out there have or can create a tool that will take the XML code and EXECUTE it. Anyone? Thanks very much, Randy

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  • Zend Table Relationship Modeling with Composite Key

    - by emeraldjava
    I have a table with a composite primary key using four columns. mysql> describe leaguesummary; +------------------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +------------------------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | leagueid | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | leaguetype | enum('I','T') | NO | PRI | NULL | | | leagueparticipantid | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | | | leaguestandard | int(10) unsigned | NO | | NULL | | | leaguedivision | varchar(5) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | leagueposition | int(10) unsigned | NO | | NULL | | I have the league object modelled as so (all plain enough mappings) <?php class Model_DbTable_League extends Zend_Db_Table_Abstract { protected $_name = 'league'; protected $_primary = 'id'; protected $_dependentTables = array('Model_DbTable_LeagueSummary'); And I've started like this on the new model class. I've mapped a simple reference map which returns all rows linked to the league id. // http://files.zend.com/help/Zend-Framework/zend.db.table.relationships.html // http://naneau.nl/2007/04/21/a-zend-framework-tutorial-part-one/ class Model_DbTable_LeagueSummary extends Zend_Db_Table_Abstract { protected $_name = "leaguesummary"; protected $_primary = array('leagueid', 'leaguetype','leagueparticipantid','leaguedivision'); protected $_referenceMap = array( 'Summary' => array( 'columns' => array('leagueid'), 'refTableClass' => 'Model_DbTable_League', 'refColumns' => array('id') ), ..... ); } ?> The simple case works when called from my controller public function listAction() { // action body $leagueTable = new Model_DbTable_League(); $this->view->leagues = $leagueTable->getLeagues(); $league = $leagueTable->getLeague(6); // work $summary = $league->findDependentRowset('Model_DbTable_LeagueSummary','Summary'); Zend_Debug::dump($summary,"",true); I'm not sure how i can define extra _referenceMap keys which will take extra contraint ket values. I would like to be able to define a set called 'MenA' in which the type and division values are hardcoded, and the league id is taken from the initial rowset. 'MenA' =>array( 'columns' => array('leagueid','leaguetype','leaguedivision'), 'refTableClass' => 'Model_DbTable_League', 'refColumns' => array("id","I","A") ) Is this style of mapping possible ie hardcoding the values into the 'refColumns'. The second crazy idea i had was to pass the variable values in as part of the third param of the findDependentRowset() method. $menA = $league->findDependentRowset('Model_DbTable_LeagueSummary','MenA',array("I","A")); Any suggestions on how I might use the Zend DB Table Relationship mapping correctly to do this would be appreciated. I'm not interested in the plain, old and ugly $db-select(a,b,c)-where(..) style solution.

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