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• What do different patterns mean in Windows 8 file copy dialog

  - by MainMa

  When copying or extracting files, Windows 8 shows the chart with the speed of the operation. I noticed several patterns: Randomness, High speed at the beginning, then low speed during the most part of the operation, Mostly constant speed. 1. Randomness/nice mountains. 2. High speed at the beginning, then low speed during the most part of the operation. 3. Low speed at the beginning, then high speed during the most part of the operation. (Similar to the previous image, but inverted) 3. Mostly constant speed. (Same as previous image, but without the fast start) I'm curious, what each of those patterns mean? Do some indicate that there may be a problem with hard disk performance? Why the nearly constant speed is so rare, even when copying a single large file from and to a spinning drive, or when copying a single large file or a bunch of small files from and to an SSD?

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• How do I prevent or override a group policy on Windows 7?

  - by Kevin

  A few months ago my company was purchased by a large corporation. We recently switched our network over to the large corporate network which has more restrictions requirements. One of these is the requirement to use a proxy server for Internet traffic. However, some of our internal servers are not recognized by the corporate DNS, so we need to provide the fully qualified domain name. For W7, we make changes to the Internet Properties for IE8 and Chrome to include our domain name as an exception to the proxy server (e.g., *.foobar.com). The problem is that a group policy that does not include our domain name is continually pushed out to my systems throughout the day. This requires me to make the appropriate changes to the Internet Properties several times a day in order to access our internal servers. Is there a way that I can prevent the group policy from being pushed to my systems or detect when the group policy is pushed and override it? I am an administrator on all of my systems. I do have Firefox installed which is not subject to the same group policy push, but I need to have IE8 and Chrome working.

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• Formatting a a memory stick with two partitions?

  - by Marius

  I have a 16GB memorystick which used to have a Linux partition. It therefore has two partitions; 2GB FAT32 and 14GB linux boot drive. The linux part stopped working, so I decided to reinstall it. But windows can't see that partition. I tried formatting the whole disk, but I can only format one partition (the FAT32). There seems to be no way to combine the two partitions into one big one, and there seems to be no way for windows to partition the large part of the memorystick to but Linux on it. In the windows partition manager, windows sees the large unused partition, and it let me delete it. But once I have deleted it, I'm not allowed to format it. Also I cannot delete or resize the small partition. So, to summarize: I have a memorystick with two partitons. Windows only sees one of them, and won't let me use the other one. I would like to combine the two partitions so I can install Linux on the memory stick again.

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• Windows errors, how do I find root cause and fix it? Getting several errors

  - by Eric Martin

  My server is having issues and not responding to customer's https requests. I checked the event viewer and found several errors. These two are listed a couple of times: WINS encountered a database error. This may or may not be a serious error. WINS will try to recover from it. You can check the database error events under 'Application Log' category of the Event Viewer for the Exchange Component, ESENT, source to find out more details about database errors. If you continue to see a large number of these errors consistently over time (a span of few hours), you may want to restore the WINS database from a backup. The error number is in the second DWORD of the data section. And this one: An error occured while using SSL configuration for socket address 0.0.0.0:444. The error status code is contained within the returned data. SQL Server is not ready to accept new client connections. Wait a few minutes before trying again. If you have access to the error log, look for the informational message that indicates that SQL Server is ready before trying to connect again. [CLIENT: xxx.xxx.xxxx.xxx] I also found this in the event viewer but the computer has been restarted since this message and I have not seen it again. Configuring the Page file for crash dump failed. Make sure there is a page file on the boot partition and that is large enough to contain all physical memory. This is my virtual memory settings: I'm not familiar with WINS so I wasn't sure if that is where I start or how to resolve it. Is the WINS error causing the other problems or should I be looking somewhere else?

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• What do you upgrade to make games load faster? [on hold]

  - by Superbest

  Let's say you have a relatively modern game like Shogun 2. The loading screens take several minutes. This bothers you and you'd like to improve it. What is actually going on when loading screens are up? I'm guessing assets are being loaded into memory from disk, and possibly being decompressed first. However, what is actually causing the slow down? The memory? Mainboard? CPU? HDD? If you had $100 to spend on upgrades and your only goal is to speed up loading screens without reducing other performance, what component of the computer does it make sense to upgrade for maximum benefit? If your answer is "it depends on the existing setup", what sort of benchmarks would you run to determine what is causing the bottleneck? What if you had $500 instead? I give the two budgets for context. I am not asking for actual recommendations about which component to buy (nor are the numbers supposed to be rigid limits), but what features are important when shopping for components with small and large budgets (a large budget could allow buying multiple components which are not so good on their own, but work particularly well together). I mention Shogun 2 as an example, but I'm asking about reducing overall loading times, across all games, not just one game. Therefore, "put it on a solid state disk" probably won't be good solution, because putting every game on your SDD will quickly fill it up.

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• Cause of slow download speed on a particular EC2 instance?

  - by James

  I have a networking issue I'm trying to solve. I have two EC2 instances, same zone, same type. On one of the two EC2 instances (the 'bad' instance), the download speed is really poor (200k/s), while on the other (the 'good' instance), the download speed is fine, comfortable at 30M/s +). To clarify, I'm talking about downloading files to the EC2 instance while ssh'd into the server, e.g running wget with a large file. I've tried different files, including S3 objects and a large linux ISO from elsewhere. Running ethtool eth0 only returns 'Link detected: yes' for both. When running ifconfig, both return the same for most part, aside from how the good instance shows no error packets yet the bad instance shows many: UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:168372370 errors:5075643 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:122116480 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 Both servers are configured the same, at least were supposed to be. How can I go about diagnosing the cause for the slow download speed? Is there anything particular to EC2 instances that could cause this? Having trouble knowing where to start. Thanks for any help!

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• Outlook 2007 font sizes

  - by Flack

  Hello, Something really strange seems to have happened to my Outlook 2007. Everything was working fine for a long time now but at the end of today, all of a sudden, all of the fonts in Outlook are messed up. The font size of mails I write is huge (I am not zoomed in) and the font sizes of the buttons are big too, specifically the "Send", "To", and "Cc" buttons. I tried changing the font sizes through Outlook, but some of the buttons on the "Mail Format" tab in Options are not working, mainly the "Stationary and Fonts" button. I hit it but no window opens. This is all happening on my x64 machine. I took a look at my x32 machine, which also has Outlook 2007 installed and everything is ok there. Below is a link to an image comparing the broken, large font Outlook (top of picture) and the normal, working outlook. The text in the mails I compose is also abnormally large in the broken Outlook. Big font Outlook buttons. Any ideas? This came out of no where after a few months of no problems. Thanks.

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• Win 2008 R2 - copying TO disk is very slow, copying FROM is more or less okay

  - by avs099

  I have Windows 2008 R2 SP1 with 4 identical SATA disks (Seagate Barracude 7200) in RAID 5 array. It has 4Gb of memory; all recent updates are installed. Problem: when I copy large file from one folder to another, I get about 10MB/s average speed. When I read this file from network share via 1Gbps connection - I get about 25-30 MB/s. Both numbers seems to be low for me - but specifically I'm very frustrated with low write speed. there is no antivirus, no hyper-v, it's just a fileserver - i when i do my tests nobody else reads/write from it (we have only 4 people in a team, so I'm sure). Not sure if that matters, but there is only 1 logic disk "C" with all available space (1400 GB). I'm not an admin at all, so I have no idea where to look and what other information to provide. I did run performance monitor with "% idle time", "avg bytes read", "avg byte write" - here is the screenshot: I'm not sure why there are such obvious spikes. Any idea? Please let me know if you need me to provide more information - what counters should I check, etc. I'm very eager to get this solved. Thank you. UPDATE: we have another Windows 2008 R2 SP1 server with 2 RAID1 arrays - one is disk C (where windows is installed, another one is disk E). It is running Hyper-V and does not have antivirus. I noticed the following behavior when I copy large file (few GBs): C - C: about 50MB/sec C - E: about 55MB/sec E - E: 8MB/sec!!! E - C: 8MB/sec!!! what could cause this?? E drive is RAID1 array from same Seagate Barracuda 1TB drives..

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• Recommendations for colocation in the US

  - by Emil

  Hello serverfault I work for a European media company and we are currently looking for colocation in the US. I know the European market quite well unfortunately that is not the case for the US. I'm hoping for you guys to help me out a bit with a few questions, it would be much appreciated! I am looking for a data center that can deliver a high level of availability (tier 3 or better). The installation will be fairly large so capacity is important. Good internet connectivity/carrier presence. However most important is good customer support, skilled dedicated and responsive technical staff, since we won't have tech staff close by. I'm looking for a small and fast moving company that target internet businesses rather than big old enterprise hosting. What locations should we go for given that we want to reach all of the US from a single site and still maintain decent latency? (do we need east and west coast?) Where are the main internet hubs and should you try and get as close as possible? Are there any good online resources I should look at? Where do the large scale internet/media services colocate? Lastly I would be very happy to get some actual recommendations for companies to talk to P.S I'm happy to return the favor if anyone has question regarding data centers and colocation in Europe.

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• Looking for an application that scrolls or pans netbook screens running Windows

  - by Rob

  I'm looking for a Windows 7 and XP compatible Windows desktop panning/scrolling tool. This is to solve a problem where some applications for example MSN have settings/preference Windows that are not resizeable. I have a Netbook with a small maximum screen resolution e.g. 1024x600. The fixed non-resizeable windows are too large for this display screen size so I cannot see all of the items on these windows, particularly the OK button to save settings. What I would like is a desktop scrolling/panning tool where if I move my mouse pointer to any edge of the display, it pans to show the region of the too-large-fixed window that I could not see. I use a Samsung N110 and Toshiba NB100 netbooks. I'm looking for: A general program that provides desktop panning/scrolling/expanded resolution to allow all regions of a non-resizeable fixed window Preferably a non-graphics hardware specific program but will accept a solution that works with both the above machines I'm NOT looking for (i.e. unsatisfactory answers others have asked that I've already searched and found): Advice on what programs to use that DON'T have the problem of fixed windows Alternative operating system solutions Plugging in an external monitor with larger resolution - I use this option but I need a solution when one is not available, e.g. while travelling etc Advice about not using small screen netbooks - I enjoy the compact convenience of them Advice about change the dpi settings in the Control Panel Display settings Advice about guesswork with the tab key to move the focus the off-screen item I cannot see Thank you in advance.

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• Orphan IBM JVM process

  - by Nicholas Key

  Hi people, I have this issue about orphan IBM JVM process being created in the process tree: For example: C:\Program Files\IBM\WebSphere\AppServer\bin>wsadmin -lang jython -f "C:\Hello.py" Hello.py has the simple implementation: import time i = 0 while (1): i = i + 1 print "Hello World " + str(i) time.sleep(3.0) My machine has such JVM information: C:\Program Files\WebSphere\java\bin>java -verbose:sizes -version -Xmca32K RAM class segment increment -Xmco128K ROM class segment increment -Xmns0K initial new space size -Xmnx0K maximum new space size -Xms4M initial memory size -Xmos4M initial old space size -Xmox1624995K maximum old space size -Xmx1624995K memory maximum -Xmr16K remembered set size -Xlp4K large page size available large page sizes: 4K 4M -Xmso256K operating system thread stack size -Xiss2K java thread stack initial size -Xssi16K java thread stack increment -Xss256K java thread stack maximum size java version "1.6.0" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build pwi3260sr6ifix-20091015_01(SR6+152211+155930+156106)) IBM J9 VM (build 2.4, JRE 1.6.0 IBM J9 2.4 Windows Server 2003 x86-32 jvmwi3260sr6-20091001_43491 (JIT enabled, AOT enabled) J9VM - 20091001_043491 JIT - r9_20090902_1330ifx1 GC - 20090817_AA) JCL - 20091006_01 While the program is running, I tried to kill it and subsequently I found an orphan IBM JVM process in the process tree. Is there a way to fix this issue? Why is there an orphan process in the first place? Is there something wrong with my code? I really don't believe that my simplistic code is wrongly implemented. Any suggestions?

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• Allow incoming connections on Windows Server 2008 R2

  - by Richard-MX

  Good day people. First, im new to Windows Server. I've always used Linux/Apache combo, but, my client has and AWS EC2 Windows Server 2008 R2 instance and he wants everything in there. Im working with IIS and PHP enabled as Fast-CGI and everything is working, but, i cant see the websites stored in it from internet. The public DNS that AWS gave us for that instance is: http://ec2-XX-XXX-XXX-121.us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com/ But, if i copy paste that address, i get nothing, no IIS logo or something like that. My common sense tells me that maybe the firewall could be blocking the access. Can anyone help me and tell where to enable some rules to get this thing working? I don't wanna start enabling rules at random and make the system insecure. If you need any additional info, you can ask me and i will provide it. Thanks in advance. UPDATE: Amazon EC2 display this: Public DNS: ec2-XX-XXX-XXX-121.us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com Private DNS: ip-XX-XXX-XX-252.us-west-2.compute.internal Private IPs: XX.XXX.XX.25 In my test microinstance, i just to use the Public DNS address (the one that starts with "ec2") and it works like a charm (of course, the micro instance have its own Public DNS im not assuming same address for both instances...) However, for the large instance, i tried to do the same. Set up everything as in the micro instance but if i use the Public DNS, it doesnt load anything. Im suspicious about the Windows Firewall, but, the HTTP related stuff is enabled. What should i do to get access to the large instance? I don't want to set up the domain yet, i want access from an amazon url. 2ND EDIT: all fixed. Charles pointed that maybe Security Groups was not properly set up for the instance. He was right. Just added HTTP service to the rules and all works good.

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• Choosing the right e-mail client

  - by CFP

  Hi all, I'm currently using Outlook 2007 (under windows 7), but I much prefer free software (open source being the best of course), so I thought I'd ask for expert advice here. I thought it might be easier if I included a small "wanted list": I receive about 15 to 30 e-mails every day, but I have large archives (10'000 emails), which I frequently need to access. I usually open and close my mail program many times, so I'd like it to start pretty fast I cannot use an online mailbox, because I have too many email addresses (about 5: 1 for work, 1 for home, 1 semi-private, 1 for specific emails, and 1 for newletters By order of importance, the things I'd like my mail client to be able to: Efficiently categorize e-mails. Until now, I've mostly been using Outlook folders, because filtering by tags was not easy, but I'd rather one large list of mails, neatly tagged so I can easily filter. I'd love being able to select mails by tags (eg in a click or too (could be a tab) show all mails tagged with "software") Create "tagging rules", such as "if the mail was sent to this address, add this tag", or "if the body contains ..., add that tag" Sync contacts with Gmail, handle tasks (syncing with toodledo would be awesome), possibly provide a calendar Create e-mail templates, signatures... Other ideas: A timeline, scripting support, being able to import MS Outlook emails, provide a nice backup format... Thanks for sharing ideas and suggestions!

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• Asus MyCinema U3100mini Choppy

  - by dsimcha

  I'm running an Asus MyCinema U3100mini ATSC on Windows 7 64-bit. When I play live TV in Windows Media Center, it's very choppy and uses 500+ MB of RAM, I'm guessing due to the hard drive buffering functionality. Is there any way to disable the live TV pause buffer completely? If not, can anyone recommend alternative software that: Works with the MyCinema. Is lightweight and not horribly bloated with features I'll never use like Windows Media Center is. Edits: This is a dual boot system. I've discovered that the tuner actually works fine on XP. It also works fine on my other computer, which has slower hardware and also runs Windows 7 64-bit. The problem actually seems to be with playback at large screen sizes, not with hard drive buffering. Everything works fine below a certain window size and fails for large windows or full screens. Also, the same thing seems to happen whether playing live or recorded TV. As far as the obvious stuff goes, I have the latest video drivers from ATI for my Radeon x1050.

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• Server 2012, Jumbo Frames - should I expect problems?

  - by TomTom

  Ok, this sound might stupid - but is there any negative on just enabling jumbo frames in practice? From what I understand: Any switch or ethernet adapter that sees a jumbo frame it can not handle will just drop it. TCP is not a problem as max frame size is negotiated in the setinuo phase. UCP is a theoretical problem as a server may just send a LARGE UDP packet that gets dropped on the way. Practically though, as UDP is packet based, I do not really think any software WOULD send a UDP packet larger than 1500 bytes net without app level configuration changes - at least this is how I do my programming, as it is quite hard to get a decent MTU size for that without testing yourself, so you fall back in programming to max 1500 packets. The network in question is a standard small business network - we upgraded now from a non managed 24 port switch to a 52 port switch with 4 10g ports (netgear - quite cheap) and will mov a file server to 10g for also ISCSI serving. All my equipment on the Ethernet level can handle minimum 9000 bytes and due to local firewalls I really want to get packets larger (less firewall processing), but the network is also NAT'ed to the internet. On top, different machines move around (download) large files (multi gigabyte area) quite often for processing. The question is - can I expect problems when I just enable jumbo frames? Again, this is not totally ignorance - I just don't see programs sending more than 1500 byte UDP packets (if that is a practical problem please tell me) and for TCP the MTU is negotiated anyway. if there is a problem I can move to a dedicated VLAN, but this has it's own shares of problems as basically most workstations must then be on both VLAN's.

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• Virus ridden computer freezes on startup - can't access safe mode

  - by Eric

  Someone whom I love but who cannot be trusted with a live internet connection downloaded a particularly nasty virus that in turn downloaded a variety of unknown other viruses onto my home computer. The computer now freezes completely a few seconds after reaching the desktop and is unresponsive to any keyboard or mouse command. There are videos of my little kid on this hard drive that are not backed up and that I cannot bear to lose. But if I could get in there long enough to copy them off to an external drive I would have no problem doing a clean windows install to fix the problem; everything else is backed up online but the videos were too large. Normally I would start by going into safe mode but I have a large Dell monitor that doesn't show anything until the welcome screen appears. I think that I have gotten into the setup screen once or twice by mashing keys before I can see anything, but this monitor doesn't support that so I can't see what I'm doing to get it to boot from CD or anything else. I'm at my wits end. Any advice?

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• Replacing quotes in a file

  - by Matthijs

  I have a large number of large semicolon-separated data files. All string fields are surrounded by double quotes. In some of the files, there are extra quotes in the string fields, which messes up the subsequent importing of the data for analysis (I'm importing to Stata). This code allows me to see the problematic quotes using gnu-awk: echo '"This";"is";1;"line" of" data";""with";"extra quotes""' | awk 'BEGIN { FPAT = "([^;]+)|(\"[^\"]+\")"}; {for ( i=1 ; i<=NF ; i++ ) if ($i ~ /^"(.*".*)+"$/) {print NR, $i}}' 1 "line" of" data" 1 ""with" 1 "extra quotes"" but I do not know how to replace them. I was thinking of doing the replace manually, but it turns out that there are several hundred matches in some of the files. I know about awk's -sub-, -gsub-, and -match- functions, but I am not sure how to design a search and replace for this specific problem. In the example above, the respective fields should be "This", "is", 1, "line of data", "with", "extra quotes", that is: all semicolons are separators, and all quotes except for the outermost quotes should be removed. Should I may be use -sed-, or is -awk- the right tool? Hope you can help me out! Thanks, Matthijs

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• When should NTPd broadcast/broadcastclient be used instead of client/server or peer modes?

  - by Luke404

  The NTP deamon if often used in its simplest mode, which is client/server: you specify one or more server directives in your ntp.conf and your clients will use those servers. In addition to that, when you run your own NTP servers, it is good practice to peer them together, so if one of them looses connectivity to its upstream servers, it will get time from its peers. But NTPd can also work with broadcast and/or multicast distribution of time data, with the documentation stating: broadcast and multicast modes are intended for configurations involving one or a few servers and a possibly very large client population The documentation also says elsewhere: It is possible and frequently useful to configure a host as both broadcast client and broadcast server. A number of hosts configured this way and sharing a common broadcast address will automatically organize themselves in an optimum configuration based on stratum and synchronization distance. I can see one obvious administrative benefit: you don't have to manually specify and update your list of NTP servers in the clients ntp.conf, so to me it looks tempting to use broadcast mode even for a small client population (say 5+ clients with 3~4 servers). I expect network traffic to be a little higher with broadcasts instead of client/server associations, but given the usual gigabit ethernet LAN the impact should be negligible unless you have a very very large number of hosts in the same broadcast domain. At the end of the day, when should broadcast mode be used or avoided? Are there pros and cons I haven't seen?

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• How do I prevent or override a group policy on Windows 7?

  - by Kevin

  A few months ago my company was purchased by a large corporation. We recently switched our network over to the large corporate network which has more restrictions requirements. One of these is the requirement to use a proxy server for Internet traffic. However, some of our internal servers are not recognized by the corporate DNS, so we need to provide the fully qualified domain name. For W7, we make changes to the Internet Properties for IE8 and Chrome to include our domain name as an exception to the proxy server (e.g., *.foobar.com). The problem is that a group policy that does not include our domain name is continually pushed out to my systems throughout the day. This requires me to make the appropriate changes to the Internet Properties several times a day in order to access our internal servers. Is there a way that I can prevent the group policy from being pushed to my systems or detect when the group policy is pushed and override it? I am an administrator on all of my systems. I do have Firefox installed which is not subject to the same group policy push, but I need to have IE8 and Chrome working.

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• Windows Server 2008 R2 Finding Hidden files that are causing drive to fill up

  - by Xaxum

  What is the best way to find out what files are sucking up so much space? My Windows directory lists its size as 15 GB but when I run a powershell script against it, it shows 40 GB. It seems 40 GB is about right because if I use that 40 GB and add it to the rest of my folders on C I get the 45 GB that is in use. I checked volume shadow copy and that is disabled and there are no volume shadow files listed. My page file is limited to 3 GB. How can I find out what files are taking 25 GB of space? Final Results: We ended up disabling UAC and then the Properties showed the true file size of the Windows folder, as shown in powershell script. This allowed us to drill down to the folder that had the issues... In our case it was in C:\Windows\System32\config\systemprofile\AppData\Local\VMware\VDM there were several large dump files, these were the mysterious unknown files in WinDirStat. It turns out our nessus scan is crashing a view service for a couple seconds so it creates a large dump file. So we will try this.. https://discussions.nessus.org/thread/5212

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• Weird PCI bug: lots of missed packets, or data comes in "bursts"

  - by Thomas O

  I have an ABIT KN9 motherboard. It has one PCI-e x16 slot, three PCI-e x4 slots and two legacy PCI. My problem is with the legacy PCI (which I shall just call "PCI".) I currently have an Nvidia GeForce 8600 GT (a low end card) installed in the x16 slot and a TV card in PCI #1; the x4 slots are unused, as is PCI #2. I plan to upgrade the graphics card soon, the current card was spare. I sometimes install a USB expander in PCI #2 but it causes a lot of problems - see below. The problem is under Linux (Ubuntu 10.10, Linux 2.6.35-22-generic), but probably under all operating systems (I have not yet been able to test Windows, but I suspect it will do the same as the problems occur on the BIOS/POST side too, e.g. when using a USB keyboard on the expander the keyboard will not work at all) PCI has an enourmous delay, and packets arrive in large chunks. For example, when using the USB expander, my USB mouse lags and jumps in large steps every second or so, while using the motherboard USB does not present this problem. My TV card will only do one or two frames per second, and the program (xawtv) usually times out and crashes. In dmesg, I'm getting messages like: bttv0: timeout: drop=74, irq=154/100476, risc=31f6256c, bits: VSYNC HSYNC OFLOW RISCI for my TV card, and similar timeout issues for my USB expander with a mouse. I received the motherboard, processor and RAM second hand and have only just got around to building it, so I don't know if this problem has always existed, or if it's a result of my set up. If anyone has any hints or solutions it would be appreciated - this is kind of a show-stopper for me.

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• What's the piece of hardware listening on Facebook's or Wikipedia's IP address?

  - by Igor Ostrovsky

  I am trying to understand how massive sites like Facebook or Wikipedia work, for my intellectual curiosity. I read about various techniques for building scalable sites, but I am still puzzled about one particular detail. The part that confuses me is that ultimately, the DNS will map the entire domain to a single IP address, or a handful of IP addresses in the case of round-robin DNS. For example, wikipedia.org has only one type-A DNS record. So, people from all over the world visiting Wikipedia have to send a request to the one IP address specified in DNS. What is the piece of hardware that listens on the IP address for a massive site, and how can it possibly handle all the load coming from the requests for users all over the world? Edit 1: Thanks for all the responses! Anycast seems like a feasible answer... Does anyone know of a way to check whether a particular IP address is anycast-routed, so that I could verify that this really is the trick used in practice by large sites? Edit 2: After more reading on the topic, it appears that anycast is not typically used for dynamic web content. Anycast is usually used for UDP (e.g., DNS lookups), or sometimes for static content. One interesting thing to note is that Facebook uses profile.ak.fbcdn.net to host static content like style sheets and javascript libraries. Each time I ping this name, I get a response from a different IP address. However, I can't tell whether this is anycast in action, or a completely different technique. Back to my original question: as far as I can tell, even a large site will have a single expensive piece of load-balancing hardware listening on its handful of public IP addresses.

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• Scaling databases with cheap SSD hard drives

  - by Dennis Kashkin

  Hey guys! I hope that many of you are working with high traffic database-driven websites, and chances are that your main scalability issues are in the database. I noticed a couple of things lately: Most large databases require a team of DBAs in order to scale. They constantly struggle with limitations of hard drives and end up with very expensive solutions (SANs or large RAIDs, frequent maintenance windows for defragging and repartitioning, etc.) The actual annual cost of maintaining such databases is in $100K-$1M range which is too steep for me :) Finally, we got several companies like Intel, Samsung, FusionIO, etc. that just started selling extremely fast yet affordable SSD hard drives based on SLC Flash technology. These drives are 100 times faster in random read/writes than the best spinning hard drives on the market (up to 50,000 random writes per second). Their seek time is pretty much zero, so the cost of random I/O is the same as sequential I/O, which is awesome for databases. These SSD drives cost around $10-$20 per gigabyte, and they are relatively small (64GB). So, there seems to be an opportunity to avoid the HUGE costs of scaling databases the traditional way by simply building a big enough RAID 5 array of SSD drives (which would cost only a few thousand dollars). Then we don't care if the database file is fragmented, and we can afford 100 times more disk writes per second without having to spread the database across 100 spindles. . Is anybody else interested in this? I've been testing a few SSD drives and can share my results. If anybody on this site has already solved their I/O bottleneck with SSDs, I would love to hear your war stories! PS. I know that there are plenty of expensive solutions out there that help with scalability, for example the time proven RAM-based SANs. I want to be clear that even $50K is too expensive for my project. I have to find a solution that costs no more than $10K and does not take much time to implement.

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• Can MySQL use multiple data directories on different physical storage devices

  - by sirlark

  I am running MySQL with its data dir on a 128Gb SSD. I am dealing with large datasets (~20Gb) that are loaded and processed weekly, each stored in a separate DB for the purposes of time point comparisons. Putting all the data into a single database in unfeasible because the performance on such large databases is already a problem. However, I cannot keep more than 6 datasets on the SSD at a time. Right now I am manually dumping the oldest to much larger 2Tb spinning disk every week, and dropping the database to make space for the new one. But if I need one of the 'archived' databases (a semi regular occurrence) I have to drop a current one (after dumping), reload it, do what I need to, then reverse the results. Is there a way to configure MySQL to use multiple data directories, say one on the SSD and one on the 2Tb spinning disk, and 'merge' them transparently? If I could do this, then archiving would no longer mean "moved out of the database entirely", but instead would mean "moved onto the slow physical device". The time taken to do my queries on a spinning disk would be less than that taken to completely dump, drop, load, drop, reload two entire databases, so this is a win. I thought of using something like unionfs but I can't think of a way to control which database gets stored on which physical drive, because it works by merging on a directory level (from what I understand) so I'm still stuck with using multiple directories. Any help appreciated, thanks in advance

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• How can I proxy multiple LDAP servers, and still have grouping of users on the proxy?

  - by Chris

  I have 2 problems that I'm hoping to find a common solution to. First, I need to find a way to have multiple LDAP servers (Windows AD's across multiple domains) feed into a single source for authentication. This is also needed to get applications that can't natively talk to more than one LDAP server to work. I've read this can be done with Open LDAP. Are there other solutions? Second, I need to be able to add those users to groups without being able to make any changes to the LDAP servers I'm proxying. Lastly, this all needs to work on Windows Server 2003/2008. I work for a very large organization, and to create multiple groups and have large numbers of users added to, moved between, and removed from them is no small task. This normally requires tons of paperwork and a lot of time. Time is the one thing we don't normally have; dodging the paperwork is just a plus. I have very limited experience in all this, so I'm not even sure what I'm asking will make sense. Atlassian Crowd comes close to what we need, but falls short of having it's own LDAP front end. Can anyone provide any advice or product names? Thanks for any help you can provide.

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