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• Repairing yum's repositories on a RHEL5.

  - by The Rook

  I am using RHEL5 and yum is missing many packages, such as apache, php, and all php libraries . I have added the rpmforge repository, but i am still missing these packages. This is an i686 machine and there might not be many i686 packages available, I think that if i force an i386 i'll have serious problems. How do I make sure I have a large number of compatible packages on a RHEL5 system? I didn't install this system, is it normal for RHEL5 to have virtually no useful packages in yum? How do RHEL5 administrators use yum without introducing conflicts with currently installed packages? Should I ditch yum and use apt? Thanks!

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• Shell scripting: Way to parse parameters from command line

  - by bguiz

  myscript [-a a-arg] [-c c-arg] [-b] [-e] somedirectory Given that I want my shell script be invoked at the command line using the above parameters - where [these brackets] denote that they are optional - what is the best method to parse them?

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• Xforwarding in Ubuntu

  - by Dan

  I'm trying to get Xforwarding working in Ubuntu... On the server I have uncommented the following lines of /etc/ssh/sshd_config: X11Forwarding yes AllowTcpForwarding yes Now I try to ssh in, but I get the following error messages (and Xforwarding isn't working). $ssh -Y example.com /usr/bin/xauth: /home/dan/.Xauthority not writable, changes will be ignored $ssh -X example.com /usr/bin/xauth: error in locking authority file /home/dan/.Xauthority Any suggestions? Thanks

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• Updated Security Baseline (7u45) impacts Java 7u40 and before with High Security settings

  - by costlow

  The Java Security Baseline has been increased from 7u25 to 7u45.  For versions of Java below 7u45, this means unsigned Java applets or Java applets that depend on Javascript LiveConnect calls will be blocked when using the High Security setting in the Java Control Panel. This issue only affects Applets and Web Start applications. It does not affect other types of Java applications. The Short Answer Users upgrading to Java 7 update 45 will automatically fix this and is strongly recommended. The More Detailed Answer There are two items involved as described on the deployment flowchart: The Security Baseline – a dynamically updated attribute that checks to see which Java version contains the most recent security patches. The Security Slider – the user-controlled setting of when to prompt/run/block applets. The Security Baseline Java clients periodically check in to understand what version contains the most recent security patches. Versions are released in-between that contain bug fixes. For example: 7u25 (July 2013) was the previous secure baseline. 7u40 contained bug fixes. Because this did not contain security patches, users were not required to upgrade and were welcome to remain on 7u25. When 7u45 was released (October, 2013), this critical patch update contained security patches and raised the secure baseline. Users are required to upgrade from earlier versions. For users that are not regularly connected to the internet, there is a built in Expiration Date. Because of the pre-established quarterly critical patch updates, we are able to determine an approximate date of the next version. A critical patch released in July will have its successor released, at latest, in July + 3 months: October. The Security Slider The security slider is located within the Java control panel and determines which Applets & Web Start applications will prompt, which will run, and which will be blocked. One of the questions used to determine prompt/run/block is, “At or Above the Security Baseline.” The Combination JavaScript calls made from LiveConnect do not reside within signed JAR files, so they are considered to be unsigned code. This is correct within networked systems even if the domain uses HTTPS because signed JAR files represent signed "data at rest" whereas TLS (often called SSL) literally stands for "Transport Level Security" and secures the communication channel, not the contents/code within the channel. The resulting flow of users who click "update later" is: Is the browser plug-in registered and allowed to run? Yes. Does a rule exist for this RIA? No rules apply. Does the RIA have a valid signature? Yes and not revoked. Which security prompt is needed? JRE is below the baseline. This is because 7u45 is the baseline and the user, clicked "upgrade later." Under the default High setting, Unsigned code is set to "Don’t Run" so users see: Additional Notes End Users can control their own security slider within the control panel. System Administrators can customize the security slider during automated installations. As a reminder, in the future, Java 7u51 (January 2014) will block unsigned and self-signed Applets & Web Start applications by default.

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• Social Network Updates: While You Were Busy Marketing 2

  - by Mike Stiles

  Since social moves at the speed of data, it’s already time for another update, as we did back in April, on the changes the various social networks have made or gone through while you were busy marketing. Facebook There’s a lot of talk Facebook’s developing a mobile product to act like Flipboard and surface news, from both users and media outlets. The biggest news was Facebook/Instagram’s introduction of 15-second videos, enhanced with with filters, to take some of Vine’s candy. You can also delete parts of videos and rerecord them, and there’s image stabilization. Facebook’s ad revenue is coming along just fine, thank you very much. 35% quarter-to-quarter growth in Q2. And it looks like new formats like Mobile App Install Ads and Unpublished Page Posts are adding to the mix. If you don’t already, you’ll soon see a little camera in comment boxes letting you insert photos right into the comments you make. The drive toward “more visual” continues. The other big news is Facebook’s adoption of our Twitter friend, the hashtag. Adding # sets apart the post topic so it can be easily found or discovered. It’s also being added to Google Plus, Tumblr, and Pinterest. Twitter Want to send someone a promoted tweet when they’re in range of your store? That could be happening by the end of this year. Some users have been seeing automatic in-stream previews of images on Twitter.com. Right now it’s images in your own tweets, but we can assume all tweets are next. Get your followers organized! Twitter raised the limit on the number of lists you can create from 20 to 1,000. They also raised the number of accounts you can have in a list from 500 to 5,000. Twitter started notifying you when someone favorites a tweet you’re mentioned in or re-tweets a tweet you re-tweeted. Anyway, it’s the first time Twitter’s notified you about indirect interactions like that. Who’s afraid of Instagram? A study shows 6-second Vine videos are being posted to Twitter at the rate of 9/second, up from 5/second 2 months ago. Vine has over 13 million users and branded Vines are 4x more likely to be shared than video ads. Google Plus Now featuring a 3-column redesigned stream, and images that take up a whole column. And photo filters Auto Highlight and Auto Awesome work to turn your photos into a real show. Google Hangouts is the workhorse for all Google messaging now, it’s not just an online chat with 9 people anymore. Google Plus Dashboard improves the connection between your company’s Google Plus business page and your Google Plus Local. Updates go out across all Google properties and you can do your managing from the dashboard. With Google Plus’ authorship system, you can build “Author Rank” based on what you write and put on the web. If your stuff is +1’ed and shared a lot, you’re the real deal and there are search result benefits. LinkedIn "Who's Viewed Your Updates" shows you what you’ve shared recently, who saw it and what they did about it in real-time. “Influencers” is, well, influential. Traffic to all LI news products has gone up 8x since it was introduced. LinkedIn is quickly figuring out how to get users to stick around awhile. You and your brand can post images and documents in status updates now. In fact, that whole “document posting” thing is making some analysts wonder if LinkedIn will drift on over to the Dropboxes and YouSendIts of the world. C’mon, admit it. Your favorite part of LinkedIn is being able to see who’s viewed your profile. Now you’ve got even more info and can see what/who you have in common. Premium users get even deeper insights about how people are finding them. If you’re a big fan of security, you’ll love that LinkedIn started offering two-factor authentication (2FA). It’s optional, but step 2 is a one-time code texted to your registered mobile. Pinterest A study showed pins have a looong shelf life compared to other social net posts. “Clicks kept coming for 30 days and beyond.” Most pins are timeless, and the infinite scroll causes people to see older pins. Is it a keeper? Pinterest jumped 82% to 54 million users in the past year. It’s valued at $2.5 billion and is one of the biggest sources of referral traffic there is. That said, CEO Ben Silbermann adds, "Right now, we don't make money." A new search feature stops you from having to endlessly scroll through your own pins looking for that waterfall picture you posted. Simply select “just my pins” in the search bar. New "Rich Pins" lets brands add info like price and availability to pins that can be updated daily via a data feed from your merchant site. Not so fast, you have to apply to Pinterest for it first. Like other social nets, Pinterest does not allow sexual content, nudity, or even partial nudity. However…some art contains nudity, and Pinterest wants to allow art. What constitutes “art” will be judged by…what we have to assume are Pinterest employees who love their job. @mikestilesPhoto: stock.xchng, Tim Marmon

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• XRDP: window manager not starting

  - by niboshi

  I have setup my Ubuntu server so that I can connect and login to XRDP from Windows remote desktop. My problem is that after logging in, no window-manager is started. It only displays a single gnome-terminal with no border and gray meshed background. It seems that /usr/sbin/xrdp-sesman itself is running (from observation of ps and /var/run/xrdp/xrdp-sesman.pid). I put debugging line like touch /home/myname/aaaaa into ~/startwm.sh or /etc/xrdp/startwm.sh, but the file aaaaa did not generated after logging in, so these scripts have not been executed. (Both of them have chmod +x permission.) Am I missing some configuration file, or is there any way of further inspection? Any help is appreciated. Thanks. Contents of /etc/xrdp/sesman.ini [Globals] ListenAddress=127.0.0.1 ListenPort=3350 EnableUserWindowManager=0 # or 1 UserWindowManager=startwm.sh DefaultWindowManager=startwm.sh # or commented-out [Security] AllowRootLogin=1 MaxLoginRetry=4 TerminalServerUsers=tsusers TerminalServerAdmins=tsadmins [Sessions] MaxSessions=10 KillDisconnected=0 IdleTimeLimit=0 DisconnectedTimeLimit=0 [Logging] LogFile=/var/log/xrdp-sesman.log LogLevel=DEBUG EnableSyslog=0 SyslogLevel=DEBUG [X11rdp] param1=-bs param2=-ac param3=-nolisten param4=tcp [Xvnc] param1=-bs param2=-ac param3=-nolisten param4=tcp Contents of /var/log/xrdp-sesman.log after logging in: [20120402-21:29:34] [CORE ] starting sesman with pid 11064 [20120402-21:29:34] [INFO ] listening... [20120402-21:29:39] [INFO ] scp thread on sck 7 started successfully [20120402-21:29:39] [INFO ] granted TS access to user myname [20120402-21:29:39] [INFO ] starting Xvnc session... [20120402-21:29:40] [INFO ] starting xrdp-sessvc - xpid=11074 - wmpid=11073 [20120402-21:29:49] [INFO ] session 11072 - user myname- terminated Process tree Below is a part of ps aufx output during xrdp session: xrdp 12344 0.0 0.4 22856 8732 ? Sl Apr02 0:01 /usr/sbin/xrdp root 12346 0.0 0.0 15672 2000 ? S Apr02 0:00 /usr/sbin/xrdp-sesman root 24346 0.0 0.0 3780 872 ? S 00:00 0:00 \_ /usr/sbin/xrdp-sessvc 24348 24347 myname 24347 0.4 0.6 76468 13700 ? Sl 00:00 0:14 \_ gnome-terminal myname 24362 0.0 0.0 2220 716 ? S 00:00 0:00 | \_ gnome-pty-helper myname 24363 0.0 0.2 6912 5268 pts/13 Ss 00:00 0:00 | \_ bash myname 27902 0.0 0.0 2824 1096 pts/13 R+ 00:53 0:00 | \_ ps aufx myname 24348 0.0 0.9 24984 19216 ? S 00:00 0:01 \_ Xvnc :18 -geometry 1920x1080 -depth 24 -rfbauth /home/myname/.vnc/sesman_myname_passwd -bs -ac -nolisten tcp root 24349 0.0 0.0 16596 1304 ? Sl 00:00 0:00 \_ xrdp-chansrv Environment Ubuntu 11.10 Oneiric xrdp version: 0.5.0~20100303cvs-6ubuntu2

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• How can I get HTTPD to serve the html/php files and not list/index them when they are in folder for virtual host. Using Centos 6.0

  - by LaserBeak

  My virtual hosts are configured as below, initally I could not even get to the /public_html/ directory when typing example.com and apache would just serve me up the default welcome page, I would also get the error: Directory index forbidden by Options directive: /var/www/html/example.com/public_html/ in the log . After editing the welcome.conf page (- Index) so it does not show again when I now type example.com the/public_html/ contents (Index.php) are indexed in the browser. Where as I want it to actually execute and diplay the index.php page. vhost.conf , located in etc/httpd/vhost.d/ NameVirtualHost *:80 <VirtualHost *:80> ServerAdmin [email protected] ServerName localhost ServerAlias localhost.example.com DocumentRoot /var/www/html/example.com/public_html/ ErrorLog /var/www/html/example.com/logs/error.log CustomLog /var/www/html/example.com/logs/access.log combined </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:80> ServerAdmin [email protected] ServerName example.org ServerAlias www.example.org DocumentRoot /var/www/html/example.org/public_html/ ErrorLog /var/www/html/example.org/logs/error.log CustomLog /var/www/html/example.org/logs/access.log combined </VirtualHost> httpd.conf, settings on default, added onto end: Include /etc/httpd/vhosts.d/*.conf Root directories: DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"

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• Article: Interceptors 1.1 in Java EE 6

  - by OracleTechnologyNetwork

  This Tip Of The Day (TOTD) attempts to explain the basics of Interceptors 1.1 - a "new" specification introduced in the Java EE 6. Interceptors do what they say - they intercept on invocations and lifecycle events on an associated target class. The specification is not entirely new as the concept is borrowed from the EJB 3.0 specification.

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• AuthnRequest Settings in OIF / SP

  - by Damien Carru

  In this article, I will list the various OIF/SP settings that affect how an AuthnRequest message is created in OIF in a Federation SSO flow. The AuthnRequest message is used by an SP to start a Federation SSO operation and to indicate to the IdP how the operation should be executed: How the user should be challenged at the IdP Whether or not the user should be challenged at the IdP, even if a session already exists at the IdP for this user Which NameID format should be requested in the SAML Assertion Which binding (Artifact or HTTP-POST) should be requested from the IdP to send the Assertion Which profile should be used by OIF/SP to send the AuthnRequest message Enjoy the reading! Protocols The SAML 2.0, SAML 1.1 and OpenID 2.0 protocols define different message elements and rules that allow an administrator to influence the Federation SSO flows in different manners, when the SP triggers an SSO operation: SAML 2.0 allows extensive customization via the AuthnRequest message SAML 1.1 does not allow any customization, since the specifications do not define an authentication request message OpenID 2.0 allows for some customization, mainly via the OpenID 2.0 extensions such as PAPE or UI SAML 2.0 OIF/SP allows the customization of the SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest message for the following elements: ForceAuthn: Boolean indicating whether or not the IdP should force the user for re-authentication, even if the user has still a valid session By default set to false IsPassive Boolean indicating whether or not the IdP is allowed to interact with the user as part of the Federation SSO operation. If false, the Federation SSO operation might result in a failure with the NoPassive error code, because the IdP will not have been able to identify the user By default set to false RequestedAuthnContext Element indicating how the user should be challenged at the IdP If the SP requests a Federation Authentication Method unknown to the IdP or for which the IdP is not configured, then the Federation SSO flow will result in a failure with the NoAuthnContext error code By default missing NameIDPolicy Element indicating which NameID format the IdP should include in the SAML Assertion If the SP requests a NameID format unknown to the IdP or for which the IdP is not configured, then the Federation SSO flow will result in a failure with the InvalidNameIDPolicy error code If missing, the IdP will generally use the default NameID format configured for this SP partner at the IdP By default missing ProtocolBinding Element indicating which SAML binding should be used by the IdP to redirect the user to the SP with the SAML Assertion Set to Artifact or HTTP-POST By default set to HTTP-POST OIF/SP also allows the administrator to configure the server to: Set which binding should be used by OIF/SP to redirect the user to the IdP with the SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest message: Redirect or HTTP-POST By default set to Redirect Set which binding should be used by OIF/SP to redirect the user to the IdP during logout with SAML 2.0 Logout messages: Redirect or HTTP-POST By default set to Redirect SAML 1.1 The SAML 1.1 specifications do not define a message for the SP to send to the IdP when a Federation SSO operation is started. As such, there is no capability to configure OIF/SP on how to affect the start of the Federation SSO flow. OpenID 2.0 OpenID 2.0 defines several extensions that can be used by the SP/RP to affect how the Federation SSO operation will take place: OpenID request: mode: String indicating if the IdP/OP can visually interact with the user checkid_immediate does not allow the IdP/OP to interact with the user checkid_setup allows user interaction By default set to checkid_setup PAPE Extension: max_auth_age : Integer indicating in seconds the maximum amount of time since when the user authenticated at the IdP. If MaxAuthnAge is bigger that the time since when the user last authenticated at the IdP, then the user must be re-challenged. OIF/SP will set this attribute to 0 if the administrator configured ForceAuthn to true, otherwise this attribute won't be set Default missing preferred_auth_policies Contains a Federation Authentication Method Element indicating how the user should be challenged at the IdP By default missing Only specified in the OpenID request if the IdP/OP supports PAPE in XRDS, if OpenID discovery is used. UI Extension Popup mode Boolean indicating the popup mode is enabled for the Federation SSO By default missing Language Preference String containing the preferred language, set based on the browser's language preferences. By default missing Icon: Boolean indicating if the icon feature is enabled. In that case, the IdP/OP would look at the SP/RP XRDS to determine how to retrieve the icon By default missing Only specified in the OpenID request if the IdP/OP supports UI Extenstion in XRDS, if OpenID discovery is used. ForceAuthn and IsPassive WLST Command OIF/SP provides the WLST configureIdPAuthnRequest() command to set: ForceAuthn as a boolean: In a SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest, the ForceAuthn field will be set to true or false In an OpenID 2.0 request, if ForceAuthn in the configuration was set to true, then the max_auth_age field of the PAPE request will be set to 0, otherwise, max_auth_age won't be set IsPassive as a boolean: In a SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest, the IsPassive field will be set to true or false In an OpenID 2.0 request, if IsPassive in the configuration was set to true, then the mode field of the OpenID request will be set to checkid_immediate, otherwise set to checkid_setup Test In this test, OIF/SP is integrated with a remote SAML 2.0 IdP Partner, with the OOTB configuration. Based on this setup, when OIF/SP starts a Federation SSO flow, the following SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest would be generated: <samlp:AuthnRequest ProtocolBinding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST" ID="id-E4BOT7lwbYK56lO57dBaqGUFq01WJSjAHiSR60Q4" Version="2.0" IssueInstant="2014-04-01T21:39:14Z" Destination="https://acme.com/saml20/sso">   <saml:Issuer Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:entity">https://sp.com/oam/fed</saml:Issuer>   <samlp:NameIDPolicy AllowCreate="true"/></samlp:AuthnRequest> Let's configure OIF/SP for that IdP Partner, so that the SP will require the IdP to re-challenge the user, even if the user is already authenticated: Enter the WLST environment by executing:$IAM_ORACLE_HOME/common/bin/wlst.sh Connect to the WLS Admin server:connect() Navigate to the Domain Runtime branch:domainRuntime() Execute the configureIdPAuthnRequest() command:configureIdPAuthnRequest(partner="AcmeIdP", forceAuthn="true") Exit the WLST environment:exit() After the changes, the following SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest would be generated: <samlp:AuthnRequest ForceAuthn="true" ProtocolBinding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST" ID="id-E4BOT7lwbYK56lO57dBaqGUFq01WJSjAHiSR60Q4" Version="2.0" IssueInstant="2014-04-01T21:39:14Z" Destination="https://acme.com/saml20/sso">   <saml:Issuer Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:entity">https://sp.com/oam/fed</saml:Issuer>   <samlp:NameIDPolicy AllowCreate="true"/></samlp:AuthnRequest> To display or delete the ForceAuthn/IsPassive settings, perform the following operatons: Enter the WLST environment by executing:$IAM_ORACLE_HOME/common/bin/wlst.sh Connect to the WLS Admin server:connect() Navigate to the Domain Runtime branch:domainRuntime() Execute the configureIdPAuthnRequest() command: To display the ForceAuthn/IsPassive settings on the partnerconfigureIdPAuthnRequest(partner="AcmeIdP", displayOnly="true") To delete the ForceAuthn/IsPassive settings from the partnerconfigureIdPAuthnRequest(partner="AcmeIdP", delete="true") Exit the WLST environment:exit() Requested Fed Authn Method In my earlier "Fed Authentication Method Requests in OIF / SP" article, I discussed how OIF/SP could be configured to request a specific Federation Authentication Method from the IdP when starting a Federation SSO operation, by setting elements in the SSO request message. WLST Command The OIF WLST commands that can be used are: setIdPPartnerProfileRequestAuthnMethod() which will configure the requested Federation Authentication Method in a specific IdP Partner Profile, and accepts the following parameters: partnerProfile: name of the IdP Partner Profile authnMethod: the Federation Authentication Method to request displayOnly: an optional parameter indicating if the method should display the current requested Federation Authentication Method instead of setting it delete: an optional parameter indicating if the method should delete the current requested Federation Authentication Method instead of setting it setIdPPartnerRequestAuthnMethod() which will configure the specified IdP Partner entry with the requested Federation Authentication Method, and accepts the following parameters: partner: name of the IdP Partner authnMethod: the Federation Authentication Method to request displayOnly: an optional parameter indicating if the method should display the current requested Federation Authentication Method instead of setting it delete: an optional parameter indicating if the method should delete the current requested Federation Authentication Method instead of setting it This applies to SAML 2.0 and OpenID 2.0 protocols. See the "Fed Authentication Method Requests in OIF / SP" article for more information. Test In this test, OIF/SP is integrated with a remote SAML 2.0 IdP Partner, with the OOTB configuration. Based on this setup, when OIF/SP starts a Federation SSO flow, the following SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest would be generated: <samlp:AuthnRequest ProtocolBinding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST" ID="id-E4BOT7lwbYK56lO57dBaqGUFq01WJSjAHiSR60Q4" Version="2.0" IssueInstant="2014-04-01T21:39:14Z" Destination="https://acme.com/saml20/sso">   <saml:Issuer Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:entity">https://sp.com/oam/fed</saml:Issuer>   <samlp:NameIDPolicy AllowCreate="true"/></samlp:AuthnRequest> Let's configure OIF/SP for that IdP Partner, so that the SP will request the IdP to use a mechanism mapped to the urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:X509 Federation Authentication Method to authenticate the user: Enter the WLST environment by executing:$IAM_ORACLE_HOME/common/bin/wlst.sh Connect to the WLS Admin server:connect() Navigate to the Domain Runtime branch:domainRuntime() Execute the setIdPPartnerRequestAuthnMethod() command:setIdPPartnerRequestAuthnMethod("AcmeIdP", "urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:X509") Exit the WLST environment:exit() After the changes, the following SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest would be generated: <samlp:AuthnRequest ProtocolBinding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST" ID="id-E4BOT7lwbYK56lO57dBaqGUFq01WJSjAHiSR60Q4" Version="2.0" IssueInstant="2014-04-01T21:39:14Z" Destination="https://acme.com/saml20/sso">   <saml:Issuer Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:entity">https://sp.com/oam/fed</saml:Issuer>   <samlp:NameIDPolicy AllowCreate="true"/>   <samlp:RequestedAuthnContext Comparison="minimum">      <saml:AuthnContextClassRef xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion">         urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:X509      </saml:AuthnContextClassRef>   </samlp:RequestedAuthnContext></samlp:AuthnRequest> NameID Format The SAML 2.0 protocol allows for the SP to request from the IdP a specific NameID format to be used when the Assertion is issued by the IdP. Note: SAML 1.1 and OpenID 2.0 do not provide such a mechanism Configuring OIF The administrator can configure OIF/SP to request a NameID format in the SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest via: The OAM Administration Console, in the IdP Partner entry The OIF WLST setIdPPartnerNameIDFormat() command that will modify the IdP Partner configuration OAM Administration Console To configure the requested NameID format via the OAM Administration Console, perform the following steps: Go to the OAM Administration Console: http(s)://oam-admin-host:oam-admin-port/oamconsole Navigate to Identity Federation -> Service Provider Administration Open the IdP Partner you wish to modify In the Authentication Request NameID Format dropdown box with one of the values None The NameID format will be set Default Email Address The NameID format will be set urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:emailAddress X.509 Subject The NameID format will be set urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:X509SubjectName Windows Name Qualifier The NameID format will be set urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:WindowsDomainQualifiedName Kerberos The NameID format will be set urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:kerberos Transient The NameID format will be set urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:transient Unspecified The NameID format will be set urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:unspecified Custom In this case, a field would appear allowing the administrator to indicate the custom NameID format to use The NameID format will be set to the specified format Persistent The NameID format will be set urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:persistent I selected Email Address in this example Save WLST Command To configure the requested NameID format via the OIF WLST setIdPPartnerNameIDFormat() command, perform the following steps: Enter the WLST environment by executing:$IAM_ORACLE_HOME/common/bin/wlst.sh Connect to the WLS Admin server:connect() Navigate to the Domain Runtime branch:domainRuntime() Execute the setIdPPartnerNameIDFormat() command:setIdPPartnerNameIDFormat("PARTNER", "FORMAT", customFormat="CUSTOM") Replace PARTNER with the IdP Partner name Replace FORMAT with one of the following: orafed-none The NameID format will be set Default orafed-emailaddress The NameID format will be set urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:emailAddress orafed-x509 The NameID format will be set urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:X509SubjectName orafed-windowsnamequalifier The NameID format will be set urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:WindowsDomainQualifiedName orafed-kerberos The NameID format will be set urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:kerberos orafed-transient The NameID format will be set urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:transient orafed-unspecified The NameID format will be set urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:unspecified orafed-custom In this case, a field would appear allowing the administrator to indicate the custom NameID format to use The NameID format will be set to the specified format orafed-persistent The NameID format will be set urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:persistent customFormat will need to be set if the FORMAT is set to orafed-custom An example would be:setIdPPartnerNameIDFormat("AcmeIdP", "orafed-emailaddress") Exit the WLST environment:exit() Test In this test, OIF/SP is integrated with a remote SAML 2.0 IdP Partner, with the OOTB configuration. Based on this setup, when OIF/SP starts a Federation SSO flow, the following SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest would be generated: <samlp:AuthnRequest ProtocolBinding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST" ID="id-E4BOT7lwbYK56lO57dBaqGUFq01WJSjAHiSR60Q4" Version="2.0" IssueInstant="2014-04-01T21:39:14Z" Destination="https://acme.com/saml20/sso">   <saml:Issuer Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:entity">https://sp.com/oam/fed</saml:Issuer> <samlp:NameIDPolicy AllowCreate="true"/></samlp:AuthnRequest> After the changes performed either via the OAM Administration Console or via the OIF WLST setIdPPartnerNameIDFormat() command where Email Address would be requested as the NameID Format, the following SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest would be generated: <samlp:AuthnRequest ForceAuthn="false" IsPassive="false" ProtocolBinding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST" ID="id-E4BOT7lwbYK56lO57dBaqGUFq01WJSjAHiSR60Q4" Version="2.0" IssueInstant="2014-04-01T21:39:14Z" Destination="https://acme.com/saml20/sso">   <saml:Issuer Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:entity">https://sp.com/oam/fed</saml:Issuer> <samlp:NameIDPolicy Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:emailAddress" AllowCreate="true"/></samlp:AuthnRequest> Protocol Binding The SAML 2.0 specifications define a way for the SP to request which binding should be used by the IdP to redirect the user to the SP with the SAML 2.0 Assertion: the ProtocolBinding attribute indicates the binding the IdP should use. It is set to: Either urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST for HTTP-POST Or urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:Artifact for Artifact The SAML 2.0 specifications also define different ways to redirect the user from the SP to the IdP with the SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest message, as the SP can send the message: Either via HTTP Redirect Or HTTP POST (Other bindings can theoretically be used such as Artifact, but these are not used in practice) Configuring OIF OIF can be configured: Via the OAM Administration Console or the OIF WLST configureSAMLBinding() command to set the Assertion Response binding to be used Via the OIF WLST configureSAMLBinding() command to indicate how the SAML AuthnRequest message should be sent Note: the binding for sending the SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest message will also be used to send the SAML 2.0 LogoutRequest and LogoutResponse messages. OAM Administration Console To configure the SSO Response/Assertion Binding via the OAM Administration Console, perform the following steps: Go to the OAM Administration Console: http(s)://oam-admin-host:oam-admin-port/oamconsole Navigate to Identity Federation -> Service Provider Administration Open the IdP Partner you wish to modify Check the "HTTP POST SSO Response Binding" box to request the IdP to return the SSO Response via HTTP POST, otherwise uncheck it to request artifact Save WLST Command To configure the SSO Response/Assertion Binding as well as the AuthnRequest Binding via the OIF WLST configureSAMLBinding() command, perform the following steps: Enter the WLST environment by executing:$IAM_ORACLE_HOME/common/bin/wlst.sh Connect to the WLS Admin server:connect() Navigate to the Domain Runtime branch:domainRuntime() Execute the configureSAMLBinding() command:configureSAMLBinding("PARTNER", "PARTNER_TYPE", binding, ssoResponseBinding="httppost") Replace PARTNER with the Partner name Replace PARTNER_TYPE with the Partner type (idp or sp) Replace binding with the binding to be used to send the AuthnRequest and LogoutRequest/LogoutResponse messages (should be httpredirect in most case; default) httppost for HTTP-POST binding httpredirect for HTTP-Redirect binding Specify optionally ssoResponseBinding to indicate how the SSO Assertion should be sent back httppost for HTTP-POST binding artifactfor for Artifact binding An example would be:configureSAMLBinding("AcmeIdP", "idp", "httpredirect", ssoResponseBinding="httppost") Exit the WLST environment:exit() Test In this test, OIF/SP is integrated with a remote SAML 2.0 IdP Partner, with the OOTB configuration which requests HTTP-POST from the IdP to send the SSO Assertion. Based on this setup, when OIF/SP starts a Federation SSO flow, the following SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest would be generated: <samlp:AuthnRequest ProtocolBinding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST" ID="id-E4BOT7lwbYK56lO57dBaqGUFq01WJSjAHiSR60Q4" Version="2.0" IssueInstant="2014-04-01T21:39:14Z" Destination="https://acme.com/saml20/sso">   <saml:Issuer Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:entity">https://sp.com/oam/fed</saml:Issuer>   <samlp:NameIDPolicy AllowCreate="true"/></samlp:AuthnRequest> In the next article, I will cover the various crypto configuration properties in OIF that are used to affect the Federation SSO exchanges.Cheers,Damien Carru

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• I am getting a SQUID Error

  - by Dave

  Hello, What exactly is wrong here Entry in SQUID File--- httpd_accel_host virtual httpd_accel_port 80 httpd_accel_with_proxy on httpd_accel_uses_host_header on acl lan src 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.0/24 http_access allow localhost Error after: service squid restart 2010/02/01 14:24:29| Processing Configuration File: /etc/squid/squid.conf (depth 0) 2010/02/01 14:24:29| cache_cf.cc(361) parseOneConfigFile: squid.conf:10 unrecognized: 'broken_vary_encoding' 2010/02/01 14:24:29| WARNING: Netmasks are deprecated. Please use CIDR masks instead. 2010/02/01 14:24:29| WARNING: IPv4 netmasks are particularly nasty when used to compare IPv6 to IPv4 ranges. 2010/02/01 14:24:29| WARNING: For now we assume you meant to write /0 2010/02/01 14:24:29| WARNING: (B) '::/4294967200' is a subnetwork of (A) '::' 2010/02/01 14:24:29| WARNING: because of this '::' is ignored to keep splay tree searching predictable 2010/02/01 14:24:29| WARNING: You should probably remove '::/4294967200' from the ACL named 'all' 2010/02/01 14:24:29| WARNING: Netmasks are deprecated. Please use CIDR masks instead. 2010/02/01 14:24:29| WARNING: IPv4 netmasks are particularly nasty when used to compare IPv6 to IPv4 ranges. 2010/02/01 14:24:29| WARNING: For now we assume you meant to write /128 2010/02/01 14:24:29| aclParseIpData: unknown netmask '255.255.255.255' in '127.0.0.1/255.255.255.255' FATAL: Bungled squid.conf line 25: acl localhost src 127.0.0.1/255.255.255.255 Squid Cache (Version 3.1.0.14): Terminated abnormally. CPU Usage: 0.013 seconds = 0.006 user + 0.007 sys Maximum Resident Size: 0 KB Page faults with physical i/o: 0 Also please provide me with the simplest squid script for the proxy to run. Restrictions can be entered. Thanks Dave

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• Too many apache processes, killing the CPU

  - by RULE101

  I am noticed that too many apache processes killing the CPU in my dedicated server. 14193 (Trace) (Kill) nobody 0 66.1 0.0 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 14128 (Trace) (Kill) nobody 0 65.9 0.0 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 14136 (Trace) (Kill) nobody 0 65.9 0.0 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 14129 (Trace) (Kill) nobody 0 65.8 0.0 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 13419 (Trace) (Kill) nobody 0 65.7 0.0 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 13421 (Trace) (Kill) nobody 0 65.7 0.0 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 13426 (Trace) (Kill) nobody 0 65.7 0.0 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 13428 (Trace) (Kill) nobody 0 65.7 0.0 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 13429 (Trace) (Kill) nobody 0 65.7 0.0 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 12173 (Trace) (Kill) nobody 0 65.5 0.0 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL 14073 (Trace) (Kill) nobody 0 65.5 0.0 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL I am getting high load email notification from cpanel during the day. FROM httpd.conf Include "/usr/local/apache/conf/includes/pre_main_global.conf" Include "/usr/local/apache/conf/includes/pre_main_2.conf" LoadModule bwlimited_module modules/mod_bwlimited.so LoadModule h264_streaming_module /usr/local/apache/modules/mod_h264_streaming.so AddHandler h264-streaming.extensions .mp4 Include "/usr/local/apache/conf/php.conf" Include "/usr/local/apache/conf/includes/errordocument.conf" ErrorLog "logs/error_log" ScriptAliasMatch ^/?controlpanel/?$ /usr/local/cpanel/cgi-sys/redirect.cgi ScriptAliasMatch ^/?cpanel/?$ /usr/local/cpanel/cgi-sys/redirect.cgi ScriptAliasMatch ^/?kpanel/?$ /usr/local/cpanel/cgi-sys/redirect.cgi ScriptAliasMatch ^/?securecontrolpanel/?$ /usr/local/cpanel/cgi-sys/sredirect.cgi ScriptAliasMatch ^/?securecpanel/?$ /usr/local/cpanel/cgi-sys/sredirect.cgi ScriptAliasMatch ^/?securewhm/?$ /usr/local/cpanel/cgi-sys/swhmredirect.cgi ScriptAliasMatch ^/?webmail/?$ /usr/local/cpanel/cgi-sys/wredirect.cgi ScriptAliasMatch ^/?whm/?$ /usr/local/cpanel/cgi-sys/whmredirect.cgi RewriteEngine on AddType text/html .shtml Alias /akopia /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/interchange/share/akopia/ Alias /bandwidth /usr/local/bandmin/htdocs/ Alias /img-sys /usr/local/cpanel/img-sys/ Alias /interchange /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/interchange/share/interchange/ Alias /interchange-5 /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/interchange/share/interchange-5/ Alias /java-sys /usr/local/cpanel/java-sys/ Alias /mailman/archives /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/mailman/archives/public/ Alias /pipermail /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/mailman/archives/public/ Alias /sys_cpanel /usr/local/cpanel/sys_cpanel/ ScriptAlias /cgi-sys /usr/local/cpanel/cgi-sys/ ScriptAlias /mailman /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/mailman/cgi-bin/ <Directory "/"> AllowOverride All Options All </Directory> <Directory "/usr/local/apache/htdocs"> Options All AllowOverride None Require all granted </Directory> <Files ~ "^error_log$"> Order allow,deny Deny from all Satisfy All </Files> <Files ".ht*"> Require all denied </Files> <IfModule log_config_module> LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b" common CustomLog "logs/access_log" common <IfModule logio_module> LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\" %I %O" combinedio </IfModule> </IfModule> <IfModule alias_module> ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "/usr/local/apache/cgi-bin/" </IfModule> <Directory "/usr/local/apache/cgi-bin"> AllowOverride None Options All Require all granted </Directory> <IfModule mime_module> TypesConfig conf/mime.types AddType application/x-compress .Z AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz </IfModule> <IfModule prefork.c> Mutex default mpm-accept </IfModule> <IfModule mod_log_config.c> LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b" common LogFormat "%{Referer}i -> %U" referer LogFormat "%{User-agent}i" agent CustomLog logs/access_log common </IfModule> <IfModule worker.c> Mutex default mpm-accept </IfModule> # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Direct modifications to the Apache configuration file may be lost upon subsequent regeneration of the # # configuration file. To have modifications retained, all modifications must be checked into the # # configuration system by running: # # /usr/local/cpanel/bin/apache_conf_distiller --update # # To see if your changes will be conserved, regenerate the Apache configuration file by running: # # /usr/local/cpanel/bin/build_apache_conf # # and check the configuration file for your alterations. If your changes have been ignored, then they will # # need to be added directly to their respective template files. # # # # It is also possible to add custom directives to the various "Include" files loaded by this httpd.conf # # For detailed instructions on using Include files and the apache_conf_distiller with the new configuration # # system refer to the documentation at: http://www.cpanel.net/support/docs/ea/ea3/customdirectives.html # # # # This configuration file was built from the following templates: # # /var/cpanel/templates/apache2/main.default # # /var/cpanel/templates/apache2/main.local # # /var/cpanel/templates/apache2/vhost.default # # /var/cpanel/templates/apache2/vhost.local # # /var/cpanel/templates/apache2/ssl_vhost.default # # /var/cpanel/templates/apache2/ssl_vhost.local # # # # Templates with the '.local' extension will be preferred over templates with the '.default' extension. # # The only template updated by the apache_conf_distiller is main.default. # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # PidFile logs/httpd.pid # Defined in /var/cpanel/cpanel.config: apache_port Listen 0.0.0.0:80 User nobody Group nobody ExtendedStatus On ServerAdmin [email protected] ServerName server.powerlabel.net LogLevel warn # These can be set in WHM under 'Apache Global Configuration' Timeout 300 ServerSignature On <IfModule prefork.c> </IfModule> RewriteEngine on RewriteMap LeechProtect prg:/usr/local/cpanel/bin/leechprotect Mutex file:/usr/local/apache/logs rewrite-map <IfModule !mod_ruid2.c> UserDir public_html </IfModule> <IfModule mod_ruid2.c> UserDir disabled </IfModule> # DirectoryIndex is set via the WHM -> Service Configuration -> Apache Setup -> DirectoryIndex Priority DirectoryIndex index.html.var index.htm index.html index.shtml index.xhtml index.wml index.perl index.pl index.plx index.ppl index.cgi index.jsp index.js index.jp index.php4 index.php3 index.php index.phtml default.htm default.html home.htm index.php5 Default.html Default.htm home.html # SSLCipherSuite can be set in WHM under 'Apache Global Configuration' SSLPassPhraseDialog builtin SSLUseStapling on SSLStaplingCache shmcb:/usr/local/apache/logs/stapling_cache_shmcb(256000) SSLSessionCache shmcb:/usr/local/apache/logs/ssl_gcache_data_shmcb(1024000) SSLSessionCacheTimeout 300 Mutex file:/usr/local/apache/logs ssl-cache SSLRandomSeed startup builtin SSLRandomSeed connect builtin # Defined in /var/cpanel/cpanel.config: apache_ssl_port Listen 0.0.0.0:443 AddType application/x-x509-ca-cert .crt AddType application/x-pkcs7-crl .crl AddHandler cgi-script .cgi .pl .plx .ppl .perl AddHandler server-parsed .shtml AddType text/html .shtml AddType application/x-tar .tgz AddType text/vnd.wap.wml .wml AddType image/vnd.wap.wbmp .wbmp AddType text/vnd.wap.wmlscript .wmls AddType application/vnd.wap.wmlc .wmlc AddType application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc .wmlsc <Location /whm-server-status> SetHandler server-status Order deny,allow Deny from all Allow from 127.0.0.1 </Location> # SUEXEC is supported Include "/usr/local/apache/conf/includes/pre_virtualhost_global.conf" Include "/usr/local/apache/conf/includes/pre_virtualhost_2.conf" What can cause this and how can i fix it ?

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• .htaccess allow from hostname?

  - by Mikey B

  Ubuntu 9.10 Apache2 Hi Guys, Long story short, I need to restrict access to a certain part of my web site based on a dynamic IP source address that changes every now and then. Historically, I've just added the following to htaccess... order deny,allow deny from all # allow my dynamic IP address allow from <dynamic ip> But the problem is that I'll have to manually make this change every time the IP changes. Ideally I'd like to specify a hostname instead... something like: order deny,allow deny from all # allow my host allow from hostname.whatever.local That doesn't seemed to have worked though. I get an error 403 - access forbidden. Does .htaccess not support hostnames?

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• VPN iptables Forwarding: Net-to-net

  - by Mike Holler

  I've tried to look elsewhere on this site but I couldn't find anything matching this problem. Right now I have an ipsec tunnel open between our local network and a remote network. Currently, the local box running Openswan ipsec with the tunnel open can ping the remote ipsec box and any of the other computers in the remote network. When logged into on of the remote computers, I can ping any box in our local network. That's what works, this is what doesn't: I can't ping any of the remote computers via a local machine that is not the ipsec box. Here's a diagram of our network: [local ipsec box] ----------\ \ [arbitrary local computer] --[local gateway/router] -- [internet] -- [remote ipsec box] -- [arbitrary remote computer] The local ipsec box and the arbitrary local computer have no direct contact, instead they communicate through the gateway/router. The router has been set up to forward requests from local computers for the remote subnet to the ipsec box. This works. The problem is the ipsec box doesn't forward anything. Whenever an arbitrary local computer pings something on the remote subnet, this is the response: [user@localhost ~]# ping 172.16.53.12 PING 172.16.53.12 (172.16.53.12) 56(84) bytes of data. From 10.31.14.16 icmp_seq=1 Destination Host Prohibited From 10.31.14.16 icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Prohibited From 10.31.14.16 icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Prohibited Here's the traceroute: [root@localhost ~]# traceroute 172.16.53.12 traceroute to 172.16.53.12 (172.16.53.12), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 router.address.net (10.31.14.1) 0.374 ms 0.566 ms 0.651 ms 2 10.31.14.16 (10.31.14.16) 2.068 ms 2.081 ms 2.100 ms 3 10.31.14.16 (10.31.14.16) 2.132 ms !X 2.272 ms !X 2.312 ms !X That's the IP for our ipsec box it's reaching, but it's not being forwarded. On the IPSec box I have enabled IP Forwarding in /etc/sysctl.conf net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 And I have tried to set up IPTables to forward: *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [759:71213] -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 25 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p udp -m state --state NEW -m udp --dport 500 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p udp -m state --state NEW -m udp --dport 4500 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -m policy --dir in --pol ipsec -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p esp -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited -A FORWARD -s 10.31.14.0/24 -d 172.16.53.0/24 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -m policy --dir in --pol ipsec -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited COMMIT Am I missing a rule in IPTables? Is there something I forgot? NOTE: All the machines are running CentOS 6.x Edit: Note 2: eth1 is the only network interface on the local ipsec box.

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• Predicting Likelihood of Click with Multiple Presentations

  - by Michel Adar

  When using predictive models to predict the likelihood of an ad or a banner to be clicked on it is common to ignore the fact that the same content may have been presented in the past to the same visitor. While the error may be small if the visitors do not often see repeated content, it may be very significant for sites where visitors come repeatedly. This is a well recognized problem that usually gets handled with presentation thresholds – do not present the same content more than 6 times. Observations and measurements of visitor behavior provide evidence that something better is needed. Observations For a specific visitor, during a single session, for a banner in a not too prominent space, the second presentation of the same content is more likely to be clicked on than the first presentation. The difference can be 30% to 100% higher likelihood for the second presentation when compared to the first. That is, for example, if the first presentation has an average click rate of 1%, the second presentation may have an average CTR of between 1.3% and 2%. After the second presentation the CTR stays more or less the same for a few more presentations. The number of presentations in this plateau seems to vary by the location of the content in the page and by the visual attraction of the content. After these few presentations the CTR starts decaying with a curve that is very well approximated by an exponential decay. For example, the 13th presentation may have 90% the likelihood of the 12th, and the 14th has 90% the likelihood of the 13th. The decay constant seems also to depend on the visibility of the content. Modeling Options Now that we know the empirical data, we can propose modeling techniques that will correctly predict the likelihood of a click. Use presentation number as an input to the predictive model Probably the most straight forward approach is to add the presentation number as an input to the predictive model. While this is certainly a simple solution, it carries with it several problems, among them: If the model learns on each case, repeated non-clicks for the same content will reinforce the belief of the model on the non-clicker disproportionately. That is, the weight of a person that does not click for 200 presentations of an offer may be the same as 100 other people that on average click on the second presentation. The effect of the presentation number is not a customer characteristic or a piece of contextual data about the interaction with the customer, but it is contextual data about the content presented. Models tend to underestimate the effect of the presentation number. For these reasons it is not advisable to use this approach when the average number of presentations of the same content to the same person is above 3, or when there are cases of having the presentation number be very large, in the tens or hundreds. Use presentation number as a partitioning attribute to the predictive model In this approach we essentially build a separate predictive model for each presentation number. This approach overcomes all of the problems in the previous approach, nevertheless, it can be applied only when the volume of data is large enough to have these very specific sub-models converge.

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• Ubuntu - Bash - How to Ctrl + R

  - by Greg_the_Ant

  I can't seem to locate recent commands I've run when I do Ctrl + R in my terminal, nor can I see them when I hit the up arrow. It was a long command. Is there a length limit to what is stored? I may have used sudo. Is sudo history stored somewhere else? If so how do I access it? Much thanks for any insight.

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• Connecting debian and windows via IPsec VPN with Racoon and ipsec-tools

  - by Michi Qne

  I've some trouble with the IPsec configuration on my debian server (6 squeeze). This server should connect via IPsec VPN to an windows server, which is protected by an firewall. I've used racoon and ipsec-tools and this tutorial http://wiki.debian.org/IPsec. However, I am not quite sure, if this tutorial fits to my purpose, because of some differences: my Host and my gateway are the same server. So I don't have two different ip addresses. I guess, that's not a problem the other server is an windows system behind a firewall. Hopefully, not a problem the subnet of the windows system is /32 not /24. So I change it to /32. I worked through the tutorial step by step, but I wasn't able to route the ip. The following command didn't work for me: ip route add to 172.16.128.100/32 via XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX src XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX So I tried the following instead: ip route add to 172.16.128.100 .., which obviously not solved the problem. The next problem is the compression. The windows doesn't use a compression, but 'compression_algorithm none;' doesn't work with my racoon. So the current value is 'compression_algorithm deflate;' So my current result looks like this: When I am trying to ping the windows host (ping 172.16.128.100), I receive the following error message from ping: ping: sendmsg: Operation not permitted And racoon logs: racoon: ERROR: failed to get sainfo. After googling for a while I came to no conclusion, what's the solution. Does this error message mean that the first phase of IPsec works? I am thankful for any advice. I guess my configs might be helpful. My racoon.conf looks like this: path pre_shared_key "/etc/racoon/psk.txt"; remote YYY.YYY.YYY.YYY { exchange_mode main; proposal { lifetime time 8 hour; encryption_algorithm 3des; hash_algorithm sha1; authentication_method pre_shared_key; dh_group 2; } } sainfo address XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX/32 any address 172.16.128.100/32 any { pfs_group 2; lifetime time 8 hour; encryption_algorithm aes 256; authentication_algorithm hmac_sha1; compression_algorithm deflate; } And my ipsec-tools.conf looks like this: flush; spdflush; spdadd XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX/32 172.16.128.100/32 any -P out ipsec esp/tunnel/XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX-YYY.YYY.YYY.YYY/require; spdadd 172.16.128.100/32 XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX/32 any -P in ipsec esp/tunnel/YYY.YYY.YYY.YYY-XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX/require; If anyone has an advice, that would be awesome. Thanks in Advance. Greets, Michael It was a simple copy-and-paste error in an ip address.

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• How to start dovecot?

  - by chudapati09

  I'm building a web server to host multiple websites. I got everything working except the mail server. I'm using linode to host my vps and I've been following their tutorials. FYI, I'm using Ubuntu 11.10. Here is the link I've been following, http://library.linode.com/email/postfix/dovecot-mysql-ubuntu-10.04-lucid. I got up to the part where it tells me to restart dovecot, so I tried "service dovecot restart". But then I get this "restart: Unknown instance:". I'm logged in as root, so I'm not using sudo. Since that didn't work I tried "/etc/init.d/dovecot restart" and I get "dovecot start/running, process 4760". So I try "/etc/init.d/dovecot status" and I get "dovecot stop/waiting". So I tried "service dovecot start" and I get "dovecot start/running, process 4781". So I tried to get the status, so I tired "service dovecot status" and got "dovecot stop/waiting" Then I tired "/etc/init.d/dovecot start" and I get "dovecot start/running, process 4794". So I tired to get the status, so I tired "/etc/init.d/dovecot status" and got "dovecot stop/waiting" Just for kicks and giggles I tired to kill the process, I used the PID that I got when I did "service dovecot start", this was the command "kill -9 4444" and I get this "bash: kill: (4805) - No such process" Am I doing something wrong? --EDIT 1-- The following are logs that were found in /var/log/syslog that involved dovecot dovecot: master: Dovecot v2.0.13 starting up (core dumps disabled) dovecot: ssl-params: Generating SSL parameters dovecot: ssl-params: SSL parameters regeneration completed dovecot: master: Warning: Killed with signal 15 (by pid=1 uid=0 code=kill) dovecot: config: Warning: Killed with signal 15 (by pid=1 uid=0 code=kill) dovecot: anvil: Warning: Killed with signal 15 (by pid=1 uid=0 code=kill) dovecot: log: Warning: Killed with signal 15 (by pid=1 uid=0 code=kill) kernel: init: dovecot main process (10276) terminated with status 89 kernel: init: dovecot main process (10289) terminated with status 89 kernel: init: dovecot main process (10452) terminated with status 89 kernel: init: dovecot main process (2275) terminated with status 89 kernel: init: dovecot main process (3028) terminated with status 89 kernel: init: dovecot main process (3216) terminated with status 89 kernel: init: dovecot main process (3230) terminated with status 89 kernel: init: dovecot main process (3254) terminated with status 89 kernel: init: dovecot main process (3813) terminated with status 89 kernel: init: dovecot main process (3845) terminated with status 89 kernel: init: dovecot main process (4664) terminated with status 89 kernel: init: dovecot main process (4760) terminated with status 89 kernel: init: dovecot main process (4781) terminated with status 89 kernel: init: dovecot main process (4794) terminated with status 89 kernel: init: dovecot main process (4805) terminated with status 89 --Edit 2 (/etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf)-- The following is the dovecot.conf file protocols = imap imaps pop3 pop3s log_timestamp = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S " mail_location = maildir:/home/vmail/%d/%n/Maildir ssl_cert_file = /etc/ssl/certs/dovecot.pem ssl_key_file = /etc/ssl/private/dovecot.pem namespace private { separator = . prefix = INBOX. inbox = yes } protocol lda { log_path = /home/vmail/dovecot-deliver.log auth_socket_path = /var/run/dovecot/auth-master postmaster_address = postmaster@[mydomainname.com] mail_plugins = sieve global_script_path = /home/vmail/globalsieverc } protocol pop3 { pop3_uidl_format = %08Xu%08Xv } auth default { user = root passdb sql { args = /etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf } userdb static { args = uid=5000 gid=5000 home=/home/vmail/%d/%n allow_all_users=yes } socket listen { master { path = /var/run/dovecot/auth-master mode = 0600 user = vmail } client { path = /var/spool/postfix/private/auth mode = 0660 user = postfix group = postfix } } } -- Edit 3 (/var/log/mail.log) -- The following is what is in /var/log/mail.log dovecot: master: Dovecot v2.0.13 starting up (core dumps disabled) dovecot: ssl-params: Generating SSL parameters postfix/master[9917]: daemon started -- version 2.8.5, configuration /etc/postfix dovecot: ssl-params: SSL parameters regeneration completed postfix/master[9917]: terminating on signal 15 postfix/master[10196]: daemon started -- version 2.8.5, configuration /etc/postfix dovecot: master: Warning: Killed with signal 15 (by pid=1 uid=0 code=kill) dovecot: config: Warning: Killed with signal 15 (by pid=1 uid=0 code=kill) dovecot: anvil: Warning: Killed with signal 15 (by pid=1 uid=0 code=kill) dovecot: log: Warning: Killed with signal 15 (by pid=1 uid=0 code=kill) postfix/master[2435]: daemon started -- version 2.8.5, configuration /etc/postfix postfix/master[2435]: terminating on signal 15 postfix/master[2965]: daemon started -- version 2.8.5, configuration /etc/postfix

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• ODBC error state S1092: postgresql through ODBC

  - by mechcow

  While performing an upgrade, our in-house software started to report the following strange error. It is a C++ application talking to a remote postgresql database, defined through ODBC: ODBC error state S1092, native error 0. [unixODBC][Driver Manager]Invalid attribute/option identifier Both the client and the server are Centos 5.4 Xen guests with the following RPMs installed: postgresql-libs-8.1.18-2.el5_4.1 postgresql-odbc-08.01.0200-3.1 postgresql-8.1.18-2.el5_4.1 postgresql-server-8.1.18-2.el5_4.1 Its possible the schema changed as part of the upgrade, could this explain the error message? What does this error message actually indicate, and do you know any likely causes of it?

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• How to configure wireless in gentoo?

  - by Absolute0

  I have a single access point which i want to connect to on interface ra0, when I run /etc/init.d/ra0 restart I get the following output: gentoo ~ # /etc/init.d/net.ra0 restart * Starting ra0 * Configuring wireless network for ra0 Error for wireless request "Set Mode" (8B06) : SET failed on device ra0 ; Network is down. * ra0 does not support setting the mode to "managed" Error for wireless request "Set Encode" (8B2A) : SET failed on device ra0 ; Network is down. * ra0 does not support setting keys * or the parameter "mac_key_roswell" or "key_roswell" is incorrect Error for wireless request "Set Mode" (8B06) : SET failed on device ra0 ; Network is down. * ra0 does not support setting the mode to "managed" * WEP key is not set for "BAY_WiFi" - not connecting * Couldn't associate with any access points on ra0 * Failed to configure wireless for ra0 when I run iwlist ra0 scan I get "roswell" and "bay-wifi" I want to connect to only roswell. Here is my /etc/conf.d/net: modules= ( "iwconfig" ) key_roswell="ffff-ffff-ff" # no s: means a hex key preferred_aps=( "roswell" ) what am i doing wrong?

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• How to configure wireless in gentoo?

  - by Absolute0

  I have a single access point which i want to connect to on interface ra0, when I run /etc/init.d/ra0 restart I get the following output: gentoo ~ # /etc/init.d/net.ra0 restart * Starting ra0 * Configuring wireless network for ra0 Error for wireless request "Set Mode" (8B06) : SET failed on device ra0 ; Network is down. * ra0 does not support setting the mode to "managed" Error for wireless request "Set Encode" (8B2A) : SET failed on device ra0 ; Network is down. * ra0 does not support setting keys * or the parameter "mac_key_roswell" or "key_roswell" is incorrect Error for wireless request "Set Mode" (8B06) : SET failed on device ra0 ; Network is down. * ra0 does not support setting the mode to "managed" * WEP key is not set for "BAY_WiFi" - not connecting * Couldn't associate with any access points on ra0 * Failed to configure wireless for ra0 when I run iwlist ra0 scan I get "roswell" and "bay-wifi" I want to connect to only roswell. Here is my /etc/conf.d/net: modules= ( "iwconfig" ) key_roswell="ffff-ffff-ff" # no s: means a hex key preferred_aps=( "roswell" ) what am i doing wrong?

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• iSCSI timeouts under high load

  - by Antonio

  I have two servers connected via Gigabit Ethernet. One is iSCSI target, the second one is initiator. When I run mkfs.ext4 at initiator, after a while disk IO slows down critically. In the target host I can see the following in syslog: Sep 14 09:40:03 sh11 tgtd: abort_task_set(1139) found 119668c 0 Sep 14 09:40:03 sh11 tgtd: abort_cmd(1115) found 119668c 6 Sep 14 09:40:03 sh11 tgtd: abort_task_set(1139) found 119668d 0 Sep 14 09:40:03 sh11 tgtd: abort_cmd(1115) found 119668d 6 Sep 14 09:40:03 sh11 tgtd: abort_task_set(1139) found 119668e 0 Sep 14 09:40:03 sh11 tgtd: abort_cmd(1115) found 119668e 6 Sep 14 09:40:03 sh11 tgtd: abort_task_set(1139) found 1196696 0 Sep 14 09:40:03 sh11 tgtd: abort_cmd(1115) found 1196696 6 Sep 14 09:40:03 sh11 tgtd: abort_task_set(1139) found 119669e 0 Sep 14 09:40:03 sh11 tgtd: abort_cmd(1115) found 119669e 6 Sep 14 09:40:04 sh11 tgtd: abort_task_set(1139) found 119669f 0 Sep 14 09:40:04 sh11 tgtd: abort_cmd(1115) found 119669f 6 And load average grows to 12 or even more: # uptime 12:37:00 up 23 days, 13:25, 1 user, load average: 12.00, 7.00, 4.00 CentOS 6.3 tgtd 1.0.24 Intel Pentium 4 2.4GHz 1Gb RAM 2Tb WD Cavlar Green SATA 2.0 #lspci 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 82845G/GL[Brookdale-G]/GE/PE DRAM Controller/Host-Hub Interface (rev 02) 00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82845G/GL[Brookdale-G]/GE/PE Host-to-AGP Bridge (rev 02) 00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801DB/DBL/DBM (ICH4/ICH4-L/ICH4-M) USB UHCI Controller #1 (rev 02) 00:1d.1 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801DB/DBL/DBM (ICH4/ICH4-L/ICH4-M) USB UHCI Controller #2 (rev 02) 00:1d.2 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801DB/DBL/DBM (ICH4/ICH4-L/ICH4-M) USB UHCI Controller #3 (rev 02) 00:1d.7 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801DB/DBM (ICH4/ICH4-M) USB2 EHCI Controller (rev 02) 00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 PCI Bridge (rev 82) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82801DB/DBL (ICH4/ICH4-L) LPC Interface Bridge (rev 02) 00:1f.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801DB (ICH4) IDE Controller (rev 02) 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 82801DB/DBL/DBM (ICH4/ICH4-L/ICH4-M) SMBus Controller (rev 02) 00:1f.5 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801DB/DBL/DBM (ICH4/ICH4-L/ICH4-M) AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 02) 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] nee ATI RV200 QW [Radeon 7500] 02:01.0 Ethernet controller: D-Link System Inc DGE-530T Gigabit Ethernet Adapter (rev 11) (rev 11) 02:02.0 RAID bus controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT6421 IDE/SATA Controller (rev 50) 02:03.0 RAID bus controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT6421 IDE/SATA Controller (rev 50) 02:04.0 RAID bus controller: Silicon Image, Inc. SiI 3114 [SATALink/SATARaid] Serial ATA Controller (rev 02) 02:08.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82801DB PRO/100 VE (CNR) Ethernet Controller (rev 82) Is there a way to tune target host to avoid these timeouts?

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• Arch Linux drops me on my school network.

  - by Kravlin

  I'm running a Lenovo X61 which i carry around my college for getting on the internet at various points in the day. The network has always been finicky but recently it's gotten worse. I'll connect using iwconfig, get an ip from dhcpcd and log in using vpnc to their system. Sometimes I'll stay connected for hours but most of the time within 30 seconds my network traffic will drop to zero and i'll be unable to do anything. My computer still belives it's connected, however to try again i need to put my wireless interface down, put it back up and try again. It's gotten so bad that i've got a window on my computer pinging yahoo or google constantly in order to know if i'm still able to get online. I know other people who have used Arch Linux that don't have the same problems as well as people who use Ubuntu who haven't had any problems either. It seems like my computer is a special case. Does anyone have any suggestions on how to fix it? dmesg doesn't show anything out of the ordinary going on and i don't know where else to look for errors or other things to try.

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• Load Average runaway

  - by mewrei

  Is there any way to chase down lockups and runaway load averages? Every so often (pretty randomly) I'll get my load average spike up over 5 usually to around 10-15 and sometimes as high as 75 (dual core machine), and cause my system to lock for an indeterminate amount of time. The only thing I can possibly chase it to is using nVidia fakeraid (RAID-1) with JFS on top of that for my /home partition. Also I noticed that when my load averages spike, the power management system doesn't step up my processor speed from 1.6 to its maximum 2.13Ghz clock speed (not sure if this makes a huge difference with this problem). Any ideas?

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• To see virtual filesystems in Ubuntu

  - by Masi

  How can you see the virtual filesystems at root? They should be /proc and /dev.

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• (Ubuntu 10.04 - SVN): type: $ svn update result: Skipped '.'

  - by meyosef

  Hi I cant update svn. (Ubuntu 10.04 - SVN): type: $ svn update result: Skipped '.' Thanks

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