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  • Facing Memory Leaks in AES Encryption Method.

    - by Mubashar Ahmad
    Can anyone please identify is there any possible memory leaks in following code. I have tried with .Net Memory Profiler and it says "CreateEncryptor" and some other functions are leaving unmanaged memory leaks as I have confirmed this using Performance Monitors. but there are already dispose, clear, close calls are placed wherever possible please advise me accordingly. its a been urgent. public static string Encrypt(string plainText, string key) { //Set up the encryption objects byte[] encryptedBytes = null; using (AesCryptoServiceProvider acsp = GetProvider(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(key))) { byte[] sourceBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(plainText); using (ICryptoTransform ictE = acsp.CreateEncryptor()) { //Set up stream to contain the encryption using (MemoryStream msS = new MemoryStream()) { //Perform the encrpytion, storing output into the stream using (CryptoStream csS = new CryptoStream(msS, ictE, CryptoStreamMode.Write)) { csS.Write(sourceBytes, 0, sourceBytes.Length); csS.FlushFinalBlock(); //sourceBytes are now encrypted as an array of secure bytes encryptedBytes = msS.ToArray(); //.ToArray() is important, don't mess with the buffer csS.Close(); } msS.Close(); } } acsp.Clear(); } //return the encrypted bytes as a BASE64 encoded string return Convert.ToBase64String(encryptedBytes); } private static AesCryptoServiceProvider GetProvider(byte[] key) { AesCryptoServiceProvider result = new AesCryptoServiceProvider(); result.BlockSize = 128; result.KeySize = 256; result.Mode = CipherMode.CBC; result.Padding = PaddingMode.PKCS7; result.GenerateIV(); result.IV = new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; byte[] RealKey = GetKey(key, result); result.Key = RealKey; // result.IV = RealKey; return result; } private static byte[] GetKey(byte[] suggestedKey, SymmetricAlgorithm p) { byte[] kRaw = suggestedKey; List<byte> kList = new List<byte>(); for (int i = 0; i < p.LegalKeySizes[0].MaxSize; i += 8) { kList.Add(kRaw[(i / 8) % kRaw.Length]); } byte[] k = kList.ToArray(); return k; }

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  • loop through HashMap Java jsp

    - by blub
    Hello, the related Questions couldn't help me very much. How can i loop through a HashMap in jsp like this example: <% HashMap<String, String> countries = MainUtils.getCountries(l); %> <select name="ccountry" id="ccountry" > <% //HERE I NEED THE LOOP %> </select>*<br/>

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  • How to do an array of hashmaps?

    - by Joren
    This is what I tried to do, but it gives me a warning: HashMap<String, String>[] responseArray = new HashMap[games.size()]; "Type safety: The expression of type HashMap[] needs unchecked conversion to conform to HashMap[]"

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  • Return number of matches from c# dictionary

    - by Rickard Haake
    Hello! I have a dictionary with non unique values and I want to count the matches of a string versus the values. Basically I now do dict.ContainsValue(a) to get a bool telling me if the string a exists in dict, but I want to know not only if it exists but how many times it exists (and maybee even get a list of the keys it exists bound to) Is there a way to do this using dictionary, or should I look for a different collection? /Rickard Haake

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  • How can i get the value of a session variable inside a static method in c#?

    - by Pandiya Chendur
    I am using asp.net pagemethods with jquery.... How to get the value of a session variable inside static method in c#... protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { Session["UserName"] = "Pandiya"; } [WebMethod] public static string GetName() { string s = Session["UserName"].ToString(); return s; } when i compile this i get the error An object reference is required for the non-static field, method, or property 'System.Web.UI.Page.Session.get' Any suggestion or any alternative...

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  • Using regexkitlite with strings containing % signs

    - by David Liu
    So I'm using RegexKitLite in my iPhone app, and I'm basically grabbing out a bunch of URLs and names from within a web page. The problem is that whenever it comes across a URL with URL encoded characters like %22 for a double quote or %27 for a single quote, the captured string basically gives me a jumbled overflowed string, containing garbage and even method names. I'm really not doing anything particularly special within the regex, just your basic "startdelimiter(.*)enddelimiter" regex.

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  • Java JFrame EventQueue

    - by asmo
    In Java, to create and show a new JFrame, I simply do this: public static void main(String[] args) { new JFrame().setVisible(true); } However, I saw many people doing it like this: public static void main(String[] args) { EventQueue.invokeLater(new Runnable() { public void run() { new JFrame().setVisible(true); } }); } Why? Are there any advantages?

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  • using eval in Java

    - by karthi-27
    I am new to Java. I have a string like the following: str="4*5"; Now I have to get the result of 20 by using the string. I know in some other languages the eval function will do this. How do I do this in Java?

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  • Start a short video when an incoming call is detected, first case using the emulator.

    - by Emanuel
    I want to be able to start a short video on an incoming phone call. The video will loop until the call is answered. I've loaded the video onto the emulator sdcard then created the appropriate level avd with a path to the sdcard.iso file on disk. Since I'm running on a Mac OS x snow leopard I am able to confirm the contents of the sdcard. All testing has be done on the Android emulator. In a separate project TestVideo I created an activity that just launches the video from the sdcard. That works as expected. Then I created another project TestIncoming that creates an activity that creates a PhoneStateListener that overrides the onCallStateChanged(int state, String incomingNumber) method. In the onCallStateChanged() method I check if state == TelephonyManager.CALL_STATE_RINGING. If true I create an Intent that starts the video. I'm actually using the code from the TestVideo project above. Here is the code snippet. PhoneStateListener callStateListener = new PhoneStateListener() { @Override public void onCallStateChanged(int state, String incomingNumber) { if(state == TelelphonyManager.CALL_STATE_RINGING) { Intent launchVideo = new Intent(MyActivity.this, LaunchVideo.class); startActivity(launchVideo); } } }; The PhoneStateListener is added to the TelephonyManager.listen() method like so, telephonyManager.listen(callStateListener, PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_CALL_STATE); Here is the part I'm unclear on, the manifest. What I've tried is the following: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" package="com.example.incomingdemo" android:versionCode="1" android:versionName="1.0"> <application android:icon="@drawable/icon" android:label="@string/app_name"> <activity android:name=".IncomingVideoDemo" android:label="@string/app_name"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.ANSWER" /> <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" /> </intent-filter> </activity> <activity android:name=".LaunchVideo" android:label="LaunchVideo"> </activity> </application> <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="2" /> <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE"/> </manifest> I've run the debugger after setting breakpoints in the IncomingVideoDemo activity where the PhoneStateListener is created and none of the breakpoints are hit. Any insights into solving this problem is greatly appreciated. Thanks.

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  • Lucene: Wildcards are missing from index

    - by Eleasar
    Hi - i am building a search index that contains special names - containing ! and ? and & and + and ... I have to tread the following searches different: me & you me + you But whatever i do (did try with queryparser escaping before indexing, escaped it manually, tried different indexers...) - if i check the search index with Luke they do not show up (question marks and @-symbols and the like show up) The logic behind is that i am doing partial searches for a live suggestion (and the fields are not that large) so i split it up into "m" and "me" and "+" and "y" and "yo" and "you" and then index it (that way it is way faster than a wildcard query search (and the index size is not a big problem). So what i would need is to also have this special wildcard characters be inserted into the index. This is my code: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.IO; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using Lucene.Net.Analysis; using Lucene.Net.Util; namespace AnalyzerSpike { public class CustomAnalyzer : Analyzer { public override TokenStream TokenStream(string fieldName, TextReader reader) { return new ASCIIFoldingFilter(new LowerCaseFilter(new CustomCharTokenizer(reader))); } } public class CustomCharTokenizer : CharTokenizer { public CustomCharTokenizer(TextReader input) : base(input) { } public CustomCharTokenizer(AttributeSource source, TextReader input) : base(source, input) { } public CustomCharTokenizer(AttributeFactory factory, TextReader input) : base(factory, input) { } protected override bool IsTokenChar(char c) { return c != ' '; } } } The code to create the index: private void InitIndex(string path, Analyzer analyzer) { var writer = new IndexWriter(path, analyzer, true); //some multiline textbox that contains one item per line: var all = new List<string>(txtAllAvailable.Text.Replace("\r","").Split('\n')); foreach (var item in all) { writer.AddDocument(GetDocument(item)); } writer.Optimize(); writer.Close(); } private static Document GetDocument(string name) { var doc = new Document(); doc.Add(new Field( "name", DeNormalizeName(name), Field.Store.YES, Field.Index.ANALYZED)); doc.Add(new Field( "raw_name", name, Field.Store.YES, Field.Index.NOT_ANALYZED)); return doc; } (Code is with Lucene.net in version 1.9.x (EDIT: sorry - was 2.9.x) but is compatible with Lucene from Java) Thx

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  • Running DOS command through C# just opens blank cmd window

    - by Mohit Deshpande
    I was trying to execute a command through C#, but when I run the following code, a blank cmd window just opens up. The code: string command = string.Format(@"adb install C:\Users\Mohit\Programming\Android_Workspace\{0}\bin\{0}.apk", appName); ProcessStartInfo cmdsi = new ProcessStartInfo("cmd.exe"); cmdsi.Arguments = command; Process cmd = Process.Start(cmdsi); What could be wrong? I am sure the syntax is right.

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  • Streaming webcam video in Flash using MP4 encoding

    - by Herms
    One of the features of the Flash app I'm working on is to be able to stream a webcam to others. We're just using the built-in webcam support in Flash and sending it through FMS. We've had some people ask for higher quality video, but we're already using the highest quality setting we can in Flash (setting quality to 100%). My understanding is that in the newer flash players they added support for MPEG-4 encoding for the videos. I created a simple test Flex app to try and compare the video quality of the MP4 vs FLV encodings. However, I can't seem to get MP4 to work at all. According to the Flex documentation the only thing I need to do to use MP4 instead of FLV is prepend "mp4:" to the name of the stream when calling publish: Specify the stream name as a string with the prefix mp4: with or without the filename extension. The prefix indicates to the server that the file contains H.264-encoded video and AAC-encoded audio within the MPEG-4 Part 14 container format. When I try this nothing happens. I don't get any events raised on the client side, no exceptions thrown, and my logging on the server side doesn't show any streams starting. Here's the relevant code: // These are all defined and created within the class. private var nc:NetConnection; private var sharing:Boolean; private var pubStream:NetStream; private var format:String; private var streamName:String; private var camera:Camera; // called when the user clicks the start button private function startSharing():void { if (!nc.connected) { return; } if (sharing) { return; } if(pubStream == null) { pubStream = new NetStream(nc); pubStream.attachCamera(camera); } startPublish(); sharing = true; } private function startPublish():void { var name:String; if (this.format == "mp4") { name = "mp4:" + streamName; } else { name = streamName; } //pubStream.publish(name, "live"); pubStream.publish(name, "record"); }

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  • C# remove redundant paths from a list

    - by andrew
    Say I have this list List<string> sampleList = new List<string> { "C:\\Folder1", "D:\\Folder2", "C:\\Folder1\\Folder3", "C:\\Folder111\\Folder4" }; I'd like to remove the paths that are contained in other folders, for example we have C:\Folder1 and C:\Folder1\Folder3 the second entry should go away because C:\Folder1 contains C:\Folder1\Folder3 is there something that does that in the .net framework or do i have to write the algo myself?

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  • Map One-To-One Relationship Doesn't Allow Inserting

    - by nfplee
    Hi, I'm trying to setup a one-to-one mapping from my Users to the UserDetails table. Say I have the following tables in my database: Users: - UserID (PK, Identity) - UserName - Password UsersDetails: - UserID (PK, FK) - FirstName - LastName I have created the following poco classes: public class User { public virtual int UserID { get; set; } public virtual string UserName { get; set; } public virtual string Password { get; set; } public virtual UserDetails Details { get; set; } } public class UserDetails { public virtual int UserID { get; set; } public virtual User User { get; set; } public virtual string FirstName { get; set; } public virtual string LastName { get; set; } public UserDetails() { } public UserDetails(User user) { User = user; } } Which are fluently mapped (please note the xml mapping is very similar and if all you know is the xml mapping then I would still appreciate you guidance): public class UserMap : ClassMap<User> { public UserMap() { Table("Users"); Id(x => x.UserID); Map(x => x.UserName); Map(x => x.Password); HasOne(x => x.Details) .Constrained() .Cascade.All(); } } public class UserDetailsMap : ClassMap<UserDetails> { public UserDetailsMap() { Table("UsersDetails"); Id(x => x.UserID) .GeneratedBy.Foreign("User"); HasOne(x => x.User) .Constrained(); Map(x => x.FirstName); Map(x => x.LastName); } } Everything displays correctly but if I say: var user = new User() { UserName = "Test", Password = "Test" }; user.Details = new UserDetails(user) { FirstName = "Test", LastName = "Test" }; session.Save(user); I get the error: "NHibernate.Id.IdentifierGenerationException: null id generated for: UserDetails." I'd really appreciate it if someone could show me what I've done wrong. Thanks

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  • what variable i can use instead of shared?

    - by SmartestVEGA
    I have the following variable which creates problem when i use multiples instance of the same web form. Could you please let me know how i could what variables other than shared i can use to achieve this purpose? Public strRoleType As String = String.Empty Protected Shared isAreaSelected As Integer = 0 Protected Shared isStoreSelected As Integer = 0 Protected Shared isHeadOfficeSelected As Integer = 0 Protected Shared isRegionSelected As Integer = 0

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  • Regex not working in one case

    - by Arnej65
    I have a string with the following information. Obabikon, ON 49°10'N 94°10’W 2278 km N69°W I have a regex search as follows: String LongPattern = @"(~)?([0-9\?])+°([0-9\?])*'[EWO]"; return FindPattern(source, LongPattern); It should be finding the <94°10’W But is it not. This regex is working for the rest of my data with out any problems. Any clues?

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  • Help needed with AES between Java and Objective-C (iPhone)....

    - by Simon Lee
    I am encrypting a string in objective-c and also encrypting the same string in Java using AES and am seeing some strange issues. The first part of the result matches up to a certain point but then it is different, hence when i go to decode the result from Java onto the iPhone it cant decrypt it. I am using a source string of "Now then and what is this nonsense all about. Do you know?" Using a key of "1234567890123456" The objective-c code to encrypt is the following: NOTE: it is a NSData category so assume that the method is called on an NSData object so 'self' contains the byte data to encrypt. - (NSData *)AESEncryptWithKey:(NSString *)key { char keyPtr[kCCKeySizeAES128+1]; // room for terminator (unused) bzero(keyPtr, sizeof(keyPtr)); // fill with zeroes (for padding) // fetch key data [key getCString:keyPtr maxLength:sizeof(keyPtr) encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]; NSUInteger dataLength = [self length]; //See the doc: For block ciphers, the output size will always be less than or //equal to the input size plus the size of one block. //That's why we need to add the size of one block here size_t bufferSize = dataLength + kCCBlockSizeAES128; void *buffer = malloc(bufferSize); size_t numBytesEncrypted = 0; CCCryptorStatus cryptStatus = CCCrypt(kCCEncrypt, kCCAlgorithmAES128, kCCOptionPKCS7Padding, keyPtr, kCCKeySizeAES128, NULL /* initialization vector (optional) */, [self bytes], dataLength, /* input */ buffer, bufferSize, /* output */ &numBytesEncrypted); if (cryptStatus == kCCSuccess) { //the returned NSData takes ownership of the buffer and will free it on deallocation return [NSData dataWithBytesNoCopy:buffer length:numBytesEncrypted]; } free(buffer); //free the buffer; return nil; } And the java encryption code is... public byte[] encryptData(byte[] data, String key) { byte[] encrypted = null; Security.addProvider(new org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider()); byte[] keyBytes = key.getBytes(); SecretKeySpec keySpec = new SecretKeySpec(keyBytes, "AES"); try { Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/ECB/PKCS7Padding", "BC"); cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, keySpec); encrypted = new byte[cipher.getOutputSize(data.length)]; int ctLength = cipher.update(data, 0, data.length, encrypted, 0); ctLength += cipher.doFinal(encrypted, ctLength); } catch (Exception e) { logger.log(Level.SEVERE, e.getMessage()); } finally { return encrypted; } } The hex output of the objective-c code is - 7a68ea36 8288c73d f7c45d8d 22432577 9693920a 4fae38b2 2e4bdcef 9aeb8afe 69394f3e 1eb62fa7 74da2b5c 8d7b3c89 a295d306 f1f90349 6899ac34 63a6efa0 and the java output is - 7a68ea36 8288c73d f7c45d8d 22432577 e66b32f9 772b6679 d7c0cb69 037b8740 883f8211 748229f4 723984beb 50b5aea1 f17594c9 fad2d05e e0926805 572156d As you can see everything is fine up to - 7a68ea36 8288c73d f7c45d8d 22432577 I am guessing I have some of the settings different but can't work out what, I tried changing between ECB and CBC on the java side and it had no effect. Can anyone help!? please....

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  • Android show listview.

    - by zaid
    i want to show this array as a listview in a new screen when a button is clicked. ArrayList<String> favorite = new ArrayList<String>(); this ListView is a small part of my class. i cant seem to figure out how to implement it with my code (i can figure out how to create a listview in a separate application, and set the onitemclicklistner just for that listview) i want to display that listview when. case R.id.ShowFavButton:

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  • Raw XML Push from input stream captures only the first line of XML

    - by pqsk
    I'm trying to read XML that is being pushed to my java app. I originally had this in my glassfish server working. The working code in glassfish is as follows: public class XMLPush implements Serializable { public void processXML() { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); BufferedReader br = null; try { br = ((HttpServletRequest)FacesContext.getCurrentInstance().getExternalContext().getRequest()).getReader (); String s = null; while((s = br.readLine ()) != null) { sb.append ( s ); } //other code to process xml ........... ............................. }catch(Exception ex) { XMLCreator.exceptionOutput ( "processXML","Exception",ex); } .... ..... }//processXML }//class It works perfect, but my client is unable to have glassfish on their server. I tried grabbing the raw xml from php, but I couldn't get it to work. I decided to open up a socket and listen for the xml push manually. Here is my code for receiving the push: public class ListenerService extends Thread { private BufferedReader reader = null; private String line; public ListenerService ( Socket connection )thows Exception { this.reader = new BufferedReader ( new InputStreamReader ( connection.getInputStream () ) ); this.line = null; }//ListenerService @Override public void run () { try { while ( (this.line = this.reader.readLine ()) != null) { System.out.println ( this.line ); ........ }//while } System.out.println ( ex.toString () ); } } catch ( Exception ex ) { ... }//catch }//run I haven't done much socket programing, but from what I read for the past week is that passing the xml into a string is bad. What am I doing wrong and why is it that in glassfish server it works, and when I just open a socket myself it doesn't? this is all that I receive from the push: PUT /?XML_EXPORT_REASON=ResponseLoop&TIMESTAMP=1292559547 HTTP/1.1 Host: ************************ Accept: */* Content-Length: 470346 Expect: 100-continue <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> Where did the xml go? Is it because I am placing it in a string? I just need to grab the xml and save it into a file and then process it. Everything else works, but this.Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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  • VBA + Send Mail from Word 2007

    - by Nev_Rahd
    I got below code in my Word Document (office 2007) to send a mail with attachement It throws syntax error (file not found) at line .Attachement.Add "C:\abc.txt" Code: Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() Dim outlookapp As Object Dim item As Object Dim subject As String Dim msg As String Set outlookapp = CreateObject("outlook.application") msg = "Enter Message here" subject = "Enter subject here" Set item = outlookapp.createitem(0) With item .to = "[email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> " .subject = subject .body = msg .Display .Attachments.Add "C:\abc.txt" End With End Sub What am I doing wrong ? Thanks

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  • java memory management

    - by pavlos
    i have the following code snapshot: public void getResults( String expression, String collection ){ ReferenceList list; Vector lists = new Vector(); list = invertedIndex.get( 1 )//invertedIndex is class member lists.add(list); } when the method is finished, i supose that the local objects ( list, lists) are "destroyed". Can you tell if the memory occupied by list stored in invertedIndex is released as well? Or does java allocate new memory for list when assigning list = invertedIndex.get( 1 );

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  • error while soap request call

    - by Jayshree
    Hello. I am trying to make a soap call. Its a very basic call wit Welcome User output. The return value is in xml format. and i am getting the following error. can anyone plz tell me what this error means. The following code shows the soap request and post request that i have made NSString *soapMessage = [NSString stringWithFormat: @"<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?>\n" "<soap:Envelope xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:xsd=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\" xmlns:soap=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/\">\n" "<soap:Body>\n" "<WelcomeXML xmlns=\"http://qa2.alliancetek.com/phpwebservice/index.php\">\n" "<name>" "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?>\n" "<message>\n" "<name>Hitesh</name>\n" "</message>\n" "</name>" "</WelcomeXML>\n" "</soap:Body>\n" "</soap:Envelope>\n"]; NSLog(@"%@",soapMessage); NSURL *url = [NSURL URLWithString:@"http://qa2.alliancetek.com/phpwebservice/index.php"]; NSMutableURLRequest *theRequest = [NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL:url]; NSString *msgLength = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d", [soapMessage length]]; [theRequest addValue: @"text/xml; charset=utf-8" forHTTPHeaderField:@"Content-Type"]; [theRequest addValue: @"http://qa2.alliancetek.com/phpwebservice/index.php/WelcomeXML" forHTTPHeaderField:@"SOAPAction"]; [theRequest addValue: msgLength forHTTPHeaderField:@"Content-Length"]; [theRequest setHTTPMethod:@"POST"]; [theRequest setHTTPBody: [soapMessage dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]]; Following is the Error that i am getting : <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><SOAP-ENV:Envelope SOAP-ENV:encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/" xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:SOAP-ENC="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/"> <SOAP-ENV:Body><SOAP-ENV:Fault><faultcode xsi:type="xsd:string">SOAP-ENV:Client</faultcode><faultactor xsi:type="xsd:string"></faultactor><faultstring xsi:type="xsd:string">error in msg parsing: XML error parsing SOAP payload on line 5: Reserved XML Name</faultstring><detail xsi:type="xsd:string"></detail></SOAP-ENV:Fault></SOAP-ENV:Body></SOAP-ENV:Envelope> plz help me. I have wasted 2 days on a simple code like this.

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  • C Programming - My program is good enough for my assignment but I know its not good

    - by Joe
    Hi there I'm just starting an assignment for uni and it's raised a question for me. I don't understand how to return a string from a function without having a memory leak. char* trim(char* line) { int start = 0; int end = strlen(line) - 1; /* find the start position of the string */ while(isspace(line[start]) != 0) { start++; } //printf("start is %d\n", start); /* find the position end of the string */ while(isspace(line[end]) != 0) { end--; } //printf("end is %d\n", end); /* calculate string length and add 1 for the sentinel */ int len = end - start + 2; /* initialise char array to len and read in characters */ int i; char* trimmed = calloc(sizeof(char), len); for(i = 0; i < (len - 1); i++) { trimmed[i] = line[start + i]; } trimmed[len - 1] = '\0'; return trimmed; } as you can see I am returning a pointer to char which is an array. I found that if I tried to make the 'trimmed' array by something like: char trimmed[len]; then the compiler would throw up a message saying that a constant was expected on this line. I assume this meant that for some reason you can't use variables as the array length when initialising an array, although something tells me that can't be right. So instead I made my array by allocating some memory to a char pointer. I understand that this function is probably waaaaay sub-optimal for what it is trying to do, but what I really want to know is: 1. Can you normally initialise an array using a variable to declare the length like: char trimmed[len]; ? 2. If I had an array that was of that type (char trimmed[]) would it have the same return type as a pointer to char (ie char*). 3. If I make my array by callocing some memory and allocating it to a char pointer, how do I free this memory. It seems to me that once I have returned this array, I can't access it to free it as it is a local variable. Many thanks in advance Joe

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