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• 2D camera perspective projection from 3D coordinates -- HOW?

  - by Jack

  I am developing a camera for a 2D game with a top-down view that has depth. It's almost a 3D camera. Basically, every object has a Z even though it is in 2D, and similarly to parallax layers their position, scale and rotation speed vary based on their Z. I guess this would be a perspective projection. But I am having trouble converting the objects' 3D coordinates into the 2D space of the screen so that everything has correct perspective and scale. I never learned matrices though I did dig the topic a bit today. I tried without using matrices thanks to this article but every attempt gave awkward results. I'm using ActionScript 3 and Flash 11+ (Starling), where the screen coordinates work like this: Left-handed coordinates system illustration I can explain further what I did if you want to help me sort out what's wrong, or you can directly tell me how you would do it properly. In case you prefer the former, read on. These are images showing the formulas I used: upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/c/8/1c89722619b756d05adb4ea38ee6f62b.png upload.wikimedia.org/math/d/4/0/d4069770c68cb8f1aa4b5cfc57e81bc3.png (Sorry new users can't post images, but both are from the wikipedia article linked above, section "Perspective projection". That's where you'll find what all variables mean, too) The long formula is greatly simplified because I believe a normal top-down 2D camera has no X/Y/Z rotation values (correct ?). Then it becomes d = a - c. Still, I can't get it to work. Maybe you could explain what numbers I should put in a(xyz), c(xyz), theta(xyz), and particularly, e(xyz) ? I don't quite get how e is different than c in my case. c.z is also an issue to me. If the Z of the camera's target object is 0, should the camera's Z be something like -600 ? ( = focal length of 600) Whatever I do, it's wrong. I only got it to work when I used arbitrary calculations that "looked" right, like most cameras with parallax layers seem to do, but that's fake! ;) If I want objects to travel between Z layers I might as well do it right. :) Thanks a lot for your help!

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• Generated 3d tree meshes

  - by Jari Komppa

  I did not find a question on these lines yet, correct me if I'm wrong. Trees (and fauna in general) are common in games. Due to their nature, they are a good candidate for procedural generation. There's SpeedTree, of course, if you can afford it; as far as I can tell, it doesn't provide the possibility of generating your tree meshes at runtime. Then there's SnappyTree, an online webgl based tree generator based on the proctree.js which is some ~500 lines of javascript. One could use either of above (or some other tree generator I haven't stumbled upon) to create a few dozen tree meshes beforehand - or model them from scratch in a 3d modeller - and then randomly mirror/scale them for a few more variants.. But I'd rather have a free, linkable tree mesh generator. Possible solutions: Port proctree.js to c++ and deal with the open source license (doesn't seem to be gpl, so could be doable; the author may also be willing to co-operate to make the license even more free). Roll my own based on L-systems. Don't bother, just use offline generated trees. Use some other method I haven't found yet.

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• Making a game with responsive resolution

  - by alexandervrs

  I am making a game, however I wish for it to be resolution agnostic. My target resolution i.e. where things look as intended is 1600 x 900. My ideas are: Make the HUD stay fixed to the sides no matter what resolution, use different size for HUD graphics under a certain resolution and another under a certain large one. Use large HD sprites/backgrounds which are a power of 2, so they scale nicely. Use the player's native resolution. Scale the game area (not the HUD) to fit (resulting zooming in some and cropping the game area sides if necessary for widescreen, no stretch), but always fill the screen. Have a min and max resolution limit for small and very large displays where you will just change the resolution(?) or scale up/down to fit. What I am a bit confused though is what math formula I would use to scale the game area correctly based on the resolution no matter the aspect ratio, fully fit in a square screen and with some clip to the sides for widescreen. Pseudocode would help as well. :)

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• Are there existing FOSS component-based frameworks?

  - by Tesserex

  The component based game programming paradigm is becoming much more popular. I was wondering, are there any projects out there that offer a reusable component framework? In any language, I guess I don't care about that. It's not for my own project, I'm just curious. Specifically I mean are there projects that include a base Entity class, a base Component class, and maybe some standard components? It would then be much easier starting a game if you didn't want to reinvent the wheel, or maybe you want a GraphicsComponent that does sprites with Direct3D, but you figure it's already been done a dozen times. A quick Googling turns up Rusher. Has anyone heard of this / does anyone use it? If there are no popular ones, then why not? Is it too difficult to make something like this reusable, and they need heavy customization? In my own implementation I found a lot of boilerplate that could be shoved into a framework.

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• Beginner question about vertex arrays in OpenGL

  - by MrDatabase

  Is there a special order in which vertices are entered into a vertex array? Currently I'm drawing single textures like this: glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texName); glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, vertices); glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, coordinates); glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4); where vertices has four "xy pairs". This is working fine. As a test I doubled the sizes of the vertices and coordinates arrays and changed the last line above to: glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 8); since vertices now contains eight "xy pairs". I do see two textures (the second is intentionally offset from the first). However the textures are now distorted. I've tried passing GL_TRIANGLES to glDrawArrays instead of GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP but this doesn't work either. I'm so new to OpenGL that I thought it's best to just ask here :-) Cheers!

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• Automatically triggering standard spaceship controls to stop its motion

  - by Garan

  I have been working on a 2D top-down space strategy/shooting game. Right now it is only in the prototyping stage (I have gotten basic movement) but now I am trying to write a function that will stop the ship based on it's velocity. This is being written in Lua, using the Love2D engine. My code is as follows (note- object.dx is the x-velocity, object.dy is the y-velocity, object.acc is the acceleration, and object.r is the rotation in radians): function stopMoving(object, dt) local targetr = math.atan2(object.dy, object.dx) if targetr == object.r + math.pi then local currentspeed = math.sqrt(object.dx*object.dx+object.dy*object.dy) if currentspeed ~= 0 then object.dx = object.dx + object.acc*dt*math.cos(object.r) object.dy = object.dy + object.acc*dt*math.sin(object.r) end else if (targetr - object.r) >= math.pi then object.r = object.r - object.turnspeed*dt else object.r = object.r + object.turnspeed*dt end end end It is implemented in the update function as: if love.keyboard.isDown("backspace") then stopMoving(player, dt) end The problem is that when I am holding down backspace, it spins the player clockwise (though I am trying to have it go the direction that would be the most efficient at getting to the angle it would have to be) and then it never starts to accelerate the player in the direction opposite to it's velocity. What should I change in this code to get that to work? EDIT : I'm not trying to just stop the player in place, I'm trying to get it to use it's normal commands to neutralize it's existing velocity. I also changed math.atan to math.atan2, apparently it's better. I noticed no difference when running it, though.

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• How to do directional per fragment lighting in world space?

  - by user

  I am attempting to create a GLSL shader for simple, per-fragment directional light. So far, after following many tutorials, I have continually ran into the issue: my light is specified in world coordinates, however, the shader treats the light's position as being in eye space, thus, the light direction changes when I move the camera. My question is, how to I transform a directional light position such as (50, 50, 50, 0) into eye space, or, would doing things this way be the incorrect approach to the problem?

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• Keeping rotation between two objects

  - by user99

  In my XNA game I have two objects that collide. When the first object collides with the other it is able to latch on to it and move it about the world. I am having a problem with the math here (Math isn't my strong point). I currently have the second object latch on to the first and move around with it, but I cannot get it to keep it's original direction. So, if the object is facing up it should keep this direction relative to how it is being rotated with the original item. Any tips on how I could best to achieve this?

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• Creating a frozen bubble clone

  - by Vaughan Hilts

  This photo illustrates the environment: http://i.imgur.com/V4wbp.png I'll shoot the cannon, it'll bounce off the wall and it's SUPPOSED to stick to the bubble. It does at pretty much every other angle. The problem is always reproduced here, when hit off the wall into those bubbles. It also exists in other cases, but I'm not sure what triggers it. What actually happens: The ball will sometimes set to the wrong cell, and my "dropping" code will detect it as a loner and drop it off the stage. *There are many implementations of "Frozen Bubble" on the web, but I can't for the life of me find a good explanation as to how the algorithm for the "Bubble Sticking" works. * I see this: http://www.wikiflashed.com/wiki/BubbleBobble https://frozenbubblexna.svn.codeplex.com/svn/FrozenBubble/ But I can't figure out the algorithims... could anyone explain possibly the general idea behind getting the balls to stick? Code in question: //Counstruct our bounding rectangle for use var nX = currentBall.x + ballvX * gameTime; var nY = currentBall.y - ballvY * gameTime; var movingRect = new BoundingRectangle(nX, nY, 32, 32); var able = false; //Iterate over the cells and draw our bubbles for (var x = 0; x < 8; x++) { for (var y = 0; y < 12; y++) { //Get the bubble at this layout var bubble = bubbleLayout[x][y]; var rowHeight = 27; //If this slot isn't empty, draw if (bubble != null) { var bx = 0, by = 0; if (y % 2 == 0) { bx = x * 32 + 270; by = y * 32 + 45; } else { bx = x * 32 + 270 + 16; by = y * 32 + 45; } //Check var targetBox = new BoundingRectangle(bx, by, 32, 32); if (targetBox.intersects(movingRect)) { able = true; } } } } cellY = Math.round((currentBall.y - 45) / 32); if (cellY % 2 == 0) cellX = Math.round((currentBall.x - 270) / 32); else cellX = Math.round((currentBall.x - 270 - 16) / 32); Any ideas are very much welcome. Things I've tried: Flooring and Ceiling values Changing the wall bounce to a lower value Slowing down the ball None of these seem to affect it. Is there something in my math I'm not getting?

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• Super-quick MIDI generator with nonrestrictive license?

  - by Ricket

  I'm working on my Ludum Dare entry and trying to figure out how in the world I'm ever going to get background music. I found WolframTones, but the license is too restrictive: Unless otherwise specified, this Site and content presented on this Site are for your personal and noncommercial use. You may not modify, copy, distribute, transmit, display, perform, reproduce, publish, license, create derivative works from, transfer, or sell any information or content obtained from this Site. For commercial and other uses, contact us. But I really like the interface! It's a lot like sfxr - click a genre and download a song. That's so cool. Is there another program that does this same sort of thing but without a restrictive license, so that I can generate a bgm and use it in my game?

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• Set a drawing viewport while using camera

  - by Mariano

  I'm working with XNA. I already have a basic world made of tiles and a camera using a transform matrix. I have a character moving around and the camera follows. What I want to do now is draw the map only on a certain part of the screen as shown on the figure below. This way I can move the map to the left of the screen and have the other fixed parts shift to the right. Do I need to modify the camera matrix? Make a new viewport?

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• Shadowmap first phase and shaders

  - by KaiserJohaan

  I am using OpenGL 3.3 and am tryin to implement shadow mapping using cube maps. I have a framebuffer with a depth attachment and a cube map texture. My question is how to design the shaders for the first pass, when creating the shadowmap. This is my vertex shader: in vec3 position; uniform mat4 lightWVP; void main() { gl_Position = lightWVP * vec4(position, 1.0); } Now, do I even need a fragment shader in this shader pass? from what I understand after reading http://www.opengl.org/wiki/Fragment_Shader, by default gl_FragCoord.z is written to the currently attached depth component (to which my cubemap texture is bound to). Thus I shouldnt even need a fragment shader for this pass and from what I understand, there is no other work to do in the fragment shader other than writing this value. Is this correct?

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• Best way to load rigid bodies from file

  - by Mel

  I'm trying to switch to bullet for physics simulation. Lemme just say first that I am so pleased with bullet's accuracy and performance. After messing around it for a bit, I'm now trying to load rigid bodies from files. Most of my models are in blender and with some searching, I was able to export them in .bullet format. However, loading the files into bullet doesn't look like an easy task. I've come across this page that points me to a sample application that loads bullet files. But then it goes and says that this loader is just a starting point. Is there any open source library out there that will allow me to load rigid bodies from a file? I don't really wanna spend that much time trying to create my own loader.

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• Object-Oriented OpenGL

  - by Sullivan

  I have been using OpenGL for a while and have read a large number of tutorials. Aside from the fact that a lot of them still use the fixed pipeline, they usually throw all the initialisation, state changes and drawing in one source file. This is fine for the limited scope of a tutorial, but I’m having a hard time working out how to scale it up to a full game. How do you split your usage of OpenGL across files? Conceptually, I can see the benefits of having, say, a rendering class that purely renders stuff to screen, but how would stuff like shaders and lights work? Should I have separate classes for things like lights and shaders?

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• Basics of drawing in 2d with OpenGL 3 shaders

  - by davidism

  I am new to OpenGL 3 and graphics programming, and want to create some basic 2d graphics. I have the following scenario of how I might go about drawing a basic (but general) 2d rectangle. I'm not sure if this is the correct way to think about it, or, if it is, how to implement it. In my head, here's how I imagine doing it: t = make_rectangle(width, height) build general VBO, centered at 0, 0 optionally: t.set_scale(2) optionally: t.set_angle(30) t.draw_at(x, y) calculates some sort of scale/rotate/translate matrix (or matrices), passes the VBO and the matrix to a shader program Something happens to clip the world to the view visible on screen. I'm really unclear on how 4 and 5 will work. The main problem is that all the tutorials I find either: use fixed function pipeline, are for 3d, or are unclear how to do something this "simple". Can someone provide me with either a better way to think of / do this, or some concrete code detailing performing the transformations in a shader and constructing and passing the data required for this shader transformation?

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• How to transform mesh components?

  - by Lea Hayes

  I am attempting to transform the components of a mesh directly using a 4x4 matrix. This is working for the vertex positions, but it is not working for the normals (and probably not the tangents either). Here is what I have: // Transform vertex positions - Works like a charm! vertices = mesh.vertices; for (int i = 0; i < vertices.Length; ++i) vertices[i] = transform.MultiplyPoint(vertices[i]); // Does not work, lighting is messed up on mesh normals = mesh.normals; for (int i = 0; i < normals.Length; ++i) normals[i] = transform.MultiplyVector(normals[i]); Note: The input matrix converts from local to world space and is needed to combine multiple meshes together.

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• Need material for character anatomy in a 2D game. Spartan Like, See Picture

  - by Edwin Soho

  I'm creating my art for an 2d based IOS game. I know some basic anatomy as you can see by the picture but I have no idea how I will make draw the pics for animation of the character walking, attacking with his sword and protecting himself with shield. Is there any anatomy reference for 2d game out there, book or anything else? for your information, I did try to find but all of stuff I found are very amateur and incomplete The picture was my attempt of creating a example of the character walking, which I'm not happy with please help, thanks Update: Since I am in a hurry I decided I would copy the anatomy from other 2d games, it is not that clean but at least I wanna be able to start it. The question is still open.

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• Designing Videogame Character Parodies [duplicate]

  - by David Dimalanta

  This question already has an answer here: Is it legal to add a cameo appearance of a known video game character in my game? 2 answers Was it okay to make a playable character when making a videogame despite its resemblance? For example, I'm making a 3rd-person action-platform genre and I have to make a character design resembling like Megaman but not exactly the same as him since there is little alternate in color, details, and facial features.

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• Implementing a wheeled character controller

  - by Lazlo

  I'm trying to implement Boxycraft's character controller in XNA (with Farseer), as Bryan Dysmas did (minus the jumping part, yet). My current implementation seems to sometimes glitch in between two parallel planes, and fails to climb 45 degree slopes. (YouTube videos in links, plane glitch is subtle). How can I fix it? From the textual description, I seem to be doing it right. Here is my implementation (it seems like a huge wall of text, but it's easy to read. I wish I could simplify and isolate the problem more, but I can't): public Body TorsoBody { get; private set; } public PolygonShape TorsoShape { get; private set; } public Body LegsBody { get; private set; } public Shape LegsShape { get; private set; } public RevoluteJoint Hips { get; private set; } public FixedAngleJoint FixedAngleJoint { get; private set; } public AngleJoint AngleJoint { get; private set; } ... this.TorsoBody = BodyFactory.CreateRectangle(this.World, 1, 1.5f, 1); this.TorsoShape = new PolygonShape(1); this.TorsoShape.SetAsBox(0.5f, 0.75f); this.TorsoBody.CreateFixture(this.TorsoShape); this.TorsoBody.IsStatic = false; this.LegsBody = BodyFactory.CreateCircle(this.World, 0.5f, 1); this.LegsShape = new CircleShape(0.5f, 1); this.LegsBody.CreateFixture(this.LegsShape); this.LegsBody.Position -= 0.75f * Vector2.UnitY; this.LegsBody.IsStatic = false; this.Hips = JointFactory.CreateRevoluteJoint(this.TorsoBody, this.LegsBody, Vector2.Zero); this.Hips.MotorEnabled = true; this.AngleJoint = new AngleJoint(this.TorsoBody, this.LegsBody); this.FixedAngleJoint = new FixedAngleJoint(this.TorsoBody); this.Hips.MaxMotorTorque = float.PositiveInfinity; this.World.AddJoint(this.Hips); this.World.AddJoint(this.AngleJoint); this.World.AddJoint(this.FixedAngleJoint); ... public void Move(float m) // -1, 0, +1 { this.Hips.MotorSpeed = 0.5f * m; }

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• Constrained/penalized distance function

  - by sigma.z.1980

  Assume a character is located on a n by n grid and has to reach a certain entry on that grid. Its current position is (x1,y1). Also on the same grid is an enemy with coordinates (x2,y2). Each step algorithm randomly generates new candidate locations for the hero (if there are k candidates then there is a kx2 matrix of new potential locations. What I need is some distance objective function to compare the candidates. I'm currently using d1 - c * d2, where d1 is distance to the objective (measure in terms of number of pixels for each axis), d2 is distance to the enemy and c is some coefficient (this is very much like a set-up for Lagrangian). It's not working very well though. I'd be quite keen to learn how what constrained distance function are used for similar cases. Any suggestions are very much appreciated.

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• How can i run my .LÖVE game directly from the lua interpreter?

  - by jonathan

  I've just started with LOVE and LUA , i'm interested in LOVE because i want to play around with something different from my dayjob(i'm a webdeveloper) and since it uses LUA and is interpreted , i though it would be a great way to try out the API. but i couldn't find how to run my .LÖVE game directly from the lua interpreter? i'm finding it bothersome to package the game each time i make a little test with the API. since i couldn't find the answer i'm asking, but maybe i'm serching for the wrong terms, if this it is a simple matter like "import the library" or set the global, i'll gladly remove my question.

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• How much server bandwidth does an average RTS game require per month?

  - by Nat Weiss

  My friend and I are going to write a multiplayer, multiplatform RTS game and are currently analyzing the costs of going with a client-server architecture. The game will have a small map with mostly characters, not buildings (think of DotA or League of Legends). The authoritative game logic will run on the server and message packet sizes will be highly optimized. We'd like to know approximately how much server bandwidth our proposed RTS game would use on a monthly basis, considering these theoretical constants: 100 concurrent users maximum 8 players maximum per game 10 ticks per second Bonus: If you can tell us approximately how much server RAM this kind of game would use that would also help a great deal. Thanks in advance.

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• Are there any good guides for making mods for Minecraft?

  - by Pureferret

  I've been coding in Java for 5 months at work now, and having past experience with programming in other languages, modifying existing code at Uni etc. I feel like I want to get started on (read: continue learning to program by) modding with minecraft. I know what I need, but not exactly how to do so. I once saw some good guides on the minecraft forum, but they all explained how to write in java, hows different classes in the code work etc. I'm more interested in how you decompile the code, write your own separate from the main 'trunk' of minecraft and then package it to install with a tool like 'Magic Loader'. My issue with these guides is that they always relied on being in windows, but I'm primarily a linux user, and the guides on the forums only seemed to assume you were on a Windows box. So is there a good 'walkthrough' for modding for Minecraft? Especially one where it assumes or at least allows for the fact you are in linux?

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• Managing constant buffers without FX interface

  - by xcrypt

  I am aware that there is a sample on working without FX in the samplebrowser, and I already checked that one. However, some questions arise: In the sample: D3DXMATRIXA16 mWorldViewProj; D3DXMATRIXA16 mWorld; D3DXMATRIXA16 mView; D3DXMATRIXA16 mProj; mWorld = g_World; mView = g_View; mProj = g_Projection; mWorldViewProj = mWorld * mView * mProj; VS_CONSTANT_BUFFER* pConstData; g_pConstantBuffer10->Map( D3D10_MAP_WRITE_DISCARD, NULL, ( void** )&pConstData ); pConstData->mWorldViewProj = mWorldViewProj; pConstData->fTime = fBoundedTime; g_pConstantBuffer10->Unmap(); They are copying their D3DXMATRIX'es to D3DXMATRIXA16. Checked on msdn, these new matrices are 16 byte aligned and optimised for intel pentium 4. So as my first question: 1) Is it necessary to copy matrices to D3DXMATRIXA16 before sending them to the constant buffer? And if no, why don't we just use D3DXMATRIXA16 all the time? I have another question about managing multiple constant buffers within one shader. Suppose that, within your shader, you have multiple constant buffers that need to be updated at different times: cbuffer cbNeverChanges { matrix View; }; cbuffer cbChangeOnResize { matrix Projection; }; cbuffer cbChangesEveryFrame { matrix World; float4 vMeshColor; }; Then how would I set these buffers all at different times? g_pd3dDevice->VSSetConstantBuffers( 0, 1, &g_pConstantBuffer10 ); gives me the possibility to set multiple buffers, but that is within one call. 2) Is that okay even if my constant buffers are updated at different times? And do I suppose I have to make sure the constantbuffers are in the same position in the array as the order they appear in the shader?

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• Simpler alternative to AngelScript

  - by Vee

  I want to give players the ability to create and share bullet patterns for a shoot'em up. The pattern scripts should have all the common programming stuff like loops, if/else, variables, and so on. But in the end, I just want them to call a "spawn bullet at X, Y with Z angle and A speed" in the C++ game. To spawn a circle of bullets, the user should only have to write a script with a for loop that goes from 0 to 360 and calls the spawn bullet function on every iteration. I tried integrating AngelScript, but I am getting nowhere - it looks way to complex for a simple task like this one. Is there an easy to integrate library that can solve my problem? Thanks.

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