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• How small (spec wise) can a virtual machine be and still boot up and run some sort of OS?

  - by IllvilJa

  One of the advantages with virtual machines is that you can be very flexible with their sizes. If the host system permits it, you can have a very large virtual machine with a lot of virtual RAM and disk. Also, you can decide to go the other way around, to give the virtual machine a very modest amount of RAM and disk and then choose and configure the OS appropriately. The question is, how small virtual machines have people managed to setup (and get to both boot up and to run)? Virtual machines doing something usuful is preferable, even if I know "useful" in this context is awfully subjective, but laboratory-cases with a configuration stripped beyond common sense could be intresting as well, just to see what people manage to boot and run. Quite open ended question and quite academic, but think of it: an extremely small VM (which still does something useful) takes very little memory and disk and can be quite quickly saved to and restored from disk. If it's also gentle on CPU resources, one might consider having a huge number of such VMs up and running on a host. (Imagine a VM running just an old Commodore 64 or Commodore Amiga in it. Ok, way wrong CPU architecture for modern Virtualization software running on a x86-based PC but still an interesting thought. You could have quite a few such small VMs running on a modern PC.)

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• How to diagnose computer lockup/freezing problem

  - by Scott Mitchell

  I built a desktop computer a couple years back with the following specs: CPU: Intel Core 2 Quad Q9300 Yorkfield 2.5GHz 6MB L2 Cache LGA 775 95W Quad-Core Processor BX80580Q9300 Motherboard: EVGA 122-CK-NF68-T1 LGA 775 NVIDIA nForce 680i SLI ATX Intel Motherboard Video Card: Two EVGA 256-P2-N758-TR GeForce 8600GT SCC 256MB 128-bit GDDR3 PCI Express x16 SLI Supported Video Card PSU: SeaSonic S12 Energy Plus SS-550HT 550W ATX12V V2.3 / EPS12V V2.91 SLI Certified CrossFire Ready 80 PLUS Certified Active PFC Power Supply Memory: Two G.SKILL 4GB (2 x 2GB) 240-Pin DDR2 SDRAM DDR2 800 (PC2 6400) Dual Channel Kit Desktop Memory Model F2-6400CL5D-4GBPQ Since its inception, the machine has periodically locked up, the regularlity having varied over the years from once a day to once a month. Typically, lockups happen once every few days. By "lockup" I mean my computer just freezes. The screen locks up, I can't move the mouse. Hitting keys on my keyboard that normally turn LEDs on or off on the keyboard (such as Caps Lock) no longer turn the LEDs on or off. If there was music playing at the time of the lockup, noise keeps coming out of the speakers, but it's just the current frequency/note that plays indefinitely. There is no BSOD. When such a lockup occurs I have to do a hard reboot by either turning off the computer or hitting the reset button. I have the most recent version of the NVIDIA hardware drivers, and update them semi-regularly, but that hasn't seemed to help. I am currently using Windows 7 x64, but was previously using Windows Server 2003 x64 and having the same lockup issues. My guess is that it's somehow video driver or motherboard related, but I don't know how to go about diagnosing this problem to narrow down which of the two is the culprit. Additional information re: cooling Regarding cooling... I've not installed any after-market cooling systems aside from two regular fans I scavenged from an older computer. The fan atop the CPU is the one that shipped with it. One of the two scavenged fans I added it located at the bottom tower of the corner, in an attempt to create some airflow from front to back. The second fan is pointed directly at the two video cards. SpeedFan installation and readings Per studiohack's suggestion, I installed SpeedFan, which provided the following temperature readings: GPU: 63C GPU: 65C System: 76C CPU: 64C AUX: 36C Core 0: 78C Core 1: 76C Core 2: 79C Core 3: 79C Update #3: Another Lockup :-( Well, I had another lockup last night. :-( SpeedFan reported the CPU temp at 38 C when it happened, and there was no spike in temperature leading up to the freeze. One thing I notice is that the freeze seems more likely to happen if I am watching a video. In fact, of the last 5 freezes over the past month, 4 of them have been while watching a video on Flickr. Not necessarily the same video, but a video nevertheless. I don't know if this is just coincidence or if it means anything. (As an aside, each night before bedtime my 2 year old daughter sits on my lap and watches some home videos on Flickr and, in the last month, has learned the phrase, "Uh oh, computer broke.") Update #4: MemTest86 and 3DMark06 Test Results: Per suggestions in the comments, I ran the MemTest86 overnight and it cycled through the 8 GB of memory 5 times without error. I also ran the 3DMark06 test without a problem (see my scores at http://3dmark.com/3dm06/15163549). So... what now? :-) Any further suggestions on what to check? Is there some way to get a stack trace or something when the computer locks like that? Thanks

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• HP Officejet 4500 G510n-z Not Showing up in Remote Desktop (Terminal Services)

  - by Greg_the_Ant

  I installed this printer on a windows XP machine. First using the wireless option, and later using USB. In both cases when I connect to my other computer (also Windows XP) via terminal services and check printers in the local resources tab it does not show up on the remote session. I used to have a Samsung connected to my local computer over USB and and that worked fine over terminal services. Things I tried so far: I did read this page and installed the software fix on both computers: (Printers that use ports that do not begin with...) I installed the minimum HP software install on the remote computer and that didn't help either. I also tried running the add new printer wizard on the remote computer: I selected "local printer attached to this computer" and did not check the "automatically.." option. On the next page of the wizard I can select an option for "use the following port". I see options for TS001 through TS009 there. I'm assuming those are coming from the local machine. I tried clicking each one and then checking "have disk" and pointing it to C:\3be8dc611b11322e8ddf8a67\i386\msxpsdrv.inf 1 but for every single TS00.. port it says "The specified location does not contain information about your hardware." Any help would be greatly appreciated. I'm pretty stuck at this point. 1 C:\3be8dc611b11322e8ddf8a67 is the folder I extracted the HP driver software to after I downloaded it.

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• locked files on HFS+ home partition shared between OSX/Linux

  - by HazyBlueDot

  I dual boot into Arch Linux and OS X 10.6 on my MacBook pro. I synced my UID between both OSes and created an HFS partition (with no journaling) to use as a shared home/Users partition. For the most part it works just as I'd expect, but sometimes when I'm booted into OS X certain files are "locked" (when I get info on a particular file the "Locked" box is checked under the "General" pane. I can resolve the issue by manually unchecking the box) and/or I get "Operation not permitted" when I try deleting or chmod'ing a file. In both cases I don't see anything out of the ordinary on the permission bits displayed with ls -l, except for a trailing '@' character in the position where the sticky bit would normally occur: -rw-r--r--@ 1 myuser mygroup 296 Mar 29 11:44 myfile This '@' character shows up on ALL normal files, so doesn't seem to be linked to the locked/operation not permission situation. On the Linux side of things I never have permission problems. To the best of my limited knowledge and experience with ACLs I've not found any ACLs on any of the files in question. For what it's worth, I do most of my file editing using emacs (Aquamacs in OSX), is it possible it is setting weird permission bits? What is the "locked" setting that OS X uses and does it have a permission bit equivalent (so at the very least I could recursively unlock all files in my home directory from the terminal) why might some, but not other files get "locked" when booting into OS X what is the meaning of the '@' character?

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• Are Windows Domain Service Accounts Really Necessary?

  - by Zach Bonham

  One of the biggest problems we have in automating application deployments is the idea that running IIS AppPools and Windows Services under domain service accounts is a 'best practice'. Unfortunately, this best practice sometimes causes deployment headaches in that either we need to provision a new domain level service account quickly, or once we have the account, we now need to manage the account credentials. I had a great conversation about not making domain level service accounts a requirement and effectively taking one of two approaches: Secure at the node level using machine account(domain\machine$) and add the node to appropriate ActiveDirectory/Sql groups/roles Create local app specific accounts on each machine (machine\myapp) and add that account to appropriate ActiveDirectory/Sql groups/roles (the password here can change per deployment, it doesn't need to be stored) In both cases, it seems that its easier to manage either adding an account to appropriate group/role, or even stand up new, local account, than it is to have to provision a new domain level account and manage those credentials. This would hopefully ease the management burden on ActiveDirectory, Sql Server and Operations teams as there would be no more password management. We've not actually been able to implement this in practice yet. I am coming from a development background, so I'm curious as to how many ways this approach could go wrong? Can we really get rid of domain level service accounts with this direction? I'd appreciate any thoughts from anyone who has taken this path! Thanks! Zach

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• Auth-Type :- Reject in RADIUS users file matches inner tunnel request but sends Access-Accept

  - by mgorven

  I have WPA2 802.11x EAP authentication setup using FreeRADIUS 2.1.8 on Ubuntu 10.04.4 talking to OpenLDAP, and can successfully authenticate using PEAP/MSCHAPv2, TTLS/MSCHAPv2 and TTLS/PAP (both via the AP and using eapol_test). I am now trying to restrict access to specific SSIDs based on the LDAP groups which the user belongs to. I have configured group membership checking in /etc/freeradius/modules/ldap like so: groupname_attribute = cn groupmembership_filter = "(|(&(objectClass=posixGroup)(memberUid=%{User-Name}))(&(objectClass=posixGroup)(uniquemember=%{User-Name})))" and I have configured extraction of the SSID from Called-Station-Id into Called-Station-SSID based on the Mac Auth wiki page. In /etc/freeradius/eap.conf I have enabled copying attributes from the outer tunnel into the inner tunnel, and usage of the inner tunnel response in the outer tunnel (for both PEAP and TTLS). I had the same behaviour before changing these options however. copy_request_to_tunnel = yes use_tunneled_reply = yes I'm running eapol_test like this to test the setup: eapol_test -c peap-mschapv2.conf -a 172.16.0.16 -s testing123 -N 30:s:01-23-45-67-89-01:Example-EAP with the following peap-mschapv2.conf file: network={ ssid="Example-EAP" key_mgmt=WPA-EAP eap=PEAP identity="mgorven" anonymous_identity="anonymous" password="foobar" phase2="autheap=MSCHAPV2" } With the following in /etc/freeradius/users: DEFAULT Ldap-Group == "employees" and running freeradius-Xx, I can see that the LDAP group retrieval works, and that the SSID is extracted. Debug: [ldap] performing search in dc=example,dc=com, with filter (&(cn=employees)(|(&(objectClass=posixGroup)(memberUid=mgorven))(&(objectClass=posixGroup)(uniquemember=mgorven)))) Debug: rlm_ldap::ldap_groupcmp: User found in group employees ... Info: expand: %{7} -> Example-EAP Next I try to only allow access to users in the employees group (regardless of SSID), so I put the following in /etc/freeradius/users: DEFAULT Ldap-Group == "employees" DEFAULT Auth-Type := Reject But this immediately rejects the Access-Request in the outer tunnel because the anonymous user is not in the employees group. So I modify it to only match inner tunnel requests like so: DEFAULT Ldap-Group == "employees" DEFAULT FreeRADIUS-Proxied-To == "127.0.0.1" Auth-Type := Reject, Reply-Message = "User does not belong to any groups which may access this SSID." Now users which are in the employees group are authenticated, but so are users which are not in the employees group. I see the reject entry being matched, and the Reply-Message is set, but the client receives an Access-Accept. Debug: rlm_ldap::ldap_groupcmp: Group employees not found or user is not a member. Info: [files] users: Matched entry DEFAULT at line 209 Info: ++[files] returns ok ... Auth: Login OK: [mgorven] (from client test port 0 cli 02-00-00-00-00-01 via TLS tunnel) Info: WARNING: Empty section. Using default return values. ... Info: [peap] Got tunneled reply code 2 Auth-Type := Reject Reply-Message = "User does not belong to any groups which may access this SSID." ... Info: [peap] Got tunneled reply RADIUS code 2 Auth-Type := Reject Reply-Message = "User does not belong to any groups which may access this SSID." ... Info: [peap] Tunneled authentication was successful. Info: [peap] SUCCESS Info: [peap] Saving tunneled attributes for later ... Sending Access-Accept of id 11 to 172.16.2.44 port 60746 Reply-Message = "User does not belong to any groups which may access this SSID." User-Name = "mgorven" and eapol_test reports: RADIUS message: code=2 (Access-Accept) identifier=11 length=233 Attribute 18 (Reply-Message) length=64 Value: 'User does not belong to any groups which may access this SSID.' Attribute 1 (User-Name) length=9 Value: 'mgorven' ... SUCCESS Why isn't the request being rejected, and is this the right way to implement this?

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• Why can`t we treat SSL Certs like Pgp keys instead of trusting CAs?

  - by yarun can

  I am dumb and stupid and I do not know all the technical aspects of SSL and server/client side implications and implementations. However I understand them good enough from user point of view to use SSL and encyrption daily. I was thinking that how silly it is to trust some unknown/known CAs when it comes to our our certificates for our servers. There had been many cases of misconduct, misuse, compromises and theft of certificates/ca keys from those places. On top of those known issues we also have to pay these guys regularly. I am wondering why can not we use/treat web server certificates like we use our pgp keys? So I sign a SSL certificate and send to a central server. And then each user accessing my site checks the validity and the keys from some central server (like pgp key servers). Is this a stupid idea? If so what could be a better idea than current system of issuing valid certificates. I am looking for a better than more secure idea. Naturally this is not a solution to an existing problem, rather it will be a hypothetical solution for some future implementation of a currently messed up web of trust on the internet due to recent news about NSA and their criminal buddies around the world. thanks

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• SSH client and Command Prompt replacements Windows look-and-feel

  - by Oddthinking

  The Problem I've worked exclusively in Windows. I can handle that. I've worked exclusively in DOS (a long time ago!). I can handle that. I've worked exclusively in Unix. I can handle that. Right now, I am developing a command-line (python) application on a Windows machine, testing it in a DOS box (i.e. Windows' Command prompt), and then deploying it to Linux, and running it with PuTTY. I cannot handle that. My productivity drops dramatically when CTRL-C cuts in one window (Windows) and kills the process in another (DOS, Linux). My productivity drops dramatically when Enter copies the selection in one window (DOS), and deletes the selection in another (Windows), and runs the current half-edited command in the third (PuTTY). My productivity drops dramatically when I cannot hit Undo, Home or End. The Solution I am Seeking An SSH/Bash command-line client that runs on Windows and, to the extent possible, uses all the standard Windows shortcuts (Cut, Copy, Paste, Undo, Home, End, Insert, Shift-Arrows, etc.) work on a bash command line. Bonus points if it puts the cursor between letters, rather than on them. Plus, an equivalent DOS command-line drop-in that runs on Windows, and provides the same interface. I appreciate there may need to be special buttons to actually transfer CTRL codes (like CTRL-C) through in the cases I need them. I suspect the SSH client will need to be specific to a shell (so it knows when it is at the command prompt, and when it is inside a running app.) I know there are many SSH clients, but I am looking for advice for a particular need. PuTTY feels like an escape route for Unix programmers stuck on Windows. I am the opposite. Can anyone recommend one (or maybe a combination of an SSH client and an Command-Line replacement)?

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• How quickly toggle smart quotes in Word 2010?

  - by KnowItAllWannabe

  I'm working on a long technical document that contains numerous displays of computer code. In running text, I want my quotation marks to be curly, which means that Word's "smart quotes" autoformatting-as-I-type feature is one I want on. But in code displays, curly quotes are incorrect, so in these cases, I want smart-quotes-as-I-type disabled. Is there a fast way to toggle this setting? Or is there a way I can tie it to the paragraph style I'm in? (I use a distinct style for code displays.) Currently, to toggle the setting, I have to click FileOptionsProofingAutoCorrect Options..."Straight quotes" with "smart quotes"OKOK, which is seven mouse clicks. Toggling it back is another seven mouse clicks. Isn't there a faster way? A keyhboard shortcut to do the toggling or a toolbar button that would toggle it with a single click would be great. Having the setting depend on the paragraph style I was in would be even better.

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• Virtual (ESXi4) Win 2k8 R2 server hangs when adding role(s)

  - by Holocryptic

  I'm trying to provision a 2k8r2 Enterprise server in ESXi4. The OS installation goes fine, VMware tools, adding to domain, updates. All the basic stuff before you start adding Roles and Features. I've had this happen on two attempts already, and I'm not sure where the problem might be. I don't think it's hardware, because I have another 2k8r2 Standard server that's running fine. The only real difference is the install media. The server that's working was installed using a trial ISO and license. The one I'm having problems with is a full MAK installation. When I go to add a Role (the last case was Application Server) it gets all the way to "collecting installation results" before it hangs. CPU utilization in the vSphere client shows little spikes of activity with flatlines inbetween, but the whole console is locked up. The only way to release it is to power off and bring it back up. When you go to look at the added roles after bringing it back up, it shows that it is installed, but I don't trust that something didn't get wedged in all of that. The first install I did was with Thin Disk provisioning. The second attempt was with regular disk provisioning. In both cases 4GB of RAM, 2 vCPUs. VMware host is a HP Proliant DL380 G6, RAID-1 OS, RAID-5 data volume. 12 GB RAM. Has anyone else had this problem, or know where I should start poking around?

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• How to restore Linode to Vagrant VM?

  - by Iain Elder

  I'm trying to set up a Linux development environment so I can safely make changes to my website without breaking the live site. Linode hosts my live site. A simple solution would be to host my development server on Linode as well, but I want to avoid doubling my hosting costs. The cheapest way I see is to use Vagrant on my Windows workstation to host my development environment. After I attempt to restore the backup to Vagrant and reboot the VM, I can no longer ssh into the Vagrant host. It's probably because by restoring the backup I overwrite some special Vagrant configuration, but I'm not sure how to avoid that. How do I make this approach work? If my approach is fundamentally wrong, can you suggest an alternative? Creating the backup On the Linode I used these commands to create a compressed copy of the entire filesystem, while ignoring things that shouldn't be included in the backup: $ sudo rsync -ahvz --exclude={/dev/*,/proc/*,/sys/*,/tmp/*,/run/*,/mnt/*,/backup/*} /* /backup/2 $ sudo tar -czf /backup/2.gz /backup/2 The backup file is called 2.gz because this is thesecond backup. The first backup is called 1.gz. I use WinSCP to copy the backup file to my Windows workstation. Setting up the Vagrant host I need a Vagrant box that matches my Linode operating system (Ubuntu 12.04.3 LTS, kernel 3.9.3). I selected the closet match from vagrantbox.es: Ubuntu Server Precise 12.04.3 amd64 Kernel is ready for Docker (Docker not included) On my workstation I ran these commands to add the box and initialize and boot an instance: $ vagrant box add ubuntu-precise http://nitron-vagrant.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/vagrant_ubuntu_12.04.3_amd64_virtualbox.box $ mkdir linode-test $ cd linode-test $ vagrant init ubuntu-precise $ vagrant up Now Vagrant is running a machine with SSH on port 2222. The operating system version is the same. The kernel version is 3.8.0. Sounds close enough. Restoring the backup With WinSCP I copied the backup file 2.gz to /home/vagrant/2.gz on the Vagrant box. With PuTTY I connected via ssh to my new Vagrant box: On the box move the backup to the filesystem root. $ sudo mv 2.gz / Extract the archive to the filesystem root: $ sudo tar -xvpz -f 2.gz -C / --strip-components=2 (I discovered I need to use strip components because all files in the archive have the prefix backup/2/. I'll fix this for the next backup.) After the tar command completes, I log out of the box. Testing the backup When I try to log in again, it doesn't let me log in as vagrant with a password any more. It does let me log in as iain, my user on the live Linode, with a password. That surprised me because I disabled password authentication on my live Linode. I figured that I have to restart the ssh service for the change to take effect. Instead of restarting just ssh, I chose to restart the whole system. Now I can't even get to the login screen. PuTTY says "connection refused" when I try to connect. What went wrong?

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• GNU screen multiuser mode is broken in OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard)

  - by schustafa

  I'm using GNU screen for remote pair programming. Let's call the local account for the remote user 'pairpair'. I have the following lines in my .screenrc: multiuser on acladd pairpair I have run sudo chmod u+s /usr/bin/screen. However, when the remote user tries to connect to my screen with the command screen -r [my_account_name]/[pid_of_screen] I receive the following message: Attach attempt with bad pid(xxx) The pid listed in the error message matches the pid of the screen process run by the remote user. The remote user's screen process hangs; my screen session continues happily along after the error message disappears. I've tried using both the built-in screen (at /usr/bin/screen) and the screen available from MacPorts, but I get the same error in both cases. This worked on OS X 10.5 (Leopard). I've googled around for the error message, but most of the hits relate to some BSD bug from 2003 or so (which was fixed). Has anyone else seen this behavior? Does anyone have any idea how to make multiuser support in screen work in SL?

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• cygwin sshd fails to allocate pty for some users

  - by user115851

  I have (finally) got sshd working under cygwin on Win7 - well, sort of. The sshd runs as user 'cyg_server'. I'm able to successfully ssh to my computer using that same user name. However, if I attempt to ssh using my normal (Windows) user name, it fails trying to allocate a pty for my login session. For example, output of 'sshd -D -d -d -d' contains this .. ... debug1: Entering interactive session for SSH2. debug2: fd 4 setting O_NONBLOCK debug2: fd 5 setting O_NONBLOCK debug1: server_init_dispatch_20 debug1: server_input_channel_open: ctype session rchan 0 win 1048576 max 16384 debug1: input_session_request debug1: channel 0: new [server-session] debug2: session_new: allocate (allocated 0 max 10) debug3: session_unused: session id 0 unused debug1: session_new: session 0 debug1: session_open: channel 0 debug1: session_open: session 0: link with channel 0 debug1: server_input_channel_open: confirm session debug1: server_input_global_request: rtype [email protected] want_reply 0 debug1: server_input_channel_req: channel 0 request pty-req reply 1 debug1: session_by_channel: session 0 channel 0 debug1: session_input_channel_req: session 0 req pty-req debug1: Allocating pty. debug1: session_pty_req: session 0 alloc /dev/pty1 !!! chown(/dev/pty1, 17308, 10513) failed: Invalid argument debug1: do_cleanup debug1: session_pty_cleanup: session 0 release /dev/pty1 Currently /dev is owned by my normal account. I've tried changing its ownership to cyg_server as well as SYSTEM. In both cases the problem persists. I've also changed permissions for /dev (e.g, 700 and 777) - again problem persists. [As a side note - it is strange that whenever I do 'ls -al /dev' the ptys do not show up. However, if I 'ls -l /dev/ptyX' for a pty I know to exist, it shows up. Is that normal for cygwin?] -Bob Andover, MA

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• .NET 3.5 installation comes up with Error 0x800F0906, then 0x800F0081F using dism

  - by Austin Meadows

  I've recently tried installing .NET 3.5 for an application on Windows 8.1. I used the OS's popup thing to download/install .NET 3.5 and always get error code 0x800F0906. Upon further research, I found I would have to pop in my Windows 8 CD and install it with this command, where "E:\" is where my CD is mounted: Dism /online /enable-feature /featurename:NetFx3 /All /Source:E:\sources\sxs /LimitAccess This and any derivative of it (e.g., removing /LimitAccess) has not worked for me and has either given me the same error code (0x800F0906) or a different one, 0x800F0081F. I've even copied the sxs folder to my hard drive, just in case something was going on with the CD Drive, only to have the same results. In that case, I used this command line: Dism /online /enable-feature /featurename:NetFx3 /All /Source:C:\dotnet35 /LimitAccess I find this surreal because in both cases, the files are indeed there but the program thinks it's not. Here's the CBS.log file. Any ideas on how to fix this? Any help is very appreciated :) EDIT: I now have a proper dism.log file, I'm not sure what happened to the last one or why it did that. Here's the link to the new log file. It's interesting to note that it doesn't recognize some of the commands in the script such as "featurename" or "source".

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• How do I configure nVidia drivers on a Portable Ubuntu setup?

  - by Nicholas Flynt

  I've been pulling my hair out over this one for a couple of days now, google is no help. I've created a wonderful (until this issue) portable copy of Ubuntu linux that will boot on mostly anything by using a USB enclosure for my laptop's 80GB SATA drive. So far so good, it boots and runs on everything, and on non-nVidia card setups was even detecting the drivers, or letting me install the required drivers for hardware acceleration and compiz. Because you know, the wobble windows are the most awesome thing ever. Anyway, my desktop machine had an nVidia card, so I'm thinking, sure, I'll just install the nVidia drivers like before and everything will work happily. Not so-- now the desktop and any other nVidia cards work great, but it seems to have completely disabled any other graphics cards. When the kernel module detects that an nVidia card isn't present, it shoots up this nasty little dialog box giving me the option to boot into "low graphics" mode, which doesn't even allow me to use the correct screen resolution, much less see the installed graphics card and try to configure a driver for it. Is there any way to configure Ubuntu (with the dreaded nVidia kernel module) so that it can use nVidia's drivers when an nVidia card is present, and default to the normal (not low-graphics) setup in other cases, so that it has a fair chance of using what's actually present? I'm not afraid to much with config files, I just don't know the underlying system well enough to feel comfortable diving in without a push in the right direction. Thanks guys!

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• Why is a FLAC encoded from a decoded MP3 bigger than the MP3?

  - by Ryan Thompson

  To be more precise than in the title, suppose I have a MP3 file that is 320 kbps. If I decompress it, then logically, all the data except for roughly 320 kilobits out of each second of audio should be redundant data, able to be compressed away. So, when I encode the decompressed file to FLAC, or any other lossless codec, why is it so much larger? On a related note, is it theoretically possible to losslessly recover the source mp3 audio from a decompressed wav? (I know the mp3 itself is lossy. I'm asking if it's possible to re-encode without any further loss.) EDIT: Let me clarify the related question, and the rationale behind it. Suppose I have a wav that was decompressed from an MP3 file (and assume I don't have the mp3 itself for some reason). If I don't want to lose any more quality, I can re-encode it with FLAC or any other lossless encoder and get a larger file just to maintain the same quality. Or, I can re-encode it to mp3 again and get the same size as the original but lose more data. Obviously, neither of these cases is ideal. I can either have the original size or the original quality, but not both (I mean the quality of the original mp3, not the original lossless source). My question is: Can we get both? Is it theoretically possible to recover the lossy compressed data from the lossy decompressed data, without losing even more? If it is possible, I could imagine a lossless compression algorithm that compresses the audio with FLAC. Then it also scans the audio for any signs of previous lossy compression, and if detected, recompresses it losslessly to the original lossy file. Then it keeps whichever file is smaller.

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• Static noise in headphones

  - by John Murdoch

  I have a Asus P6T based system. I was using the on-board sound (plugging in Logitech X-230 2.1 analog speakers in the green "front speakers" 3.5mm analog output, then plugging in my headphones in that). I was quite happy with the sound quality (didn't hear any static noise if volume was turned down to my normal listening level). Then about a week ago I started having terrible static noise from the left channel, and no normal audio on that left channel. Right channel had more static noise than usual but did have a bit of sound. I tried using the AC'97 in front of my case but that seemed to have no signal. I decided my on-board sound card has gone bad and bought an internal sound card to replace it (Startech 7.1Ch PCI). This fixed the "no sound from left channel problem", but I had much more audible static noise. I decided the card was low quality and/or it had interference from all the other things happening inside the computer case, and bought a Sweex SC016 external USB sound card. But even with that I have static noise in headphones. Positioning the USB sound card differently doesn't seem to help. Trying the other analog outputs (e.g., surround) doesn't help. The static noise in all cases is proportional to the volume. I have tried different headphones, but the situation is situation though perhaps the flavour of the static noise changes slightly. So what are my options? a) Get another, more expensive, external USB sound card hoping the quality will improve? b) Get another, more expensive, internal sound card (PCIe 1x perhaps) hoping the quality will improve? c) Get a dedicated DAC box? d) Get some Hi-Fi earphones? Suggestions? tl;dr - Two different sound cards both still have static noise in headphones.

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• Spotlight actually searching every file on "This Mac"

  - by Cawas

  I know of 2 ways to search for any file in your machine using Finder (some say it's Spotlight) and no Terminal. To prevent answers / comments about Terminal, I consider it either for scripting something or as last resource. It's not practical for lots of usages. For instance, if you want to find something to attach to a mail, or embed in iTunes or any other app, you can just drag n' drop one or many of them. Definitely not practical to do under Terminal. There are many cases of use for any, but the focus here is Graphical User Interface. Well, the 2 ways basically are: Press Cmd + Opt + Spacebar and type in your search. Press the + button, select "System files" and "are included". This is so far my preferred way, but I'm not sure it will go through every file. Open Finder, press Cmd + Shift + G and/or select just one folder. Type in your search and select the folder rather than "This Mac". This will bring files not shown in "This Mac" if you select a folder outside of the default scope. Thing is, none of those is really convenient or have the nice presentation from regular Spotlight, which you get from Cmd + Spacebar and just typing. And, as far as I've heard, the default behavior on Spotlight in Tiger was actually being able to find files anywhere. So, is there any way to make the process significantly simpler? Maybe some tweak, configuration or really good Spotlight alternative? I'd rather keep it simple and tweak Spotlight.

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• Upgrade Nokia Maps from v2 to v3 fails

  - by ssollinger

  I'm trying to install Nokia Maps 3.0 on my Nokia N82, without much success. I believe other similar Nokia phones have the same problem. My phone is connected through USB in "PC Suite" mode, and the latest firmware available for N82 is installed. I currently have Maps 2.0 installed. I'm installing from a Windows XP PC, and tried the update first from within Ovi Suite (latest version) and from Nokia Maps Updater (latest version). In both cases it detects that there is an update available (Maps 3.0), downlowds it and starts the install. On my phone, I then get the following error message: Unable to install. Component is built in. And on the PC I get the error Error Cannot update maps application. The installation failed or was cancelled on the phone (18). I found an entry for Maps in the App. manager and deleted it (and turned phone off and on again afterwards), but this didn't make any difference (and I don't think it changed the version of Maps installed either). This is the release version of Maps 3.0, not the beta. I found the problem mentioned many times on various web sites, but couldn't find a solution anywhere. Has anybody any ideas how to get the upgrade from Maps 2.0 to Maps 3.0 to work?

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• Dante (SOCKS server) not working

  - by gregmac

  I'm trying to set up a SOCKS proxy using dante for testing purposes. However, I can't even get it to work with a web browser, after looking at several tutorials on how to do that. I've tried in both IE and Firefox, in both cases, using "Manual proxy configuration", leave everything blank except for SOCKS host, and then put in the IP of my proxy and the port number (1080). I just get "Server not found" / "Problems loading this page" and don't see anything in danted, even running in debug mode. If I do a "telnet 10.0.0.40 1080" I do see the connection open in danted debug output, so I know that much is working. Here's my config: logoutput: stdout /var/log/danted/danted.log internal: eth0 port = 1080 external: eth0 method: username none #rfc931 user.privileged: proxy user.notprivileged: nobody user.libwrap: nobody connecttimeout: 30 # on a lan, this should be enough if method is "none". client pass { from: 10.0.0.0/8 port 1-65535 to: 0.0.0.0/0 } client pass { from: 127.0.0.0/8 port 1-65535 to: 0.0.0.0/0 } client block { from: 0.0.0.0/0 to: 0.0.0.0/0 log: connect error } block { from: 0.0.0.0/0 to: 127.0.0.0/8 log: connect error } pass { from: 10.0.0.0/8 to: 0.0.0.0/0 protocol: tcp udp } pass { from: 127.0.0.0/8 to: 0.0.0.0/0 protocol: tcp udp } block { from: 0.0.0.0/0 to: 0.0.0.0/0 log: connect error } I'm sure I'm probably missing something simple, but I'm lost. I haven't even thought about SOCKS since the late 90's.

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• How to create btrfs RAID-1 filesystem (assertion error in mkfs.btrfs)?

  - by amcnabb

  I tried to make a btrfs RAID-1 filesystem in "degraded mode" by following the btrfs UseCases instructions but hit a fatal assertion error. Why is this failing, and is there any workaround? The instructions I followed are at: https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/articles/u/s/e/UseCases_8bd8.html The output of the mkfs.btrfs and btrfs filesystem show commands is: # mkfs.btrfs -m raid1 -d raid1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/loop1 WARNING! - Btrfs Btrfs v0.19 IS EXPERIMENTAL WARNING! - see http://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org before using failed to read /dev/sr0 adding device /dev/loop1 id 2 mkfs.btrfs: volumes.c:802: btrfs_alloc_chunk: Assertion `!(ret)' failed. zsh: abort (core dumped) mkfs.btrfs -m raid1 -d raid1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/loop1 # btrfs filesystem show failed to read /dev/sr0 Label: none uuid: 773908b8-acca-4c30-85c5-6642b06de22b Total devices 1 FS bytes used 28.00KB devid 1 size 223.13GB used 2.04GB path /dev/sda5 Label: none uuid: 0f06f1a8-5f5f-4b92-a55c-b827bcbcc840 Total devices 2 FS bytes used 24.00KB devid 2 size 2.00GB used 0.00 path /dev/loop1 devid 1 size 1.36TB used 20.00MB path /dev/sdd1 Btrfs Btrfs v0.19 # EDIT: It turns out that the filesystem isn't mountable: # mount /dev/sdd1 /mnt/big2 mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdd1, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so # So, why did the mkfs fail, and is there any workaround?

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• Outlook error-'Can't open e-mail folders.You must connect to Exchange w/ current profile before you can sync folders w/ your Outlook data file'

  - by Emilio

  Note that the error message I put in the title of this question is abbreviated. The actual error message is below. I have an Exchange account and using Outlook 2010 as the client. I run in Cached Exchange Mode and have an .OST file locally. Recently I uninstalled and reinstalled office. I set up a new mail profile when prompted by Outlook 2010 upon first execution of the program. In my initial attempt, I pointed the data file at my existing OST file. In my second attempt, I had Outlook create a fresh empty file. In both cases I'm getting the error 'Cannot open your default e-mail folders. You must connect to Microsoft Exchange with the current profile before you can synchronize your folders with your Outlook data file (.ost).', also shown in this screenshot -- http://drop.io/4rc9v9o/asset/outlook-error-png. I don't know how to connect with the current profile - that's what I thought I did when I created a new .OST file? I've had this problem for several days so my OST file is now out of date. Once I get things running I obviously want my active mailbox to update the OST, not the other way around.

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• Routing not working correctly using the laravel framework

  - by samayres1992

  I'm using the book wrote by one of the guys that created laravel, so I'd like to think for the most part this code isn't horribly wrong. My server is setup with nginx serving all static files and apache2 serving php. My config for each are the following: apache2: <VirtualHost *> # Host that will serve this project. ServerName litl.it # The location of our projects public directory. DocumentRoot /var/www/litl.it/laravel/public # Useful logs for debug. CustomLog /var/log/apache.access.log common ErrorLog /var/log/apache.error.log # Rewrites for pretty URLs, better not to rely on .htaccess. <Directory /var/www/litl.it/laravel/public> <IfModule mod_rewrite.c> Options -MultiViews RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f RewriteRule ^ index.php [L] </IfModule> </Directory> nginx: server { # Port that the web server will listen on. listen 80; # Host that will serve this project. server_name litl.it *.litl.it; # Useful logs for debug. access_log /var/log/nginx.access.log; error_log /var/log/nginx.error.log; rewrite_log on; # The location of our projects public directory. root /var/www/litl.it/laravel/public; # Point index to the Laravel front controller. index index.php; location / { # URLs to attempt, including pretty ones. try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string; } # Remove trailing slash to please routing system. if (!-d $request_filename) { rewrite ^/(.+)/$ /$1 permanent; } # PHP FPM configuration. location ~* \.php$ { proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080; include /etc/nginx/proxy_params; try_files index index.php $uri =404; include /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root/php/$fastcgi_script_name; } # We don't need .ht files with nginx. location ~ /\.ht { deny all; } location @proxy { proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080; include /etc/nginx/proxy_params; } error_page 403 /error/403.html; error_page 404 /error/404.html; error_page 405 /error/405.html; error_page 500 501 502 503 504 /error/5xx.html; location ^~ /error/ { internal; root /var/www/litl.it/lavarel/public/error; } } I'm including these server configs, as I feel this maybe the issue? Here is my incredibly basic routing file that should return "routing is working" on domain.com/test but instead it just returns the homepage. <?php Route::get('/', function() { return View::make('hello'); }); Route::get('/test', function() { return "routing is working"; }); Any ideas where I'm going wrong, I'm following this tutorial very closely and I'm confused why there is issue. Thanks!

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• How can I work around problems with certificate configuration in Remote Desktop Services?

  - by Michael Steele

  I am setting up a Remote Desktop Services farm, and am having trouble configuring certificates for it to use. A demonstration of the problem I'm seeing can be found in Step #4. At this point I am convinced that there are problems with the user interface, and am looking for ways around them. Is there any way to configure certificates in Remote Desktop Services so that the settings hold and are reflected in the GUI? If not, is there any way for me to verify that the settings are correct? Step #1 - Create certificate to be used. I've configured a certificate to use with RD Web Access. The certificate is stored with in the Certificates MMC on my RD Connection Broker, and I am configuring the farm from that computer. I found by letting RD Web Access generate its own certificate that the following properties are required: Enhanced Key Usage Server Authentication Client Authentication This may not be required, but the self-signed certificate includes it. Key Usage Digital Signature Key Agreement Subject Alternative Name DNS Name=domain.com Detour about self-signed certificate generation As a quick detour, I was able to work around a problem with creating self-signed certificates using powershell. The documentation for the New-RDCertificate cmdlet gives the following example: PS C:\> $password = ConvertTo-SecureString -string "password" -asplaintext -force New-RDCertificate -Role RDWebAccess -DnsName "test-rdwa.contoso.com" -Password $password -ConnectionBroker rdcb.contoso.com -ExportPath "c:\test-rdwa.pfx" Typing this into the shell will result in an error message claiming that a function, Get-Server cannot be found. Prior to using New-RDCertificate, you must import the RemoteDesktop Module with Import-Module RemoteDesktop. Step #2 - Observe out-of-box behavior The first time you visit the Deployment Properties dialog box by navigating to Server Manager - Remote Desktop Services - Collections and selecting "Edit Deployment Properties" from the "TASKS" dropdown list in the "COLLECTIONS" grouping, you will see the following screen: This window is misleading because the level field is listed as "Not Configured". If I understand correctly all three of the role services are using a self-signed certificate. For the RD Web Access role this can be verified by visiting the website: The certificate being used also appears in the Certificates MMC: Step #3 - Assign new certificate The Deployment Properties dialog box will allow me to select my existing certificate. The certificate must be placed within the local computers Certificates MMC in the "Personal" certificate store. The private key will need to be exportable, and you will need to provide the password. I temporarily exported my certificate to a file named temp.pfx with a password, and then imported it into Remote Desktop Services from there. Once this is done the GUI will indicate that it is ready to accept the new configuration. Once I click the "Apply" button, the GUI indicates success. This can be verified by visiting the RD Web Access web site a second time. There is no certificate error. Step #4 - The GUI fails to maintain its state If the GUI is closed and reopened, all of these settings appear to be lost. Actually, the certificate I configured is still being used. I am able to continue accessing the RD Web Access site without any certificate errors. Oddly, if I use the "Create new certificate..." button to generate a self-signed certificate this window will update to an "Untrusted" level. This setting will then be maintained through the opening and closing of the Deployment Properties dialog box. Is there anything I can do to have my settings appear to stick? I feel like something is wrong when the GUI claims I haven't fully configured certificates.

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• permanent NAS-mount in Ubuntu - wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock

  - by Emil

  My network drive shows up in the file browser, just like my external usb-harddrive. Moving, running and editing files works. Hovering over it shows smb://lacie-2big/nasdisk . BUT, when I want to save a file, the drive doesn't come up as an option. All I can see is my other places, including my usb-harddrive. I am a complete newbie but I am GUESSING that it has something to do with the mount not being a "real" mount but just a shortcut to the smb location. So I ran the tutorial at https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MountWindowsSharesPermanently about how to "mount a network drive permanently". edited my fstab to //LaCie-2big/nasdisk /media/nasmount cifs guest,uid=1000,iocharset=utf8,codepage=unicode,unicode 0 0 and running sudo mount -a gave me the following error: mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on //LaCie-2big/nasdisk, missing codepage or helper program, or other error (for several filesystems (e.g. nfs, cifs) you might need a /sbin/mount. helper program) In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so Now thats a very helpful error message, BUT, before I go any further, I'd be really thankful if one of you could tell me if I'm even in the right ballpark, or if my actual need: to be able to download files (ie torrents) directly to the drive, can be possible as it is already. Question: How to fix "wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on //LaCie-2big/nasdisk, missing codepage or helper program" when running mount -a

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