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• How to develop RPG Damage Formulas?

  - by user127817

  I'm developing a classical 2d RPG (in a similar vein to final fantasy) and I was wondering if anyone had some advice on how to do damage formulas/links to resources/examples? I'll explain my current setup. Hopefully I'm not overdoing it with this question, and I apologize if my questions is too large/broad My Characters stats are composed of the following: enum Stat { HP = 0, MP = 1, SP = 2, Strength = 3, Vitality = 4, Magic = 5, Spirit = 6, Skill = 7, Speed = 8, //Speed/Agility are the same thing Agility = 8, Evasion = 9, MgEvasion = 10, Accuracy = 11, Luck = 12, }; Vitality is basically defense to physical attacks and spirit is defense to magic attacks. All stats have fixed maximums (9999 for HP, 999 for MP/SP and 255 for the rest). With abilities, the maximums can be increased (99999 for HP, 9999 for HP/SP, 999 for the rest) with typical values (at level 100) before/after abilities+equipment+etc will be 8000/20,000 for HP, 800/2000 for SP/MP, 180/350 for other stats Late game Enemy HP will typically be in the lower millions (with a super boss having the maximum of ~12 million). I was wondering how do people actually develop proper damage formulas that scale correctly? For instance, based on this data, using the damage formulas for Final Fantasy X as a base looked very promising. A full reference here http://www.gamefaqs.com/ps2/197344-final-fantasy-x/faqs/31381 but as a quick example: Str = 127, 'Attack' command used, enemy Def = 34. 1. Physical Damage Calculation: Step 1 ------------------------------------- [{(Stat^3 ÷ 32) + 32} x DmCon ÷16] Step 2 ---------------------------------------- [{(127^3 ÷ 32) + 32} x 16 ÷ 16] Step 3 -------------------------------------- [{(2048383 ÷ 32) + 32} x 16 ÷ 16] Step 4 --------------------------------------------------- [{(64011) + 32} x 1] Step 5 -------------------------------------------------------- [{(64043 x 1)}] Step 6 ---------------------------------------------------- Base Damage = 64043 Step 7 ----------------------------------------- [{(Def - 280.4)^2} ÷ 110] + 16 Step 8 ------------------------------------------ [{(34 - 280.4)^2} ÷ 110] + 16 Step 9 ------------------------------------------------- [(-246)^2) ÷ 110] + 16 Step 10 ---------------------------------------------------- [60516 ÷ 110] + 16 Step 11 ------------------------------------------------------------ [550] + 16 Step 12 ---------------------------------------------------------- DefNum = 566 Step 13 ---------------------------------------------- [BaseDmg * DefNum ÷ 730] Step 14 --------------------------------------------------- [64043 * 566 ÷ 730] Step 15 ------------------------------------------------------ [36248338 ÷ 730] Step 16 ------------------------------------------------- Base Damage 2 = 49655 Step 17 ------------ Base Damage 2 * {730 - (Def * 51 - Def^2 ÷ 11) ÷ 10} ÷ 730 Step 18 ---------------------- 49655 * {730 - (34 * 51 - 34^2 ÷ 11) ÷ 10} ÷ 730 Step 19 ------------------------- 49655 * {730 - (1734 - 1156 ÷ 11) ÷ 10} ÷ 730 Step 20 ------------------------------- 49655 * {730 - (1734 - 105) ÷ 10} ÷ 730 Step 21 ------------------------------------- 49655 * {730 - (1629) ÷ 10} ÷ 730 Step 22 --------------------------------------------- 49655 * {730 - 162} ÷ 730 Step 23 ----------------------------------------------------- 49655 * 568 ÷ 730 Step 24 -------------------------------------------------- Final Damage = 38635 I simply modified the dividers to include the attack rating of weapons and the armor rating of armor. Magic Damage is calculated as follows: Mag = 255, Ultima is used, enemy MDef = 1 Step 1 ----------------------------------- [DmCon * ([Stat^2 ÷ 6] + DmCon) ÷ 4] Step 2 ------------------------------------------ [70 * ([255^2 ÷ 6] + 70) ÷ 4] Step 3 ------------------------------------------ [70 * ([65025 ÷ 6] + 70) ÷ 4] Step 4 ------------------------------------------------ [70 * (10837 + 70) ÷ 4] Step 5 ----------------------------------------------------- [70 * (10907) ÷ 4] Step 6 ------------------------------------ Base Damage = 190872 [cut to 99999] Step 7 ---------------------------------------- [{(MDef - 280.4)^2} ÷ 110] + 16 Step 8 ------------------------------------------- [{(1 - 280.4)^2} ÷ 110] + 16 Step 9 ---------------------------------------------- [{(-279.4)^2} ÷ 110] + 16 Step 10 -------------------------------------------------- [(78064) ÷ 110] + 16 Step 11 ------------------------------------------------------------ [709] + 16 Step 12 --------------------------------------------------------- MDefNum = 725 Step 13 --------------------------------------------- [BaseDmg * MDefNum ÷ 730] Step 14 --------------------------------------------------- [99999 * 725 ÷ 730] Step 15 ------------------------------------------------- Base Damage 2 = 99314 Step 16 ---------- Base Damage 2 * {730 - (MDef * 51 - MDef^2 ÷ 11) ÷ 10} ÷ 730 Step 17 ------------------------ 99314 * {730 - (1 * 51 - 1^2 ÷ 11) ÷ 10} ÷ 730 Step 18 ------------------------------ 99314 * {730 - (51 - 1 ÷ 11) ÷ 10} ÷ 730 Step 19 --------------------------------------- 99314 * {730 - (49) ÷ 10} ÷ 730 Step 20 ----------------------------------------------------- 99314 * 725 ÷ 730 Step 21 -------------------------------------------------- Final Damage = 98633 The problem is that the formulas completely fall apart once stats start going above 255. In particular Defense values over 300 or so start generating really strange behavior. High Strength + Defense stats lead to massive negative values for instance. While I might be able to modify the formulas to work correctly for my use case, it'd probably be easier just to use a completely new formula. How do people actually develop damage formulas? I was considering opening excel and trying to build the formula that way (mapping Attack Stats vs. Defense Stats for instance) but I was wondering if there's an easier way? While I can't convey the full game mechanics of my game here, might someone be able to suggest a good starting place for building a damage formula? Thanks

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• LibGDX Boid Seek Behaviour

  - by childonline

  I'm trying to make a swarm of boids which seek out the mouse position and move towards it, but I'm having a bit of a problem. The boids just seem to want to go to upper-right corner of the game window. The mouse position seems influence the behavior a bit, but not enough to make the boid turn towards it. I suspect there is a problem with the way LibGDX handles its coordinate system, but I'm not sure how to fix it I've uploaded the eclipse project here! Also here are the relevant bits of my code, in case you see something obviously wrong: public Agent(){ _texture = GdxGame.TEX_AGENT; TextureRegion region = new TextureRegion(_texture, 0, 0, 32, 32); TextureRegion region2 = new TextureRegion(GdxGame.TEX_TARGET, 0, 0, 32, 32); _sprite = new Sprite(region); _sprite.setSize(.05f, .05f); _sprite_target = new Sprite(region2); _sprite_target.setSize(.1f, .1f); _max_velocity = 0.05f; _max_speed = 0.005f; _velocity = new Vector2(0, 0); _desired_velocity = new Vector2(0, 0); _steering = new Vector2(0, 0); _position = new Vector2(-_sprite.getWidth()/2, -_sprite.getHeight()/2); _mass = 10f; } public void Update(float deltaTime){ _target = new Vector2(Gdx.input.getX(), Gdx.input.getY()); _desired_velocity = ((_target.sub(_position)).nor()).scl(_max_velocity,_max_velocity); _steering = ((_desired_velocity.sub(_velocity)).limit(_max_speed)).div(_mass); _velocity = (_velocity.add(_steering)).limit(_max_speed); _position = _position.add(_velocity); _sprite.setPosition(_position.x, _position.y); _sprite_target.setPosition(Gdx.input.getX(), Gdx.input.getY()); } I've used this tutorial here. Thanks!

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• How to implement turn-based game engine?

  - by Dvole

  Let's imagine game like Heroes of Might and Magic, or Master of Orion, or your turn-based game of choice. What is the game logic behind making next turn? Are there any materials or books to read about the topic? To be specific, let's imagine game loop: void eventsHandler(); //something that responds to input void gameLogic(); //something that decides whats going to be output on the screen void render(); //this function outputs stuff on screen All those are getting called say 60 times a second. But how turn-based enters here? I might imagine that in gameLogic() there is a function like endTurn() that happens when a player clicks that button, but how do I handle it all? Need insights.

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• General approach to isometrics

  - by MrThys

  I am currently discovering the world of isometrics, now I found out there are two approaches to creating the tilemap; Just create 2:1 ratio tile-images and draw those. Creating squares and transforming them to the 2:1 ratio. What is the general approach on developing an isometric game? Now I was wondering a few things; How do more known games like AOE1/2 do this? What are the pros/cons of both methods? Which method is preferred to be used in this day and age? Edit added more general question

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• RTS Movement + Navigation + Destination

  - by Oliver Jones

  I'm looking into building my own simple RTS game, and I'm trying to get my head around the movement of single, and multi selected units. (Developing in Unity) After much research, I now know that its a bigger task than I thought. So I need to break it down. I already have an A* navigation system with static obstacles taken into account. I don't want to worry about dynamic local avoidance right now. So I guess my first break down question would be: How would I go about moving mutli units to the same location. Right now - my units move to the location, but because they're all told to go to the same location, they start to 'fight' over one another to get there. I think theres two paths to go down: 1) Give each individual unit a separate destination point that is close to the 'master' destination point - and get the units to move to that. 2) Group my selected units in a flock formation, and move that entire flock group towards the destination point. Question about each path: 1a) How can I go about finding a suitable destination point that is close to the master destination? What happens if there isn't a suitable destination point? 1b) Would this be more CPU heavy? As it has to compute a path for each unit? (40 unit count). 2a) Is this a good idea? Not giving the units themselves a destination, but instead the flock (which holds the units within). The units within the flock could then maintain a formation (local avoidance) - though, again local avoidance is not an issue at this current time. 2b) Not sure what results I would get if I have a flock of 5 units, or a flock of 40 units, as the radius would be greater - which might mess up my A* navigation system. In other words: A flock of 2 units will be able to move down an alleyway, but a flock of 40 wont. But my nav system won't take that into account. I would appreciate any feedback. Kind regards, Ollie Jones

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• How to create a legally valid timestamp of unpublished game artwork

  - by mm24

  Before publishing promotional material of my first indie game I wanted to mark all my artwork with a legally valid timestamp. There are two ways I know to do this: 1 go to a sollecitor/lawyer and pay for them to certify the document 2 use an online webservice to mark any given file/folder readable to the service Anyone has already done this and if yes how (e.g. which website have you used? which type of solecitor have you contacted? etc..)? Kind Regards PS: I know that there is always the good old "send yourself a mail with a stamp and a date" but is not very strong as proof.

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• Tile engine Texture not updating when numbers in array change

  - by Corey

  I draw my map from a txt file. I am using java with slick2d library. When I print the array the number changes in the array, but the texture doesn't change. public class Tiles { public Image[] tiles = new Image[5]; public int[][] map = new int[64][64]; public Image grass, dirt, fence, mound; private SpriteSheet tileSheet; public int tileWidth = 32; public int tileHeight = 32; public void init() throws IOException, SlickException { tileSheet = new SpriteSheet("assets/tiles.png", tileWidth, tileHeight); grass = tileSheet.getSprite(0, 0); dirt = tileSheet.getSprite(7, 7); fence = tileSheet.getSprite(2, 0); mound = tileSheet.getSprite(2, 6); tiles[0] = grass; tiles[1] = dirt; tiles[2] = fence; tiles[3] = mound; int x=0, y=0; BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("assets/map.dat")); String line; while ((line = in.readLine()) != null) { String[] values = line.split(","); x = 0; for (String str : values) { int str_int = Integer.parseInt(str); map[x][y]=str_int; //System.out.print(map[x][y] + " "); x++; } //System.out.println(""); y++; } in.close(); } public void update(GameContainer gc) { } public void render(GameContainer gc) { for(int y = 0; y < map.length; y++) { for(int x = 0; x < map[0].length; x ++) { int textureIndex = map[x][y]; Image texture = tiles[textureIndex]; texture.draw(x*tileWidth,y*tileHeight); } } } } Mouse Picking Where I change the number in the array Input input = gc.getInput(); gc.getInput().setOffset(cameraX-400, cameraY-300); float mouseX = input.getMouseX(); float mouseY = input.getMouseY(); double mousetileX = Math.floor((double)mouseX/tiles.tileWidth); double mousetileY = Math.floor((double)mouseY/tiles.tileHeight); double playertileX = Math.floor(playerX/tiles.tileWidth); double playertileY = Math.floor(playerY/tiles.tileHeight); double lengthX = Math.abs((float)playertileX - mousetileX); double lengthY = Math.abs((float)playertileY - mousetileY); double distance = Math.sqrt((lengthX*lengthX)+(lengthY*lengthY)); if(input.isMousePressed(Input.MOUSE_LEFT_BUTTON) && distance < 4) { System.out.println("Clicked"); if(tiles.map[(int)mousetileX][(int)mousetileY] == 1) { tiles.map[(int)mousetileX][(int)mousetileY] = 0; } } I never ask a question until I have tried to figure it out myself. I have been stuck with this problem for two weeks. It's not like this site is made for asking questions or anything. So if you actually try to help me instead of telling me to use a debugger thank you. You either get told you have too much or too little code. Nothing is never enough for the people on here it's as bad as something like reddit. Idk what is wrong all my textures work when I render them it just doesn't update when the number in the array changes. I am obviously debugging when I say that I was printing the array and the number is changing like it should, so it's not a problem with my mouse picking code. It is a problem with my textures, but I don't know what because they all render correctly. That is why I need help.

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• 'Unblock' / 'Yellow Out' game questions

  - by pimvdb

  I would very much like to build a game that is known as 'Unblock' or 'Yellow Out'. It is a puzzle game in which the task is to move a car out of a parking space by moving other cars in certain directions. These are links where the game can be played: Yellow Out Unblock My questions concerning this game are: Is this game actually licensed? I see it's available under two names (perhaps even more). Does this mean the game idea can be used freely? Is there an article about it? I have not been able to find it on Wikipedia. I would like to gather some information about the game so as to understand more details of it. Is there some database with puzzles available? I can just check the puzzles of existing games, but that's a pain because I have to finish a level to get on to the following one. I was wondering whether there is a general list of puzzles somewhere. Thanks!

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• How to wire finite state machine into component-based architecture?

  - by Pup

  State machines seem to cause harmful dependencies in component-based architectures. How, specifically, is communication handled between a state machine and the components that carry out state-related behavior? Where I'm at: I'm new to component-based architectures. I'm making a fighting game, although I don't think that should matter. I envision my state machine being used to toggle states like "crouching", "dashing", "blocking", etc. I've found this state-management technique to be the most natural system for a component-based architecture, but it conflicts with techniques I've read about: Dynamic Game Object Component System for Mutable Behavior Characters It suggests that all components activate/deactivate themselves by continually checking a condition for activation. I think that actions like "running" or "walking" make sense as states, which is in disagreement with the accepted response here: finite state machine used in mario like platform game I've found this useful, but ambiguous: How to implement behavior in a component-based game architecture? It suggests having a separate component that contains nothing but a state machine. But, this necessitates some kind of coupling between the state machine component and nearly all the other components. I don't understand how this coupling should be handled. These are some guesses: A. Components depend on state machine: Components receive reference to state machine component's getState(), which returns an enumeration constant. Components update themselves regularly and check this as needed. B. State machine depends on components: The state machine component receives references to all the components it's monitoring. It queries their getState() methods to see where they're at. C. Some abstraction between them Use an event hub? Command pattern? D. Separate state objects that reference components State Pattern is used. Separate state objects are created, which activate/deactivate a set of components. State machine switches between state objects. I'm looking at components as implementations of aspects. They do everything that's needed internally to make that aspect happen. It seems like components should function on their own, without relying on other components. I know some dependencies are necessary, but state machines seem to want to control all of my components.

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• Technical differences between square and hexagon for a grid?

  - by Marlon Dias

  I'm developing a 2D city-building game and trying to decide on the type of grid. There will be vehicles, so the unit movement is important too. I know there are visual differences for using Squares or Hexagons, what I want know is: What are the issues for programming each type of grid regarding implementation and performance? Is there a tradeoff or specific benefit for using one of them in a game context?

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• How to move a sprite on a slope in chipmunk Spacemanager

  - by Anil gupta

  I have used one polygon shape image (terrain) in my game. It's just like a mountain, and now I want to move the tanker on a mountain path from one side to the other and then turn around at the edge of the screen and go back. I don't understand the method to move the tanker on the slope (image) path in chipmunk spacemanager. When collision detection happens like that, if any bomb falls on the slope (image of mountain) then I want to do a little damage to the slope (image of mountain) like this video.

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• XNA 2D Collision with specific tiles

  - by zenzero

  I am new to game programming and to these sites for help. I am making a 2D game but I can't seem to get the collision between my character and certain tiles. I have a map filled with grass tiles and water tiles and I want to keep my character from walking on the water tiles. I have a Tiles class that I use so that the tiles are objects and also has the collision method in it, a TileEngine class used create the map and it also holds a list of Tiles, and the class James which is for my character. I also have a Camera class that centers the camera on my character if that has anything to do with the problem. The character's movement is intended to be restricted to 4 directions(up, down, left, right). As an extra note, the bottom right water tile does have collision, but the collision does not occur for any of the other water tiles. Here is my TileEngine class using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Audio; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.GamerServices; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Input; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Media; namespace Test2DGame2 { class TileEngine : Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Game { //makes a list of Tiles objects public List<Tiles> tilesList = new List<Tiles>(); public TileEngine() {} public static int tileWidth = 64; public static int tileHeight = 64; public int[,] map = { {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,}, }; public void drawMap(SpriteBatch spriteBatch) { for (int y = 0; y < map.GetLength(0); y++) { for (int x = 0; x < map.GetLength(1); x++) { //make a Rectangle tilesList[map[y, x]].rectangle = new Rectangle(x * tileWidth, y * tileHeight, tileWidth, tileHeight); //draw the Tiles objects spriteBatch.Draw(tilesList[map[y, x]].texture, tilesList[map[y, x]].rectangle, Color.White); } } } } } Here is my Tiles class using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Audio; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.GamerServices; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Input; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Media; namespace Test2DGame2 { class Tiles { public Texture2D texture; public Rectangle rectangle; public Tiles(Texture2D texture) { this.texture = texture; } //check to see if james collides with the tile from the right side public void rightCollision(James james) { if (james.GetBounds().Intersects(rectangle)) { james.position.X = rectangle.Left - james.front.Width; } } } } I have a method for rightCollision because I could only figure out how to get the collisions from specifying directions. and here is the James class for my character using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Audio; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.GamerServices; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Input; using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Media; namespace Test2DGame2 { class James { public Texture2D front; public Texture2D back; public Texture2D left; public Texture2D right; public Vector2 center; public Vector2 position; public James(Texture2D front) { position = new Vector2(0, 0); this.front = front; center = new Vector2(front.Width / 2, front.Height / 2); } public James(Texture2D front, Vector2 newPosition) { this.front = front; position = newPosition; center = new Vector2(front.Width / 2, front.Height / 2); } public void move(GameTime gameTime) { KeyboardState keyboard = Keyboard.GetState(); float SCALE = 20.0f; float speed = gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.Milliseconds / 100.0f; if (keyboard.IsKeyDown(Keys.Up)) { position.Y -=speed * SCALE; } else if (keyboard.IsKeyDown(Keys.Down)) { position.Y += speed * SCALE; } else if (keyboard.IsKeyDown(Keys.Left)) { position.X -= speed * SCALE; } else if (keyboard.IsKeyDown(Keys.Right)) { position.X += speed * SCALE; } } public void draw(SpriteBatch spriteBatch) { spriteBatch.Draw(front, position, null, Color.White, 0, center, 1.0f, SpriteEffects.None, 0.0f); } //get the boundingbox for James public Rectangle GetBounds() { return new Rectangle( (int)position.X, (int)position.Y, front.Width, front.Height); } } }

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• Correct way to drive Main Loop in Cocoa

  - by Kyle

  I'm writing a game that currently runs in both Windows and Mac OS X. My main game loop looks like this: while(running) { ProcessOSMessages(); // Using Peek/Translate message in Win32 // and nextEventMatchingMask in Cocoa GameUpdate(); GameRender(); } Thats obviously simplified a bit, but thats the gist of it. In Windows where I have full control over the application, it works great. Unfortunately Apple has their own way of doing things in Cocoa apps. When I first tried to implement my main loop in Cocoa, I couldn't figure out where to put it so I created my own NSApplication per this post. I threw my GameFrame() right in my run function and everything worked correctly. However, I don't feel like its the "right" way to do it. I would like to play nicely within Apple's ecosystem rather than trying to hack a solution that works. This article from apple describes the old way to do it, with an NSTimer, and the "new" way to do it using CVDisplayLink. I've hooked up the CVDisplayLink version, but it just feels....odd. I don't like the idea of my game being driven by the display rather than the other way around. Are my only two options to use a CVDisplayLink or overwrite my own NSApplication? Neither one of those solutions feels quite right.

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• Algorithm for spreading labels in a visually appealing and intuitive way

  - by mac

  Short version Is there a design pattern for distributing vehicle labels in a non-overlapping fashion, placing them as close as possible to the vehicle they refer to? If not, is any of the method I suggest viable? How would you implement this yourself? Extended version In the game I'm writing I have a bird-eye vision of my airborne vehicles. I also have next to each of the vehicles a small label with key-data about the vehicle. This is an actual screenshot: Now, since the vehicles could be flying at different altitudes, their icons could overlap. However I would like to never have their labels overlapping (or a label from vehicle 'A' overlap the icon of vehicle 'B'). Currently, I can detect collisions between sprites and I simply push away the offending label in a direction opposite to the otherwise-overlapped sprite. This works in most situations, but when the airspace get crowded, the label can get pushed very far away from its vehicle, even if there was an alternate "smarter" alternative. For example I get: B - label A -----------label C - label where it would be better (= label closer to the vehicle) to get: B - label label - A C - label EDIT: It also has to be considered that beside the overlapping vehicles case, there might be other configurations in which vehicles'labels could overlap (the ASCII-art examples show for example three very close vehicles in which the label of A would overlap the icon of B and C). I have two ideas on how to improve the present situation, but before spending time implementing them, I thought to turn to the community for advice (after all it seems like a "common enough problem" that a design pattern for it could exist). For what it's worth, here's the two ideas I was thinking to: Slot-isation of label space In this scenario I would divide all the screen into "slots" for the labels. Then, each vehicle would always have its label placed in the closest empty one (empty = no other sprites at that location. Spiralling search From the location of the vehicle on the screen, I would try to place the label at increasing angles and then at increasing radiuses, until a non-overlapping location is found. Something down the line of: try 0°, 10px try 10°, 10px try 20°, 10px ... try 350°, 10px try 0°, 20px try 10°, 20px ...

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• XNA 4 Deferred Rendering deforms the model

  - by Tomáš Bezouška

  I have a problem when rendering a model of my World - when rendered using BasicEffect, it looks just peachy. Problem is when I render it using deferred rendering. See for yourselves: what it looks like: http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/690/survival.png/ what it should look like: http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/521/survival2.png/ (Please ignora the cars, they shouldn't be there. Nothing changes when they are removed) Im using Deferred renderer from www.catalinzima.com/tutorials/deferred-rendering-in-xna/introduction-2/ except very simplified, without the custom content processor. Here's the code for the GBuffer shader: float4x4 World; float4x4 View; float4x4 Projection; float specularIntensity = 0.001f; float specularPower = 3; texture Texture; sampler diffuseSampler = sampler_state { Texture = (Texture); MAGFILTER = LINEAR; MINFILTER = LINEAR; MIPFILTER = LINEAR; AddressU = Wrap; AddressV = Wrap; }; struct VertexShaderInput { float4 Position : POSITION0; float3 Normal : NORMAL0; float2 TexCoord : TEXCOORD0; }; struct VertexShaderOutput { float4 Position : POSITION0; float2 TexCoord : TEXCOORD0; float3 Normal : TEXCOORD1; float2 Depth : TEXCOORD2; }; VertexShaderOutput VertexShaderFunction(VertexShaderInput input) { VertexShaderOutput output; float4 worldPosition = mul(input.Position, World); float4 viewPosition = mul(worldPosition, View); output.Position = mul(viewPosition, Projection); output.TexCoord = input.TexCoord; //pass the texture coordinates further output.Normal = mul(input.Normal,World); //get normal into world space output.Depth.x = output.Position.z; output.Depth.y = output.Position.w; return output; } struct PixelShaderOutput { half4 Color : COLOR0; half4 Normal : COLOR1; half4 Depth : COLOR2; }; PixelShaderOutput PixelShaderFunction(VertexShaderOutput input) { PixelShaderOutput output; output.Color = tex2D(diffuseSampler, input.TexCoord); //output Color output.Color.a = specularIntensity; //output SpecularIntensity output.Normal.rgb = 0.5f * (normalize(input.Normal) + 1.0f); //transform normal domain output.Normal.a = specularPower; //output SpecularPower output.Depth = input.Depth.x / input.Depth.y; //output Depth return output; } technique Technique1 { pass Pass1 { VertexShader = compile vs_2_0 VertexShaderFunction(); PixelShader = compile ps_2_0 PixelShaderFunction(); } } And here are the rendering parts in XNA: public void RednerModel(Model model, Matrix world) { Matrix[] boneTransforms = new Matrix[model.Bones.Count]; model.CopyAbsoluteBoneTransformsTo(boneTransforms); Game.GraphicsDevice.DepthStencilState = DepthStencilState.Default; Game.GraphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.Opaque; Game.GraphicsDevice.RasterizerState = RasterizerState.CullCounterClockwise; foreach (ModelMesh mesh in model.Meshes) { foreach (ModelMeshPart meshPart in mesh.MeshParts) { GBufferEffect.Parameters["View"].SetValue(Camera.Instance.ViewMatrix); GBufferEffect.Parameters["Projection"].SetValue(Camera.Instance.ProjectionMatrix); GBufferEffect.Parameters["World"].SetValue(boneTransforms[mesh.ParentBone.Index] * world); GBufferEffect.Parameters["Texture"].SetValue(meshPart.Effect.Parameters["Texture"].GetValueTexture2D()); GBufferEffect.Techniques[0].Passes[0].Apply(); RenderMeshpart(mesh, meshPart); } } } private void RenderMeshpart(ModelMesh mesh, ModelMeshPart part) { Game.GraphicsDevice.SetVertexBuffer(part.VertexBuffer); Game.GraphicsDevice.Indices = part.IndexBuffer; Game.GraphicsDevice.DrawIndexedPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, part.NumVertices, part.StartIndex, part.PrimitiveCount); } I import the model using the built in content processor for FBX. The FBX is created in 3DS Max. I don't know the exact details of that export, but if you think it might be relevant, I will get them from my collegue who does them. What confuses me though is why the BasicEffect approach works... seems the FBX shouldnt be a problem. Any thoughts? They will be greatly appreciated :)

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• 2D Procedural Terrain with box2d Assets

  - by Alex

  I'm making a game that invloves a tire moving through terrain that is generated randomly over 1000 points. The terrain is always a downwards incline like so: The actual box2d terrain extends one screen width behind and infront of the circular character. I'm now at a stage where I need to add gameplay elements to the terrain such as chasms or physical objects (like the demo polygon in the picture) and am not sure of the best way to structure the procedural generation of the terrain and objects. I currently have a very simple for loop like so: for(int i = 0; i < kMaxHillPoints; i++) { hillKeyPoints[i] = CGPointMake(terrainX, terrainY); if(i%50 == 0) { i += [self generateCasmAtIndex:i]; } terrainX += winsize.width/20; terrainY -= random() % ((int) winsize.height/20); } With the generateCasmAtIndex function add points to the hillKeyPoints array and incrementing the for loop by the required amount. If I want to generate box2d objects as well for specific terrain elements, I'll also have to keep track of the current position of the player and have some sort of array of box2d objects that need to be created at certain locations. I am not sure of an efficient way to accomplish this procedural generation of terrain elements with accompanying box2d objects. My thoughts are: 1) Have many functions for each terrain element (chasm, jump etc.) which add elements to be drawn to an array that is check on each game step - similar to what I've shown above. 2) Create an array of terrain element objects that string together and are looped over to create the terrain and generate the box2d objects. Each object would hold an array of points to be drawn and and array of accompanying box2d objects. Any help on this is much appreciated as I cannot see a 'clean' solution.

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• XNA Guide text input - maximum length

  - by simonalexander2005

  so I am using Guide.BeginShowKeyboardInput to get the user to enter their username. I would like this to be limited to 20 characters, and it seems to break expected behaviour to let them input whatever they like and trim it later - so how would I go about limiting what they can input in the text box itself? I have the following code: public string GetKeyboardInput(string title, string description, string defaultText, int maxLength) { if (input.CheckCancel()) { useKeyboardResult = false; KeyboardResult = null; } if (KeyboardResult == null && !Guide.IsVisible) { KeyboardResult = Guide.BeginShowKeyboardInput(PlayerIndex.One, title, description, defaultText, null, null); useKeyboardResult = true; } else if (KeyboardResult != null && KeyboardResult.IsCompleted) { string result = Guide.EndShowKeyboardInput(KeyboardResult); KeyboardResult = null; if (result == null) { useKeyboardResult = false; return null; } if (useKeyboardResult) { KeyboardResult = null; return result; } } else //the user is still entering inputs { } return null; } I assume the code I need would go in that final, empty else{} block, but I can't see any way to do this. Does anyone know how?

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• HTML Javascript Hidden Object or Photo Hunt Game

  - by PeteT

  Is anyone aware of any example photo hunt/hidden object games either in HTML and Javascript or flash if necessary? I am having trouble finding one, I may be using the wrong words to search. Photo hunt being like the wheres wally/waldo books where you look for wally in a complex image until you find him. So if it were played on screen you would press the location of wally and it would either be correct or wrong, possibly timed. I am hoping to find one where you can just load in your own photos and specify some co-ordinates that match where the hidden object is. A spot the difference example may be useful as a starting point but I haven't found an example of either that is web based yet.

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• how many times can i buy swtor credits with Extra 100% Bonus in Father’s Day at swtor2credits?

  - by user46860

  When you buy swtor credits, the most important factor must be the price of swtor credits! how can you get the cheap swtor credits? Big surprise for you: For such a special festival - Father’s Day, swtor2credits made a super promotion for all of the swtor players, in the only three days promotion time, you can buy 1600 credits with only $5.04, buy 2000 credits with only $6.30, and 3000k Credits just only need $9.44. The detail time is June 16 to June 18, 2014, 02:00-03:00 a.m. GMT! swtor2credits have been selling at a big loss with so much cheap swtor credits, this is mean 50% off for your order! that is really a crazy super promotion! So may you can not use the 8% disount code and getting double swtor credits at the same time! Everyone has only one chance to get double swtor credits at swtor2credits during our promotion.As long as your order has used extra discount code or voucher, you lose the chance to get exclusive 100% bonus. don't miss the time to buy such cheap swtor credits, like swtor2credits facebook give you more surprise, From May 29, 2014 to June 12.2014.GMT, you can gain Free Cash Coupon, Up to $16 Giveaways for Swtor Credits if you like swtor2credits facebook! http://www.swtor2credits.com/

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• Glenn Fiedler's fixed timestep with fake threads

  - by kaoD

  I've implemented Glenn Fiedler's Fix Your Timestep! quite a few times in single-threaded games. Now I'm facing a different situation: I'm trying to do this in JavaScript. I know JS is single-threaded, but I plan on using requestAnimationFrame for the rendering part. This leaves me with two independent fake threads: simulation and rendering (I suppose requestAnimationFrame isn't really threaded, is it? I don't think so, it would BREAK JS.) Timing in these threads is independent too: dt for simulation and render is not the same. If I'm not mistaken, simulation should be up to Fiedler's while loop end. After the while loop, accumulator < dt so I'm left with some unspent time (dt) in the simulation thread. The problem comes in the draw/interpolation phase: const double alpha = accumulator / dt; State state = currentState*alpha + previousState * ( 1.0 - alpha ); render( state ); In my render callback, I have the current timestamp to which I can subtract the last-simulated-in-physics-timestamp to have a dt for the current frame. Should I just forget about this dt and draw using the physics thread's dt? It seems weird, since, well, I want to interpolate for the unspent time between simulation and render too, right? Of course, I want simulation and rendering to be completely independent, but I can't get around the fact that in Glenn's implementation the renderer produces time and the simulation consumes it in discrete dt sized chunks. A similar question was asked in Semi Fixed-timestep ported to javascript but the question doesn't really get to the point, and answers there point to removing physics from the render thread (which is what I'm trying to do) or just keeping physics in the render callback too (which is what I'm trying to avoid.)

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• Modular Open MMO RPG

  - by Chris Valentine

  Has there been an MMORPG type attempt at some kind of open universe where you could host a server on your own if you wish and it would merely be added to the collective of possible places to travel within the MMO? Two types come to mind, a DnD Neverwinter Nights type place or something like EVE online. Where there is a "universe" and each hosted space is a planet or solar system or galaxy and players can travel between them using the same characters/ships/portal system and each new server is than just a new adventure or place to go. I would also assume there were dedicated/replicated servers that housed the characters/inventory themselves so that the environment was decentralized and always expandable. Not sure thats clear but has there been any such attempts or WIP? thanks

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• Stuck with A* implementation

  - by Syed

  I have implemented some A* code in C# using this JavaScript code. My C# implementation is the same as the above javascript code. But I'm unable to get it to work properly, e.g pathfinder blocks itself when the same number of walls are placed in front of it and some other scenarios as well like blocking it one way completely, I am assuming that code is standalone (not having other functionality included in other scripts). Can anyone tell me if the above code is missing any A star functionality?

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• Raycasting tutorial / vector math question

  - by mattboy

  I'm checking out this nice raycasting tutorial at http://lodev.org/cgtutor/raycasting.html and have a probably very simple math question. In the DDA algorithm I'm having trouble understanding the calcuation of the deltaDistX and deltaDistY variables, which are the distances that the ray has to travel from 1 x-side to the next x-side, or from 1 y-side to the next y-side, in the square grid that makes up the world map (see below screenshot). In the tutorial they are calculated as follows, but without much explanation: //length of ray from one x or y-side to next x or y-side double deltaDistX = sqrt(1 + (rayDirY * rayDirY) / (rayDirX * rayDirX)); double deltaDistY = sqrt(1 + (rayDirX * rayDirX) / (rayDirY * rayDirY)); rayDirY and rayDirX are the direction of a ray that has been cast. How do you get these formulas? It looks like pythagorean theorem is part of it, but somehow there's division involved here. Can anyone clue me in as to what mathematical knowledge I'm missing here, or "prove" the formula by showing how it's derived?

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• Interpolation using a sprite's previous frame and current frame

  - by user22241

  Overview I'm currently using a method which has been pointed out to me is extrapolation rather than interolation. As a result, I'm also now looking into the possibility of using another method which is based on a sprite's position at it's last (rendered) frame and it's current one. Assuming an interpolation value of 0.5 this is, (visually), how I understand it should affect my sprite's position.... This is how I'm obtaining an inerpolation value: public void onDrawFrame(GL10 gl) { // Set/re-set loop back to 0 to start counting again loops=0; while(System.currentTimeMillis() > nextGameTick && loops < maxFrameskip) { SceneManager.getInstance().getCurrentScene().updateLogic(); nextGameTick += skipTicks; timeCorrection += (1000d / ticksPerSecond) % 1; nextGameTick += timeCorrection; timeCorrection %= 1; loops++; tics++; } interpolation = (float)(System.currentTimeMillis() + skipTicks - nextGameTick) / (float)skipTicks; render(interpolation); } I am then applying it like so (in my rendering call): render(float interpolation) { spriteScreenX = (spriteScreenX - spritePreviousX) * interpolation + spritePreviousX; spritePreviousX = spriteScreenX; // update and store this for next time } Results This unfortunately does nothing to smooth the movement of my sprite. It's pretty much the same as without the interpolation code. I can't get my head around how this is supposed to work and I honestly can't find any decent resources which explain this in any detail. My understanding of extrapolation is that when we arrive at the rendering call, we calculate the time between the last update call and the render call, and then adjust the sprite's position to reflect this time (moving the sprite forward) - And yet, this (Interpolation) is moving the sprite back, so how can this produce smooth results? Any advise on this would be very much appreciated. Edit I've implemented the code from OriginalDaemon's answer like so: @Override public void onDrawFrame(GL10 gl) { newTime = System.currentTimeMillis()*0.001; frameTime = newTime - currentTime; if ( frameTime > (dt*25)) frameTime = (dt*25); currentTime = newTime; accumulator += frameTime; while ( accumulator >= dt ) { SceneManager.getInstance().getCurrentScene().updateLogic(); previousState = currentState; t += dt; accumulator -= dt; } interpolation = (float) (accumulator / dt); render(); } Interpolation values are now being produced between 0 and 1 as expected (similar to how they were in my original loop) - however, the results are the same as my original loop (my original loop allowed frames to skip if they took too long to draw which I think this loop is also doing). I appear to have made a mistake in my previous logging, it is logging as I would expect it to (interpolated position does appear to be inbetween the previous and current positions) - however, the sprites are most definitely choppy when the render() skipping happens.

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• OpenGL and atlas

  - by user30088

  I'm trying to draw element from a texture atlas with OpenGL ES 2. Currently, I'm drawing my elements using something like that in the shader: uniform mat4 uCamera; uniform mat4 uModel; attribute vec4 aPosition; attribute vec4 aColor; attribute vec2 aTextCoord; uniform vec2 offset; uniform vec2 scale; varying lowp vec4 vColor; varying lowp vec2 vUV; void main() { vUV = offset + aTextCoord * scale; gl_Position = (uCamera * uModel) * aPosition; vColor = aColor; } For each elements to draw I send his offset and scale to the shader. The problem with this method: I can't rotate the element but it's not a problem for now. I would like to know, what is better for performance: Send uniforms like that for each element on every frames Update quad geometry (uvs) for each element Thanks!

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