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• How to install a desktop environment onto Ubuntu Server -- but without internet access or a CDROM?

  - by James

  I am playing around with a computer which has no CDROM drive or internet access and I have installed Ubuntu Server onto it. I have that all up and running nicely but now I'd like to install Xfce, GNOME or something similar so I can load up a desktop environment from the command line if I wish. Obviously with internet access or a CDROM, this would be a simple task of using apt-get and it finding & retrieving the packages for me, I assume, but I do not have either. I do however have a USB drive and I have used Unetbootin to make it into a bootable drive with the Ubuntu Server disk image files on there. I have mounted the USB drive to /media/usb0 and tried the command "sudo apt-cdrom add -d /media/usb0" to get apt to recognise the USb drive as an "Ubuntu CD" -- a source of package files but apt-get doesn't seem to be finding Xfce.. I try "sudo apt-get install xfce" and "sudo apt-get install xfce4" but neither find the package.. I would prefer to have Xfce but GNOME would be OK too.. My question is, am I doing something wrong? I figured that the Ubuntu Server disk (or rather, my Ubuntu Server USB drive) might not have any desktop environment packages on there so I tried the Xubuntu Desktop disk too (again, from my USB drive). I tried "sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop" but it couldn't find the package - even though it is listed under the /casper/ directory in some MANIFEST file. Anyone see where I'm going wrong? Maybe apt-get install is looking somewhere other than my USB drive? Maybe my commands are wrong? Maybe the disks don't even have the desktop environments on!? Thanks in advance guys, any input would be much appreciated. Cheers - James

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• Cygwin Syntax Trouble

  - by mkrouse

  I'm on windows 7 using Cygwin. My script and text file are located in the same directory. #!/bin/bash while read name; do echo "Name read from file - $name" done < /home/Matt/servers.txt I get this error and I don't know why because this is correct while loop syntax..? u0146121@U0146121-TPD-A ~/Matt $ ./script.sh ./script.sh: line 4: syntax error near unexpected token `done' ./script.sh: line 4: `done < /home/Matt/servers.txt' Can anybody tell me what I'm doing wrong? I think it's because I'm on windows and using Cygwin.

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• Emacs doesn't load gui.

  - by D Connors

  Hi, whenever I run emacs or emacs23 on terminal I just get the following output: ** (emacs:2620): CRITICAL **: menu_proxy_module_load: assertion `dbusproxy != NULL' failed And the gui doesn't load, and emacs' window never opens. The emacs process doesn't actually crash (the terminal stays busy, and I can see the emacs23 process running with ps -e). I've tried running it with the -D --debug-init arguments, but the same thing happens and the output is exactly the same. However, if I run emacs -nw it successfully runs emacs in terminal mode as if nothing were wrong. Strangely, this problem only started happening the second time I ran emacs today. The first time it worked perfectly fine. Since then, I've tried rebooting and I've tried purging the emacs installation, to no success. I haven't installed any new packages today, but I might have upgraded some, could that be the reason? Is there a way to find out which packages were installed/upgraded today? Thanks I'm running Ubuntu Lucid

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• Loading a big database dump into PostgreSQL using cat

  - by RussH

  I have a pair of very large (~17 GB) database dumps that I want to load into postgresql 9.3. After installing the database packages, learning more or less how to use them, and fiddling around a little on various StackExchange pages (particularly this question), it looks like a proper command for me to use is something like: cat mydb.pgdump | psql mydb because of the format the dump is in. My machine has 16 GB of RAM, and I'm not familiar with the cat command but I do know that my RAM is 99% exhausted and the database is taking a while to load. My machine isn't non-responsive to the point of hanging; I can run other commands in other terminal windows and have them execute at a reasonable clip, but I am wondering if cat is the best way to pipe in the file or if something else is more efficient? My concern is that maybe cat could be using up all the RAM so the database doesn't have much to work with, throttling its performance. But I'm new to thinking about RAM issues like this and don't know if I'm worrying about nothing. Now that I think about it, this seems to be more of a question about cat and its memory usage than anything else. If there is a more appropriate forum for this question please let me know. Thanks!

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• Hiding a column from a pivot table without removing it from the chart

  - by Simon

  I have a pivot table with two columns: number of users who visited a website (impressions) and number of users who registered on the site (regs). The rows are for dates. I want to visualize the percentage of users who registered after visiting the site. Thus, I have the number of users for each cell as a value field, displaying it as percentage of impressions. Generating a pivot chart from the table, impressions and regs are plotted over date as a percentage of impressions. This means there is one line at 100% for impressions (always 100% of itself) and the graph for registrations below that. I'd like to remove the line for impressions, but when I set a filter to do so, registrations vanish as well, since the column for impressions is filtered from the pivot chart as well, turning the value field invalid. How can I just show registrations as a percentage of impressions in the chart?

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• How can I find out which driver/file is being loaded when the system hangs during the Windows 7 boot

  - by user24247

  My desktop computer (1 OS, 1 drive, 1 partition) hangs during the Windows 7 boot process. When selecting F8 I can select Safe Boot which allows me to see the files processed during the boot process. I know that the last line displayed is the last file that was SUCCESFULLY loaded. How do I find out what the next line, and the potential candidate driver/file/program would have been? The unusual thing, at least in my experience, is that the freezing up of the system also happens when I boot from the Windows 7 install disks, which is preventing me from any repair options. With a failure of both, I cannot not restore Windows 7 to a previous date or uninstall drivers/programs that may be the cause of the hanging. Thanks for your responses. Marc

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• Installing Numpy locally

  - by Néstor

  I posted this question originally on StackOverflow, but a user suggested I moved it here so here I go! I have an account in a remote computer without root permissions and I needed to install a local version of Python (the remote computer has a version of Python that is incompatible with some codes I have), Numpy and Scipy there. I've been trying to install numpy locally since yesterday, with no success. I successfully installed a local version of Python (2.7.3) in /home/myusername/.local/, so I access to this version of Python by doing /home/myusername/.local/bin/python. I tried two ways of installing Numpy: I downloaded the lastest stable version of Numpy from the official webpage, unpacked it, got into the unpacked folder and did: /home/myusername/.local/bin/python setup.py install --prefix=/home/myusername/.local. However, I get the following error, which is followed by a series of other errors (deriving from this one): gcc -pthread -shared build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7/numpy/core/blasdot/_dotblas.o -L/usr/local/lib -Lbuild/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7 -lptf77blas -lptcblas -latlas -o build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/numpy/core/_dotblas.so /usr/bin/ld: /usr/local/lib/libptcblas.a(cblas_dptgemm.o): relocation R_X86_64_32 against `a local symbol' can not be used when making a shared object; recompile with -fPIC Not really knowing what this meant (except that the error apparently has to do with the LAPACK library), I just did the same command as above, but now putting LDFLAGS='-fPIC', as suggested by the error i.e., I did LDFLAGS="-fPIC" /home/myusername/.local/bin/python setup.py install --prefix=/home/myusername/.local. However, I got the same error (except that the prefix -fPIC was addeded after the gcc command above). I tried installing it using pip, i.e., doing /home/myusername/.local/bin/pip install numpy /after successfully instaling pip in my local path). However, I get the exact same error. I searched on the web, but none of the errors seemed to be similar to mine. My first guess is that this has to do with some piece of code that needs root permissions to be executed, or maybe with some problem with the version of the LAPACK libraries or with gcc (gcc version 4.1.2 is installed on the remote computer). Help, anyone?

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• Maximum execution time of 300 seconds exceeded error while importing large MySQL database

  - by Spacedust

  I'm trying to import 641 MB MySQL database with a command: mysql -u root -p ddamiane_fakty < domenyin_damian_fakty.sql but I got an error: ERROR 1064 (42000) at line 2351406: You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near '<br /> <b>Fatal error</b>: Maximum execution time of 300 seconds exceeded in <b' at line 253 However limits are set much higher: mysql> show global variables like "interactive_timeout"; +---------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------------+-------+ | interactive_timeout | 28800 | +---------------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) and mysql> show global variables like "wait_timeout"; +---------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+-------+ | wait_timeout | 28800 | +---------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

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• Process of carrying out a BER Test

  - by data

  I am subscribed to an ISP supplying a 3meg ADSL line. Lately (for the last 4 weeks) speeds have dropped from the usual average downstream speed of ~250kbps to just 0.14Mbps (according to speedtest.net) and employees are complaining about lack of access to the server. I have been calling customer support and logging calls for the last 3 weeks, but they have been unable to determine the source of the problem other than carrying out a few bitstream tests and checking the DHCP renewal times. I am going to call back and suggest carrying out a BER test. What type of equipment is needed to carry out this test? I have access to a wide range of Cisco networking equipment. Other: We don't need a leased line as there are less than ten employees.

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• Mac OS X: How to change word separator characters?

  - by avetis.kazarian

  Depending on your system, the word separator characters change the way you can select/delete a word (e.g. by double clicking on it or using a key combination with your keyboard). The fact is that I hate the default behavior of OSX. For example: Take the following line of code: obj.attr1.innerAttr. If my cursor is at the end of the line and I press alt + backspace, it will delete everything and not just innerAttr. I only found some apps (like iTerm) which let you change the word separator characters. Is there a way to change it for the whole system?

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• Limiting ssh user account only to access his home directory!

  - by EBAGHAKI

  By reading some tutorials online I used these commands: Make a local group: net localgroup CopsshUsers /ADD Deny access to this group at top level: cacls c:\ /c /e /t /d CopsshUsers Open access to the copSSH installation directory: cacls copssh-inst-dir /c /e /t /r CopsshUsers Add Copssh user to the group above: net localgroup CopsshUsers mysshuser /add simply put these commands will try to create a usergroup that has no permission on your computer and it only have access to the copSSH Installation directory. This is not true, since you cannot change the permission on your windows directory, the third command won't remove access to windows folder (it says access denied on his log). Somehow I achieved that by taking ownership of Windows folder and then i execute the third command so CopsshUsers has no permissions on windows folder from now on. Now i tried to SSH to the server and it simply can't login! this is kind of funny because with permission on windows directory you can login and without it you can't!! So if you CAN SSH to the server somehow you know that you have access to the windows directory! (Is this really true??) Simple task: Limiting ssh user account only to access his home directory on WINDOWS and nothing else! Guys please help!

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• Powershell - how to set multiple action on get-aduser "dataset"

  - by Patrick Pellegrino

  I'm trying to run a script that modify password for multiple AD user accounts, enable the accounts and force a password change at next logon. I use this code but that's not work : Get-ADUSER -Filter * -SearchScope Subtree -SearchBase "OU=myou,OU=otherou,DC=mydc,DC=local" | Set-ADAccountPassword -Reset -NewPassword (ConvertTo-SecureString -AsPlainText "NewPassord" -Force) | Enable-ADAccount | Set-ADUSER -ChangePasswordAtLogon $true If I run the Get-ADuser line with ONLY one of the other line that's run fine ex : Get-ADUSER -Filter * -SearchScope Subtree -SearchBase "OU=myou,OU=otherou,DC=mydc,DC=local" | Enable-ADAccount Where I'm wrong ? I'm new to PowerShell probably I'm misunderstanding something.

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• Hang while starting several daemons

  - by Adrian Lang

  I’m running a Debian Squeeze AMD64 server. Target runlevel after boot is runlevel 2, which includes rsyslogd, cron, sshd and some other stuff, but not dovecot, postfix, apache2, etc. The system fails to reach runlevel 2 with several symptoms: The system hangs at trying to start rsyslogd Booting into runlevel 1 works, then login from the console works Starting rsyslogd from runlevel 1 via /etc/init.d/rsyslog hangs Starting runlevel 2 with rsyslogd disabled works But then, logging in via console fails: I get the motd, and then nothing Starting sshd from runlevel 1 succeeds But then, I cannot login via ssh. Sometimes password ssh login gives me the motd and then nothing, sometimes not even this. Trying to offer a public key seems to annoy the sshd enough to not talk to me any further. When rebooting from runlevel 1, the server hangs at trying to stop apache2 (which is not running, so this really should be trivial). Trying to stop apache2 when logged in in runleve 1 does hang as well. And that’s just the stuff which fails all the time. RAM has been tested, dmesg shows no problems. I have no clue. Update: (shortened) output from rsyslogd -c4 -d called in runlevel 1 rsyslogd 4.6.4 startup, compatibility mode 4, module path '' caller requested object 'net', not found (iRet -3003) Requested to load module 'lmnet' loading module '/user/lib/rsyslog/lmnet.so' module of type 2 being loaded conf.c requested ref for 'lmnet', refcount 1 rsylog runtime initialized, version 4.6.4, current users 1 syslogd.c requested ref for 'lmnet', refcount now 2 I can kill rsyslogd with Strg+C, then. /var/log shows none of the configured log files, though. Update2: Thanks to @DerfK I still have no clue, but at least I narrowed down the problem. I’m now testing with /etc/init.d/apache2 stop (without an apache2 running, of course) which hangs as well and looks like an even more obvious failure. After some testing I found out that a file with one single line: /usr/sbin/apache2ctl configtest /dev/null 2&1 hangs, while the same line executed in an interactive shell works. I was not able to further reduce this line while, i. e. every single part, the stream redirections and the commando itself is necessary to reproduce the hang. @DerfK also pointed me to strace which gave a shallow hint about what kind of hang we have here: wait4(-1for the init scripts futex(0xsomepointer, FUTEX_WAIT_PRIVATE, 2, NULL for rsyslogd / apache2 binaries called by the init scripts The system was installed as a Debian Lenny by my hoster in autumn 2011, I upgraded it to Squeeze immediately and kept it up to date with Squeeze, which then used to be testing. There were no big changes, though. I guess I never tried to reboot the system before.

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• How can I switch from a custom linux network namespace back to the default one?

  - by Martin

  With ip netns exec you can execute a command in a custom network namespace - but is there also a way to execute a command in the default namespace? For example, after executing these two commands: sudo ip netns add test_ns sudo ip netns exec test_ns bash How can the newly created bash execute programs in the default network namespace? There is no ip netns exec default or anything similar as far as I've found. My scenario is: I want to run a SSH server in a separate network namespace (to keep the rest of the system unaware of the network connection, as the system is used for network testing), but want to be able to execute programs in the default network namespace via the SSH connection. What I've found out so far: Created network namespaces are listed as files under /var/run/netns (but there is no file for the default namespace) The ip netns exec code can be found here: http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/shemminger/iproute2.git/tree/ip/ipnetns.c#n132 - I haven't grasped everything that it is doing yet, but it doesn't look very promising. ip netns identify $$ as suggested by Howto query and change network namespace on linux? returns nothing when in the default network namespace

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• Creating a pseudoterminal to make sudo happy

  - by larsks

  I need to automate the provisioning of a cloud instance (running Fedora 17) for which the following initial facts are true: I have ssh-key based access to a remote user (cloud) That user has password-free root access via sudo. Manual configuration is as simple as logging in and running sudo su - and having at it, but I would like to fully automate this process. The trick is that the system defaults to having the requiretty option enabled for sudo, which means that an attempt to do something like this: ssh remotehost sudo yum -y install puppet Will fail: sudo: sorry, you must have a tty to run sudo I am working around this right now by first pushing over a small Python script that will run a command on a pseudoterminal: import os import sys import errno import subprocess pid, master_fd = os.forkpty() if pid == 0: # child process: now that we're attached to a # pty, run the given command. os.execvp(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[1:]) else: while True: try: data = os.read(master_fd, 1024) except OSError, detail: if detail.errno == errno.EIO: break if not data: break sys.stdout.write(data) os.wait() Assuming that this is named pty, I can then run: ssh remotehost ./pty sudo yum -y install puppet This works fine, but I'm wondering if there are solutions already available that I haven't considered. I would normally think about expect, but it's not installed by default on this system. screen can do this in a pinch, but the best I came up with was: screen -dmS sudo somecommand ...which does work but eats the output. Are there any other tools available that will allocate a pseudoterminal for me that are going to be generally available?

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• Running Emacs on Multiple TTYs in screen

  - by Daniel Kessler

  When working with EMACS over SSH, is there any way to spawn a new frame of the same emacs session on a different terminal? In my use case, I have screen running, so I have multiple terminals, and can recover which pseudo terminal they're attached to with pts. Suppose I have two "windows" (in GNU screen parlance). The first one is attached to /dev/pts/12 and the second one is attached to /dev/pts/13. I launch emacs on the first window. Is there any way for me to start a new frame of the same session on the second window? I've been playing with passing arguments to make-frame but it seems that the usage that allows me to specify a terminal requires that a terminal object already exists, and I can't see any way to create a new terminal object.

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• SendMail not working in CentOs 6.4

  - by Kane

  I am trying to send e-mails from my CentOS 6.4 but it does not work. My knowledge about servers is quite limited, so I hope someone can help me. Here is what I did: First i tried to send an email using the "mail" command, but it was not in the OS so I installed it. # yum install mailx After that, I tried sending an email using the "mail" command, but it did not send anything. I checked it on the internet and I realized I needed an e-mail server like sendmail, so I installed it. # yum install sendmail sendmail-cf sendmail-doc sendmail-devel After that, I configured it following some tutorials. First, sendmail.mc file. # vi /etc/mail/sendmail.mc Commented out the next line: BEFORE # DAEMON_OPTIONS('Port=smtp, Name=MTA') dnl AFTER # dnl DAEMON_OPTIONS('Port=smtp, Name=MTA') dnl Check that the next lines are correct: # FEATURE(`virtusertable', `hash -o /etc/mail/virtusertable.db')dnl # ... # FEATURE(use_cw_file)dnl # ... # FEATURE(`access_db', `hash -T<TMPF> -o /etc/mail/access.db')dnl Update sendmail.cf # m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc > /etc/mail/sendmail.cf Open the port 25 adding the proper line in the iptables file # vi /etc/sysconfig/iptables # -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 25 -j ACCEPT restart iptables and sendmail # service iptables restart # service sendmail restart So i thought that would be ok, but when i tried: # mail '[email protected]' # Subject: test subject # test content #. I checked the mail log: # vi /var/log/maillog And that is what I found: Aug 14 17:36:24 dev-admin-test sendmail[20682]: r7D8RItS019578: to=<[email protected]>, ctladdr=<[email protected]> (0/0), delay=1+00:09:06, xdelay=00:00:00, mailer=esmtp, pri=2460500, relay=alt4.gmail- smtp-in.l.google.com., dsn=4.0.0, stat=Deferred: Connection timed out with alt4.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com. I do not understand why there is a connection time out. Am I missing something? Can anyone help me, please? Thank you.

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• Extract a section of a tgz file

  - by TRiG

  I have a 28.5 GB .tgz file which was created on the command line of a Linux computer, compressing one folder and all its many many subfolders. I now want to extract a single sub-sub folder from that .tgz file, using 7zip on Windows Vista. I can't see a way to do it. Opening the .tgz file in 7zip just shows the .tar file inside it. There doesn't seem to be any way to browse that .tar file and extract the section I want. I assume there is a way to do this, but I can't see it. Simply double-clicking on the .tar file brings up a progress bar which runs slowly till my computer complains it's running out of space; I imagine it's trying to extract the whole thing. Searching for "extract section of tgz" and "extract tgz subfolder" and similar found me a way to do it on the Linux command line, but no obvious way to do it on Windows. (Most results found were about extracting into a subfolder, not extracting a subfolder out of the archive.)

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• Recursive Batch File

  - by MCZ

  I have a file that looks this: head1,head2,head3,head4,head5,head6 a11,a12,keyA,a14,a15,a16 a21,a22,keyB,a24,a25 a31,a32,keyC,a34 a41,a42,keyB,a44,a44 a51,a52,keyA,a54,a55,a56 a61,a62,keyA,a64,a65,a66 a71,a72,keyC,a74 some message Objective: Write list of unique keys to a text file. For example, the result for the file described above should be: keyA, keyB, keyC Here's the pseudocode I would like to implement in batch file recur.bat Read second line of inputfile If no key exist on second line, return else continue Append keyX to list FINDSTR /v keyX inputfile Pipe results to recur.bat I don't know if this is the most efficient way to do this without using actual programming language. Any suggestions for actual batch file code?

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• Unable to run cvlc in a script

  - by VxJasonxV

  I'm creating a script that issues a few curl commands in order to access a time-protected mms stream link, then set up a relay using cvlc (vlc's command line interface) for my own use on an unencumbered player. The curl aspect of this is working, as I can run as a browser and curl side by side and get the same access url. (It's time locked meaning the stream will work forever, but you have to connect quickly or the URL will time out.) The very end of the script prints the command I will run, which is then followed up by "exec $CMD". When I echo $CMD I get: cvlc --sout '#standard{access=http,mux=asf,dst=0.0.0.0:58194}' mms://[...] But the cvlc execution output says: [0x9743d0] main interface error: no suitable interface module [0x962120] main libvlc error: interface "globalhotkeys,none" initialization failed [0x9743d0] dummy interface: using the dummy interface module... [0xb16e30] stream_out_standard stream out error: no mux specified or found by extension [0xb16ad0] main stream output error: stream chain failed for `standard{mux="",access="",dst="'#standard{access=http,mux=asf,dst=0.0.0.0:58194}'"}' [0xb11cd0] main input error: cannot start stream output instance, aborting [0xb11f70] signals interface error: Caught Interrupt signal, exiting... Why is it ignoring my --sout input?

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• Postfix SMTP-relay server against Gmail on CentOS 6.4

  - by Alex

  I'm currently trying to setup an SMTP-relay server to Gmail with Postfix on a CentOS 6.4 machine, so I can send e-mails from my PHP scripts. I followed this tutorial but I get this error output when trying to do a sendmail [email protected] Output: tail -f /var/log/maillog Apr 16 01:25:54 ext-server-dev01 postfix/cleanup[3646]: 86C2D3C05B0: message-id=<[email protected]> Apr 16 01:25:54 ext-server-dev01 postfix/qmgr[3643]: 86C2D3C05B0: from=<[email protected]>, size=297, nrcpt=1 (queue active) Apr 16 01:25:56 ext-server-dev01 postfix/smtp[3648]: 86C2D3C05B0: to=<[email protected]>, relay=smtp.gmail.com[173.194.79.108]:587, delay=4.8, delays=3.1/0.04/1.5/0.23, dsn=5.5.1, status=bounced (host smtp.gmail.com[173.194.79.108] said: 530-5.5.1 Authentication Required. Learn more at 530 5.5.1 http://support.google.com/mail/bin/answer.py?answer=14257 qh4sm3305629pac.8 - gsmtp (in reply to MAIL FROM command)) Here is my main.cf configuration, I tried a number of different options but nothing seems to work: alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases command_directory = /usr/sbin config_directory = /etc/postfix daemon_directory = /usr/libexec/postfix data_directory = /var/lib/postfix debug_peer_level = 2 html_directory = no inet_interfaces = localhost inet_protocols = ipv4 mail_owner = postfix mailq_path = /usr/bin/mailq.postfix manpage_directory = /usr/share/man mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost myhostname = host.local.domain myorigin = $myhostname newaliases_path = /usr/bin/newaliases.postfix queue_directory = /var/spool/postfix readme_directory = /usr/share/doc/postfix-2.6.6/README_FILES relayhost = [smtp.gmail.com]:587 sample_directory = /usr/share/doc/postfix-2.6.6/samples sendmail_path = /usr/sbin/sendmail.postfix setgid_group = postdrop smtp_sasl_auth_enable = yes smtp_sasl_password_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd smtp_sasl_security_options = noanonymous smtp_sasl_tls_security_options = noanonymous smtp_sasl_type = cyrus smtp_tls_CAfile = /etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt smtp_use_tls = yes smtpd_sasl_path = smtpd unknown_local_recipient_reject_code = 550 In the /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd files (sasl_passwd & sasl_passwd.db) I got the following (removed the real password, and replaced it with "password"): [smtp.google.com]:587 [email protected]:password To create the sasl_passwd.db file, I did that by running this command: postmap hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd Do anybody got an idea why I can't seem to send an e-mail from the server? Kind Regards Alex

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• Is execution of sync(8) still required before shutting down linux?

  - by Amos Shapira

  I still see people recommend use of "sync; sync; sync; sleep 30; halt" incantations when talking about shutting down or rebooting Linux. I've been running Linux since its inception and although this was the recommended procedure in the BSD 4.2/4.3 and SunOS 4 days, I can't recall that I had to do that for at least the last ten years, during which I probably went through shutdown/reboot of Linux maybe thousands of times. I suspect that this is an anachronism since the days that the kernel couldn't unmount and sync the root filesystem and other critical filesystems required even during single-user mode (e.g. /tmp), and therefore it was necessary to tell it explicitly to flush as much data as it can to disk. These days, without finding the relevant code in the kernel source yet (digging through http://lxr.linux.no and google), I suspect that the kernel is smart enough to cleanly unmount even the root filesystem and the filesystem is smart enough to effectively do a sync(2) before unmounting itself during a normal "shutdown"/"reboot"/"poweorff". The "sync; sync; sync" is only necessary in extreme cases where the filesystem won't unmount cleanly (e.g. physical disk failure) or the system is in a state that only forcing a direct reboot(8) will get it out of its freeze (e.g. the load is too high to let it schedule the shutdown command). I also never do the "sync" procedure before unmounting removable devices, and never hit a problem. Another example - Xen allows the DomU to be sent a "shutdown" command from the Dom0, this is considered a "clean shutdown" without anyone having to login and type the magical "sync; sync; sync" first. Am I right or was I lucky for a few thousands of system shutdowns?

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• big cpu load on vmware server / linux

  - by dezfafara

  Hi, I currently using a server 2.x hosting 4 virtual machines on a linux system Today, on my physical server, I saw an enormous load average: this is the "top" of the server, illustrating my 4 virtual guests. top - 11:02:02 up 194 days, 23:09, 5 users, load average: 18.78, 12.05, 13.55 Tasks: 113 total, 4 running, 109 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu0 : 71.6%us, 19.0%sy, 0.0%ni, 8.8%id, 0.0%wa, 0.3%hi, 0.3%si, 0.0%st Cpu1 : 74.3%us, 10.4%sy, 0.0%ni, 15.3%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu2 : 72.5%us, 17.6%sy, 0.0%ni, 9.8%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Cpu3 : 79.5%us, 4.6%sy, 0.0%ni, 16.0%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 8178884k total, 8129980k used, 48904k free, 134904k buffers Swap: 10490436k total, 148k used, 10490288k free, 6129728k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 7312 root 6 -10 1149m 921m 559m R 97 11.5 107947:09 vmware-vmx 6995 root 6 -10 779m 687m 317m R 92 8.6 107374:31 vmware-vmx 6693 root 6 -10 880m 659m 409m S 85 8.3 76947:33 vmware-vmx 12937 root 6 -10 960m 719m 523m S 75 9.0 67219:49 vmware-vmx In bold are the cpu usage for my 4 virtuals guests These guests are running on a linux system, and the appropriate process are usually 5% - 15% of cpu I don't understang why , since a few days I have this big problem. This is the "top" on a virtual guest which is at 95% of cpu load top - 11:23:15 up 194 days, 23:13, 4 users, load average: 0.25, 0.47, 0.59 Tasks: 92 total, 2 running, 90 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 1.4%us, 7.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 90.5%id, 0.5%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 382296k total, 369732k used, 12564k free, 145156k buffers Swap: 979924k total, 13956k used, 965968k free, 86988k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 3691 root 20 0 23948 1148 960 S 13.0 0.3 15339:23 vmware-guestd 3840 root 20 0 19880 584 512 S 7.7 0.2 1729:17 hald-addon-stor This virtual guest state is ok ... If anyone has any ideas .. Thanks

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• Prevent Amazon EC2 Time zone from reverting back on yum update

  - by D.Tate

  I use an Amazon EC2 server instance that runs a distro called Amazon Linux AMI. (I've read that it is based on CentOS/Red Hat). My specific version is the 2012.09 release. Anyway, I was able to change the time zone about a week ago from the default UTC to America/New_York (which is EST/EDT). The command I used to change it was: ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York /etc/localtime ...thanks to this other Server Fault question. At that point, I was able to run date from the the command line, and it correctly displayed the EDT time. And even after EDT "fell back" to EST this past Sunday, I was pleased to find that running date still produced the correct local time. So that was great. However, after running a yum update yesterday, it seems that my time zone got reverted back to plain 'ol UTC. I even checked the last modified time of /etc/localtime file, and indeed it confirmed that it had been modified around the same time I had updated. Is there any way to prevent this from happening again, or will I be stuck resetting the time zone every time I do a yum update?

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• How can I pause console output in rxvt?

  - by Javid Jamae

  I'm running rxvt in Cygwin on a Windows box. This is how I invoke it: rxvt -sr -sl 2500 -sb -geometry 90x30 -tn rxvt -fn "Lucida Console-14" -e /usr/bin/bash --login -i Anyone know how to pause the console output in rxvt? I can use Ctrl-S / Ctrl-Q to pause / un-pause, but this won't work if a script is already running and spewing output to stdout. Highlighting the terminal window with the mouse doesn't seem to work like with other consoles such as the standard Cygwin console, or the Windows command prompt console. Some sort of scroll lock would be nice, but I can't seem to find any way to do this. I know I could just pipe my output to a file, but I want a way to pause the output for something that I didn't expect to explode with console output. Basically I want to scroll back while its running without it constantly moving me to the bottom of the output buffer as it updates more data to stdout. I don't particularly care if the solution given actually pauses the script (like when you highlight the mouse in the Windows Command window), or just scroll locks and let's me scroll while its still running the underlying script, though I'd like to know how to do both if its possible.

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