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  • Preserving text formatting for dynamic website

    - by Mohit
    Hello Folks, I am facing a problem while creating a dynamic website. I am building it for some pharma company, which have many products. The problem is, every product have different sections of description, and have to be formatted differently. I wanted to store all the product descriptions in the database, but at the same time preserve the formatting of each description. I also plan to provide an admin interface, where they could edit the product information themselves. I could use Joomla or any other CMS for that purpose, but i wanted to know if i want to build such a system of my own, where i could format the text in an editor and them save that thing into database and when i retrieve it, i get the same formatting. How could i do this? Also i wanted to do this in PHP. Thanks -- Mohit

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  • How to pack a Chrome extension on Mac OSX with commandline??

    - by Parimal Das
    Hi I am trying to automate my Chrome extension building process on OSX 10.5. I am unable to find a similar command for OSX like this for Windows chrome.exe --pack-extension=c:\myext --pack-extension-key=c:\myext.pem Is it even possible on OSX? As there is no mention of it in the documentation. Please guide me. Thanks in advance. -Parimal Das

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  • libevent buffered events and half-closed sockets

    - by Vi
    It is simple to implement a port mapper using bufferevent_* functions of libevent. However, the documentation states that "This file descriptor is not allowed to be a pipe(2)". Will libevent work correctly if I shutdown the socket in one direction shutdown(socket, SHUT_WR);? I expect it to discard remaining data in the buffer and not write there anymore, but continue reading from socket and calling a read handler.

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  • jqgrid problem:Where is the "filter" param?

    - by davykiash
    Am curently looking at the jqgrid documentation on advanced search and specifically search_adv.php file that comes with it. I have noted the following line of code $searchstr = Strip($_REQUEST['filters']); However when I look at the output on firebug of my jqgrid post I see _search true nd 1270148130165 page 1 rows 10 searchField income_types_desc searchOper eq searchString 5 sidx income_types_desc sord asc Where on earth is the "filter" param?

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  • MySQL to AppEngine

    - by Daniel Naito
    Hi Nick! How are you? I'm from Brazil and study at FATEC (college located in Brazil). I'm trying to learn about AppEngine. Now, I'm trying to load a large database from MySQL to AppEngine to perform some queries, but I don't know how i can do it. I did some testing with CSV files,but is there any way to perform the direct import from MySQL? This database is from Pentaho BI Server (www.pentaho.com). Thank you for your attention. Regards, Daniel Naito

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  • Using Unity and interfaces, how do I create a concrete class that implements IDisposable

    - by Ryan ONeill
    I have an interface (IDbAccess) for a database access class so that I can unit test it using Unity. It all works fine in Unity and now I want to make the concrete database class implement IDisposable so that it closes the db connections. My problem is that Unity does not understand that my concrete class is disposable because the interface (IDbAccess) cannot implement another interface. So how can I write code like this (pseudo code) so that Unity is aware that it needs to dispose the class as soon as I am done? Using var MyDbAccessInstance = Unity.Resolve<IDbAccess> { } Thanks Ryan

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  • GZipStream or DeflateStream class?

    - by Seventh Element
    The MSDN documentation tells me the following: The GZipStream class uses the gzip data format, which includes a cyclic redundancy check value for detecting data corruption. The gzip data format uses the same compression algorithm as the DeflateStream class. It seems GZipStream adds some extra data to the output (relative to DeflateStream). I'm wondering, in what type of a scenario would it be essential to use GZipStream and not DeflateStream?

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  • WinForms: Why is Control.Parent null?

    - by Neil Barnwell
    I'm trying to get the parent of a listview docked within a splitcontainer, and am finding that ListView.Parent is null. According to the documentation this should be: A Control that represents the parent or container control of the control. Can anyone explain why this property would be null? I've tried moving the ListView to the Form (in order to rule out weird behaviour when docked in a splitcontainer) to no avail.

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  • A cycle in object graph detected in JPA.

    - by Nitesh Panchal
    Hello, I am trying to figure out this error since 5 hours without any success. SO i finally thought of posting in here. Please help i am really in big trouble. I am stuck on this and see no way of solving this error. This is my database structure tblBlogRegion BlogRegionId (primary key) BlogRegionName tblGadget GadgetId(primary key) GadgetName tblBlogs BlogId(primary key) Blogname BlogTypeId (reference key from tblSiteTerm tblSiteTerms SiteTermsId(primary key) SiteTermsName tblBlogGadgets BlogGadgetsId(primary key) BlogRegionId(foreign key from tblBlogRegion) BlogId(foreign key from tblBlog) GadgetId(foreign key from tblGadget) Is it not normal database structure? Do you see anything that is cyclic? WHen i try to fetch list from tblGadgets i get this error :- [com.sun.istack.SAXException2: A cycle is detected in the object graph. This will cause infinitely deep XML: entity.BlogGadgets[blogGadgetsId=1] -> entity.Blogs[blogId=2] -> entity.BlogGadgets[blogGadgetsId=1]] I am trying to get list from web service using JAS-WS.

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  • How do I use Loki's small object allocator?

    - by Gregory
    I need to use Loki's small object allocator but I am very confused as to how it works. I've read the documentation and lots of forums but it doesnt make sense: some of them say to use the stl, others use custom allocators. I just need to be able to test its performance with allocating and deallocating objects of different sizes. Could someone please provide a small example of how to use it?

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  • Enable debug logging in maven jetty 7 plugin

    - by wds
    I'm running a java webapp with a simple mvn jetty:run, using the latest jetty plugin, but I can't seem to find a way to tell jetty to output DEBUG messages to console (for the embedded jetty instance, not the plugin itself). It's currently outputting only WARN and INFO messages. I've tried setting -DDEBUG and -DVERBOSE, but they don't do anything. I've already had a look at the documentation, but it doesn't seem to cover this.

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  • Should an event-sourced aggregate root have query access to the event sourcing repository?

    - by JD Courtoy
    I'm working on an event-sourced CQRS implementation, using DDD in the application / domain layer. I have an object model that looks like this: public class Person : AggregateRootBase { private Guid? _bookingId; public Person(Identification identification) { Apply(new PersonCreatedEvent(identification)); } public Booking CreateBooking() { // Enforce Person invariants var booking = new Booking(); Apply(new PersonBookedEvent(booking.Id)); return booking; } public void Release() { // Enforce Person invariants // Should we load the booking here from the aggregate repository? // We need to ensure that booking is released as well. var booking = BookingRepository.Load(_bookingId); booking.Release(); Apply(new PersonReleasedEvent(_bookingId)); } [EventHandler] public void Handle(PersonBookedEvent @event) { _bookingId = @event.BookingId; } [EventHandler] public void Handle(PersonReleasedEvent @event) { _bookingId = null; } } public class Booking : AggregateRootBase { private DateTime _bookingDate; private DateTime? _releaseDate; public Booking() { //Enforce invariants Apply(new BookingCreatedEvent()); } public void Release() { //Enforce invariants Apply(new BookingReleasedEvent()); } [EventHandler] public void Handle(BookingCreatedEvent @event) { _bookingDate = SystemTime.Now(); } [EventHandler] public void Handle(BookingReleasedEvent @event) { _releaseDate = SystemTime.Now(); } // Some other business activities unrelated to a person } With my understanding of DDD so far, both Person and Booking are seperate aggregate roots for two reasons: There are times when business components will pull Booking objects separately from the database. (ie, a person that has been released has a previous booking modified due to incorrect information). There should not be locking contention between Person and Booking whenever a Booking needs to be updated. One other business requirement is that a Booking can never occur for a Person more than once at a time. Due to this, I'm concerned about querying the query database on the read side as there could potentially be some inconsistency there (due to using CQRS and having an eventually consistent read database). Should the aggregate roots be allowed to query the event-sourced backing store for objects (lazy-loading them as needed)? Are there any other avenues of implementation that would make more sense?

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  • MySQL auto increment

    - by mouthpiec
    Hi, I have table with an auto-increment field, but I need to transfer the table to another table on another database. Will the value of field 1 be 1, that of field 2 be 2, etc? Also in case the database get corrupted and I need to restore the data, will the auto-increment effect in some way? will the value change? (eg if the first row, id (auto-inc) = 1, name = john, country = UK .... will the id field remain 1?) I am asking because if other table refer to this value, all data will get out of sync if this field change.

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  • Managing a difficult manager

    - by griegs
    I have a situation here at work. We are redeveloping our basic architecture across the entire company. Currently we have the following hierarchy; SQL Database <= Stored Procs not allowed. nHibernate Classes to convert nHibernate into our own objects Web Service <= for all external and [internal] calls. Class to take objects from Web Service and back into our own objects and then… Normal nTier application architecture such as Data Transformation Layer, Business layer etc. Within the database, when we are writing a hierarchy of objects to the database, say for example; Order Person Details Address Product Other We need to serialise the object and save it, in its entirety, to an image field in a table. No attempt has been made to store the objects in their own tables so that we can do useful stuff like report on it. This is an architecture that was implemented [way] before I started and as you can probably appreciate, is a complete nightmare not to mention slow as a wet weekend. We’re not even allowed to have stored procs within SQL server because in my boss’s last job they had a hundred or so and he had a problem identifying them all so therefore all stored procs are the devil. Now the same person that developed the above architecture has developed the new one. It came as no surprise that he’s essentially used the same framework only now it’s using DotNet 3.5 with interfaces and generics. We still have to go through web services, still need to serialise (everything), still not allowed to use stored procs etc. In fact, we’re only barely able to bang two rocks together here. He says to us that the framework is open for discussion but when you discuss it, unless you approve of his design, you are told flatly “No”. He simply won’t listen to any other suggestions. Even when you show him demo applications of his proposed architecture v’s yours and he can see the speed difference, he still won’t take that on board. So I guess my question is, and I know others have experienced the same things out there, how do I get through to someone like this? How do you convince someone to ditch Web Services for internal calls and applications? How do you demonstrate, and make it stick, that stored procs are a better way to go than ad-hoc sql statements? This is killing me. I don’t want to repeat the mistakes of the past and I certainly don’t want to write code that I know is going to be slow and cumbersome. Help!

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  • Amazon S3 File Uploads

    - by Abdul Latif
    I can upload files from a form using post, but I am trying to find out how to add extra fields to the form i.e File Description, Type and etc. Also can I upload more than one file at once, I know it says you can't using post in the documentation but are there any work arounds? Thanks in Advance

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  • Installing Oracle 11gR2 on RHEL 6.2

    - by Chris
    Hello all I'm having some difficulty installing Oracle 11gR2 on RHEL 6.2 I have compiled a giant list of every single step I have taken so far I installed RHEL 6.2 on VMWARE it did it's easy install automatically I Selected 4gb of memory Selected max size of 80Gb Selected 2 processors Sorry for the bad styling copy paste isn't working correctly The version of oracle i downloaded is Linux x86-64 11.2.0.1 I am installing this on a local machine NOT a remote machine I followed the following documentation http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/install.112/e24326/toc.htm I bolded the steps which I was least sure about from my research Easy installed with RHEL 6.2 for VMWARE Registered with red hat so I can get updates Reinstalled vmware-tools by pressing enter at every choice Sudo yum update at the end something about GPG key selected y then y Checked Memory Requirements grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 3921368 kb uname -m x86_64 grep SwapTotal /proc/meminfo SwapTotal: 6160376 kb free total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 3921368 2032012 1889356 0 76216 1533268 -/+ buffers/cache: 422528 3498840 Swap: 6160376 0 6160376 df -h /dev/shm Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on tmpfs 1.9G 276K 1.9G 1% /dev/shm df -h /tmp Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 73G 2.7G 67G 4% / df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 73G 2.7G 67G 4% / tmpfs 1.9G 276K 1.9G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 291M 58M 219M 21% /boot All looked fine to me except maybe for swap? Software Requirements cat /proc/version Linux version 2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64 ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.4.5 20110214 (Red Hat 4.4.5-6) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Wed Nov 9 08:03:13 EST 2011 uname -r 2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64 (same as above but whatever) According to the tutorial should be On Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 or later These are the versions of software I have installed binutils-2.20.51.0.2-5.28.el6.x86_64 compat-libcap1-1.10-1.x86_64 compat-libstdc++-33-3.2.3-69.el6.x86_64 compat-libstdc++-33.i686 0:3.2.3-69.el6 gcc-4.4.6-3.el6.x86_64 gcc-c++.x86_64 0:4.4.6-3.el6 glibc-2.12-1.47.el6_2.12.x86_64 glibc-2.12-1.47.el6_2.12.i686 glibc-devel-2.12-1.47.el6_2.12.x86_64 glibc-devel.i686 0:2.12-1.47.el6_2.12 ksh.x86_64 0:20100621-12.el6_2.1 libgcc-4.4.6-3.el6.x86_64 libgcc-4.4.6-3.el6.i686 libstdc++-4.4.6-3.el6.x86_64 libstdc++.i686 0:4.4.6-3.el6 libstdc++-devel.i686 0:4.4.6-3.el6 libstdc++-devel-4.4.6-3.el6.x86_64 libaio-0.3.107-10.el6.x86_64 libaio-0.3.107-10.el6.i686 libaio-devel-0.3.107-10.el6.x86_64 libaio-devel-0.3.107-10.el6.i686 make-3.81-19.el6.x86_64 sysstat-9.0.4-18.el6.x86_64 unixODBC-2.2.14-11.el6.x86_64 unixODBC-devel-2.2.14-11.el6.x86_64 unixODBC-devel-2.2.14-11.el6.i686 unixODBC-2.2.14-11.el6.i686 8. Probably screwed up here or step 9 /usr/sbin/groupadd oinstall /usr/sbin/groupadd dba(not sure why this isn't in the tutorial) /usr/sbin/useradd -g oinstall -G dba oracle passwd oracle /sbin/sysctl -a | grep sem Xkernel.sem = 250 32000 32 128 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep shm kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 kernel.shmall = 4294967296 kernel.shmmni = 4096 vm.hugetlb_shm_group = 0 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep file-max Xfs.file-max = 384629 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep ip_local_port_range Xnet.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 32768 61000 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_default Xnet.core.rmem_default = 124928 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_max Xnet.core.rmem_max = 131071 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_max Xnet.core.wmem_max = 131071 /sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_default Xnet.core.wmem_default = 124928 Here is my sysctl.conf file I only added the items that were bigger: Kernel sysctl configuration file for Red Hat Linux # For binary values, 0 is disabled, 1 is enabled. See sysctl(8) and sysctl.conf(5) for more details. Controls IP packet forwarding net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 Controls source route verification net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1 Do not accept source routing net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel kernel.sysrq = 0 Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename. Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications. kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 Controls the use of TCP syncookies net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 Disable netfilter on bridges. net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0 Controls the maximum size of a message, in bytes kernel.msgmnb = 65536 Controls the default maxmimum size of a mesage queue kernel.msgmax = 65536 Controls the maximum shared segment size, in bytes kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 Controls the maximum number of shared memory segments, in pages kernel.shmall = 4294967296 fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576 fs.file-max = 6815744 kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 net.core.rmem_default = 262144 net.core.rmem_max = 4194304 net.core.wmem_default = 262144 net.core.wmem_max = 1048576 /sbin/sysctl -p net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1 net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 kernel.sysrq = 0 kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 error: "net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables" is an unknown key error: "net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables" is an unknown key error: "net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables" is an unknown key kernel.msgmnb = 65536 kernel.msgmax = 65536 kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 kernel.shmall = 4294967296 fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576 fs.file-max = 6815744 kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128 net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 net.core.rmem_default = 262144 net.core.rmem_max = 4194304 net.core.wmem_default = 262144 net.core.wmem_max = 1048576 su - oracle ulimit -Sn 1024 ulimit -Hn 1024 ulimit -Su 1024 ulimit -Hu 30482 ulimit -Su 1024 ulimit -Ss 10240 ulimit -Hs unlimited su - nano /etc/security/limits.conf *added to the end of the file * oracle soft nproc 2047 oracle hard nproc 16384 oracle soft nofile 1024 oracle hard nofile 65536 oracle soft stack 10240 exit exit su - mkdir -p /app/ chown -R oracle:oinstall /app/ chmod -R 775 /app/ 9. THIS IS PROBABLY WHERE I MESSED UP I then exited out of the root account so now I'm back in my account chris then I su - oracle echo $SHELL /bin/bash umask 0022 (so it should be set already to what is neccesary) Also from what I have read I do not need to set the DISPLAY variable because I'm installing this on the localhost I then opened the .bash_profile of the oracle and changed it to the following .bash_profile Get the aliases and functions if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc fi User specific environment and startup programs PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin; export PATH ORACLE_BASE=/app/oracle ORACLE_SID=orcl export ORACLE_BASE ORACLE_SID I then shutdown the virtual machine shared my desktop folder from my windows 7 then turned back on the virtual machine logged in as chris opened up a terminal then: su - for some reason the shared folder didn't appear so I reinstalled vmware tools again and restarted then same as before su - cp -R linux_oracle/database /db; chown -R oracle:oinstall /db; chmod -R 775 /db; ll /db drwxrwxr-x. 8 oracle oinstall 4096 Jun 5 06:20 database exit su - oracle cd /db/database ./runInstaller AND FINALLY THE INFAMOUS JAVA:132 ERROR MESSAGE Starting Oracle Universal Installer... Checking Temp space: must be greater than 80 MB. Actual 65646 MB Passed Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB. Actual 6015 MB Passed Checking monitor: must be configured to display at least 256 colors. Actual 16777216 Passed Preparing to launch Oracle Universal Installer from /tmp/OraInstall2012-06-05_06-47-12AM. Please wait ...[oracle@localhost database]$ Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: /tmp/OraInstall2012-06-05_06-47-12AM/jdk/jre/lib/i386/xawt/libmawt.so: libXext.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory at java.lang.ClassLoader$NativeLibrary.load(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary0(ClassLoader.java:1751) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary(ClassLoader.java:1647) at java.lang.Runtime.load0(Runtime.java:769) at java.lang.System.load(System.java:968) at java.lang.ClassLoader$NativeLibrary.load(Native Method) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary0(ClassLoader.java:1751) at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadLibrary(ClassLoader.java:1668) at java.lang.Runtime.loadLibrary0(Runtime.java:822) at java.lang.System.loadLibrary(System.java:993) at sun.security.action.LoadLibraryAction.run(LoadLibraryAction.java:50) at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method) at java.awt.Toolkit.loadLibraries(Toolkit.java:1509) at java.awt.Toolkit.(Toolkit.java:1530) at com.jgoodies.looks.LookUtils.isLowResolution(Unknown Source) at com.jgoodies.looks.LookUtils.(Unknown Source) at com.jgoodies.looks.plastic.PlasticLookAndFeel.(PlasticLookAndFeel.java:122) at java.lang.Class.forName0(Native Method) at java.lang.Class.forName(Class.java:242) at javax.swing.SwingUtilities.loadSystemClass(SwingUtilities.java:1783) at javax.swing.UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.java:480) at oracle.install.commons.util.Application.startup(Application.java:758) at oracle.install.commons.flow.FlowApplication.startup(FlowApplication.java:164) at oracle.install.commons.flow.FlowApplication.startup(FlowApplication.java:181) at oracle.install.commons.base.driver.common.Installer.startup(Installer.java:265) at oracle.install.ivw.db.driver.DBInstaller.startup(DBInstaller.java:114) at oracle.install.ivw.db.driver.DBInstaller.main(DBInstaller.java:132)

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  • No memory window in Visual Studio 2010

    - by Fredrik Jansson
    I have VS2010 Premium RTM version on Windows 7 Ultimate x64. In the documentation they refer to the Memory 1-4 windows, supposedly under Debug-Windows-Memory. I have "Enable address-level debugging" enabled in VS (Options-Debugging). The problem is that I have no Memory menu item under Debug-Windows during debug of a c++ program. Under Debug-Windows I have only: Breakpoints Parallel Tasks Parallel Stacks Watch - Locals Call Stack Threads Have anyone else experienced this (and hopefully solved it)?

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  • jqgrid ASP.NET MVC -- getting data right for the grid.

    - by SamM09
    Here is my dilemma, I have not been able to manipulate my data to a form fitting to jqgrid standards. This is my first time using the jqgrid and I've spent a lot of time reading up on it. My js code is as follows: jQuery("#list").jqGrid({ url: '/Home/ListContacts/', dataType: "json", contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8", mtype: 'POST', colNames: ['First Name', 'MI', 'Last Name'], colModel: [ { name: 'First Name', index: 'FName', width: 40, align: 'left' }, { name: 'MI', index: 'MInitial', width: 40, align: 'left' }, { name: 'Last Name', index: 'LName', width: 400, align: 'left'}], pager: jQuery('#pager'), rowNum: 10, rowList: [5, 10, 20, 50], sortname: 'Id', sortorder: "desc", repeatitems: false, viewrecords: true, imgpath: '/scripts/themes/basic/images', caption: 'My first grid' }); }); what im getting from the database: [["4","Jenna","Mccarthy"],["56","wer","weoiru"]] Now correct me if I am wrong, but the index: in my colModel refers to the column names in my database right? Could someone point to a reference that is straight forward or just start me off with this I would be most grateful.

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  • Is the design notion of layers contrived?

    - by Bruce
    Hi all I'm reading through Eric Evans' awesome work, Domain-Driven Design. However, I can't help feeling that the 'layers' model is contrived. To expand on that statement, it seems as if it tries to shoe-horn various concepts into a specific, neat model, that of layers talking to each other. It seems to me that the layers model is too simplified to actually capture the way that (good) software works. To expand further: Evans says: "Partition a complex program into layers. Develop a design within each layer that is cohesive and that depends only on the layers below. Follow standard architectural patterns to provide loose coupling to the layers above." Maybe I'm misunderstanding what 'depends' means, but as far as I can see, it can either mean a) Class X (in the UI for example) has a reference to a concrete class Y (in the main application) or b) Class X has a reference to a class Y-ish object providing class Y-ish services (ie a reference held as an interface). If it means (a), then this is clearly a bad thing, since it defeats re-using the UI as a front-end to some other application that provides Y-ish functionality. But if it means (b), then how is the UI any more dependent on the application, than the application is dependent on the UI? Both are decoupled from each other as much as they can be while still talking to each other. Evans' layer model of dependencies going one way seems too neat. First, isn't it more accurate to say that each area of the design provides a module that is pretty much an island to itself, and that ideally all communication is through interfaces, in a contract-driven/responsibility-driven paradigm? (ie, the 'dependency only on lower layers' is contrived). Likewise with the domain layer talking to the database - the domain layer is as decoupled (through DAO etc) from the database as the database is from the domain layer. Neither is dependent on the other, both can be swapped out. Second, the idea of a conceptual straight line (as in from one layer to the next) is artificial - isn't there more a network of intercommunicating but separate modules, including external services, utility services and so on, branching off at different angles? Thanks all - hoping that your responses can clarify my understanding on this..

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