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  • C++ game architecture

    - by rxc
    I'm trying to make a game, but I'm not sure of the best way to set up the main loop and classes. For really small games, I could put everything in the main() loop, including event handling, collision checking, etc. However, for large games, that's seems like a highly inefficient way to get things done. The architecture I want is kind like the way the Minecraft coders did it (I quote Minecraft code because I've seen the source code when downloading MCP). They have objects entity classes EntityCow and EntityChicken and they have methods like onDeath(), onLivingUpdate(); and item classes like ItemSword have methods like onItemUse(). I've never seen these methods get called directly, but apparently, they get stored in a class called DataWatcher, which, I think "watches" all the data (as the name implies) and calls the appropriate methods in the objects. Is that how most games do it? If so, how is the DataWatcher class implemented? Any help or alternate suggestions is really appreciated.

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  • Customizable Method Bodies in NetBeans IDE 7.3

    - by Geertjan
    In NetBeans IDE 7.3, bodies of newly created methods can now be customized in Tools/Templates/Java/Code Snippets, see below: The content of the first of the two above, "Generated Method Body", is like this: <#-- A built-in Freemarker template (see http://freemarker.sourceforge.net) used for filling the body of methods generated by the IDE. When editing the template, the following predefined variables, that will be then expanded into the corresponding values, could be used together with Java expressions and comments: ${method_return_type}       a return type of a created method ${default_return_value}     a value returned by the method by default ${method_name}              name of the created method ${class_name}               qualified name of the enclosing class ${simple_class_name}        simple name of the enclosing class --> throw new java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet."); //To change body of generated methods, choose Tools | Templates. The second one, "Overriden Methody Body", is as follows: <#-- A built-in Freemarker template (see http://freemarker.sourceforge.net) used for filling the body of overridden methods generated by the IDE. When editing the template, the following predefined variables, that will be then expanded into the corresponding values, could be used together with Java expressions and comments: ${super_method_call}        a super method call ${method_return_type}       a return type of a created method ${default_return_value}     a value returned by the method by default ${method_name}              name of the created method ${class_name}               qualified name of the enclosing class ${simple_class_name}        simple name of the enclosing class --> <#if method_return_type?? && method_return_type != "void"> return ${super_method_call}; //To change body of generated methods, choose Tools | Templates. <#else> ${super_method_call}; //To change body of generated methods, choose Tools | Templates. </#if>

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  • Are there scenarios where the ViewModel needs to invoke methods on the View w.r.t. MVVM in WPF?

    - by Gishu
    As per the pattern, the ViewModel exposes Properties(with change notification) and Commands (to notify the VM of user actions) that the View binds to. The only communication that flows from the VM to the View is the property change notifications (so that the View can refresh itself with updated data). In MVP or PresentationModel form of the pattern (if I'm not mistaken), the View implements a plain vanilla interface (consisting of methods, properties and/or events). With MVVM, it feels methods on the IView have been outlawed (along with IView itself). One scenario I could think of was to set the focus to a certain control in the View. (When the user does ActionX, the focus should immediately be set to FieldY). In MVP, I'd write this as IView.ActivateField(NameConstant), which the presenter or PM would invoke. In MVVM, this seems to be a fringe case that needs a workaround / little bit of code-behind. The VM implements an ActiveField Property, which it sets to NameConstant. The view picks up the change notification event and in a code-behind event handler, activates the Name control. Is the above just an exception to the norm? Or are there other such scenarios, where the VM needs to invoke a method on the View ?

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  • How to easily substitute a Base class

    - by JTom
    Hi, I have the following hierarchy of classes class classOne { virtual void abstractMethod() = 0; }; class classTwo : public classOne { }; class classThree : public classTwo { }; All classOne, classTwo and classThree are abstract classes, and I have another class that is defining the pure virtual methods class classNonAbstract : public classThree { void abstractMethod(); // Couple of new methods void doIt(); void doItToo(); }; And right now I need it differently...I need it like class classNonAbstractOne : public classOne { void abstractMethod(); // Couple of new methods void doIt(); void doItToo(); }; class classNonAbstractTwo : public classTwo { void abstractMethod(); // Couple of new methods void doIt(); void doItToo(); }; and class classNonAbstractThree : public classThree { void abstractMethod(); // Couple of new methods void doIt(); void doItToo(); }; But all the nonAbstract classes have the same new methods, with the same code...and I would like to avoid copying all the methods and it's code to every nonAbstract class. How could I accomplish that? Hopefully it's understandable...

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  • Same random numbers from instantiated class

    - by user1797202
    I'm learning C# and created a class within my program that holds a random number generator: class RandomNumberGenerator { Random RNG = new Random(); // A bunch of methods that use random numbers are in here } Inside this class are a few methods that use the RNG. Data gets sent here from other parts of the program, gets processed, then gets returned. One of the methods does the following: // Method works something like this int Value1 = RNG.Next(x, y); int Value2 = RNG.Next(x, y); int Value3 = RNG.Next(x, y); The x, y values are to be sent here from another class. So, I have to create an instance of the RandomNumberGenerator within that class so I can call its methods and pass the x and y values to it. class DoStuff { RandomNumberGenerator Randomizer = new RandomNumberGenerator // Here I call a bunch of Randomizer methods that give me values I need } The problem in the above method is that I get the same numbers every time for all three values. I'm not sure if it's because they're so close together and Randomizer's seed value hasn't had time to change or if I'm doing something wrong when I create a new instance of the RandomNumberGenerator class. I've gone through a bunch of answers on here already and typically problems like this are due to people creating many new Random objects when they run methods (thus setting the seed for all of them to the same value), but the only new Random object I create is within the RandomNumberGenerator class. I then instantiate that once within the other class so I can pass it data and use its methods. Why is this happening and how would I fix this?

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  • arch openldap authentication failure

    - by nonus25
    I setup the openldap, all look fine but i cant setup authentication, #getent shadow | grep user user:*::::::: tuser:*::::::: tuser2:*::::::: #getent passwd | grep user git:!:999:999:git daemon user:/:/bin/bash user:x:10000:2000:Test User:/home/user/:/bin/zsh tuser:x:10000:2000:Test User:/home/user/:/bin/zsh tuser2:x:10002:2000:Test User:/home/tuser2/:/bin/zsh from root i can login as a one of these users #su - tuser2 su: warning: cannot change directory to /home/tuser2/: No such file or directory 10:24 tuser2@juliet:/root i cant login via ssh also passwd is not working #ldapwhoami -h 10.121.3.10 -D "uid=user,ou=People,dc=xcl,dc=ie" ldap_bind: Server is unwilling to perform (53) additional info: unauthenticated bind (DN with no password) disallowed 10:30 root@juliet:~ #ldapwhoami -h 10.121.3.10 -D "uid=user,ou=People,dc=xcl,dc=ie" -W Enter LDAP Password: ldap_bind: Invalid credentials (49) typed password by me is correct /etc/openldap/slapd.conf access to dn.base="" by * read access to dn.base="cn=Subschema" by * read access to * by self write by users read by anonymous read access to * by dn="uid=root,ou=Roles,dc=xcl,dc=ie" write by users read by anonymous auth access to attrs=userPassword,gecos,description,loginShell by self write access to attrs="userPassword" by dn="uid=root,ou=Roles,dc=xcl,dc=ie" write by anonymous auth by self write by * none access to * by dn="uid=root,ou=Roles,dc=xcl,dc=ie" write by dn="uid=achmiel,ou=People,dc=xcl,dc=ie" write by * search access to attrs=userPassword by self =w by anonymous auth access to * by self write by users read database hdb suffix "dc=xcl,dc=ie" rootdn "cn=root,dc=xcl,dc=ie" rootpw "{SSHA}AM14+..." there are some parts of that conf file /etc/openldap/ldap.conf looks : BASE dc=xcl,dc=ie URI ldap://192.168.10.156/ TLS_REQCERT allow TIMELIMIT 2 so my question is what i am missing that ldap not allow me login by using password ?

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  • Impossible to do POSTs with appengine-jruby/RoR: Reflection is not allowed

    - by Joel Cuevas
    I'm trying to build a site with RoR on Google App Engine. I'm using the google-appengine gem (http://appengine-jruby.googlecode.com) and following the instructions in (http://gist.github.com/268192). The problem is that I can't submit ANY form! I've already tried this in two diferent clean Win 7 Pro envs and the result is the same. After install Ruby 1.8.6 (One-Click Installer): 1. gem update --system 2. gem install rails 3. gem install google-appengine 4. gem install rails_dm_datastore 5. gem install activerecord-nulldb-adapter 6. curl -O http://appengine-jruby.googlecode.com/hg/demos/rails2/rails2_appengine.rb 7. ruby rails2_appengine.rb (previously downloaded) 8. rails myproj 9. chmod myproj 10. ruby script/generate dd_model MyModel f1:string f2:float f3:float f4:float f5:integer f6:integer f7:integer -f 11. ruby script/generate scaffold MyModel f1:string f2:float f3:float f4:float f5:integer f6:integer f7:integer -f --skip-migration 12. dev_appserver.rb -p 3000 . At this point, I manually test the scaffold in (http://localhost:3000/my_models). The index is OK, then I create a new registry with the generated form, everything's fine, but when I try to create a second one, I get a "java.lang.RuntimeException: DummyDynamicScope should never be used for backref storage" in the console. As far as I read this is a won't-fix behavior in JRuby 1.4.1, but it's converted to a debug only warning in 1.5.0, so I proceed to install the pre release. 13. gem install appengine-jruby-jars --pre With this, that exception is solved and everything works great... until I move the project to the GAE server. 14. ruby appcfg.rb update . And now, in (http://myproj.appspot.com/my_models), again, the index is fine, also the new form, but in the moment that I submit it with valid data, I get a 500 error: "java.lang.IllegalAccessException: Reflection is not allowed on public int". As I said, this behavior is not present in the local SDK. In both cases, I'm completely unable to post anything. This is what I have right now in the GAE environment: Ruby version 1.8.7 (java) RubyGems disabled Rack version 1.1 Rails version 2.3.5 Action Pack version 2.3.5 Active Support version 2.3.5 DataMapper version 0.10.2 Environment production JRuby Runtime version 1.5.0.pre JRuby-Rack version 0.9.7 AppEngine SDK version Google App Engine/1.3.3 AppEngine APIs version 0.0.15 And this are my intalled gems: actionmailer (2.3.5) actionpack (2.3.5) activerecord (2.3.5) activerecord-nulldb-adapter (0.2.0) activeresource (2.3.5) activesupport (2.3.5) addressable (2.1.2) appengine-apis (0.0.15) appengine-jruby-jars (0.0.8.pre, 0.0.7) appengine-rack (0.0.8) appengine-sdk (1.3.3.1) appengine-tools (0.0.12) bundler08 (0.8.5) dm-appengine (0.0.8) dm-ar-finders (0.10.2) dm-core (0.10.2) dm-timestamps (0.10.2) dm-validations (0.10.2) extlib (0.9.14) fxri (0.3.7, 0.3.6) google-appengine (0.0.12) hpricot (0.8.2 x86-mswin32, 0.6 mswin32) jruby-rack (0.9.8, 0.9.7) log4r (1.1.7, 1.0.5) rack (1.1.0, 1.0.1) rails (2.3.5) rails_appengine (0.0.3) rails_dm_datastore (0.2.9) rake (0.8.7, 0.7.3) rubygems-update (1.3.7, 1.3.6) rubyzip (0.9.4) sources (0.0.1) win32-api (1.4.6 x86-mswin32-60, 1.0.4 mswin32) win32-clipboard (0.5.2, 0.4.3) win32-dir (0.3.6, 0.3.2) win32-eventlog (0.5.2, 0.4.6) win32-file (0.6.3, 0.5.4) win32-file-stat (1.3.4, 1.2.7) win32-process (0.6.2, 0.5.3) win32-sapi (0.1.5, 0.1.4) win32-sound (0.4.2, 0.4.1) windows-api (0.4.0, 0.2.0) windows-pr (1.0.9, 0.7.2) I'm unable to attach the full logs of the exceptions because of the character limits, but I can provide them under request. Here's an abstract of them: DummyDynamicScope (dev and prod envs): 14-may-2010 7:18:40 com.google.appengine.tools.development.ApiProxyLocalImpl log SEVERE: [1273821520195000] javax.servlet.ServletContext log: Application Error java.lang.RuntimeException: DummyDynamicScope should never be used for backref storage at org.jruby.runtime.scope.DummyDynamicScope.getBackRef(DummyDynamicScope.java:49) at org.jruby.RubyRegexp.updateBackRef(RubyRegexp.java:1404) at org.jruby.RubyRegexp.updateBackRef(RubyRegexp.java:1396) at org.jruby.RubyRegexp.search(RubyRegexp.java:1386) at org.jruby.RubyRegexp.op_match(RubyRegexp.java:1301) at org.jruby.RubyString.op_match(RubyString.java:1446) at org.jruby.RubyString$i_method_1_0$RUBYINVOKER$op_match.call(org/jruby/RubyString$i_method_1_0$RUBYINVOKER$op_match.gen) at org.jruby.internal.runtime.methods.JavaMethod$JavaMethodOneOrN.call(JavaMethod.java:721) at org.jruby.RubyClass.finvoke(RubyClass.java:472) at org.jruby.RubyObject.send(RubyObject.java:1442) at org.jruby.RubyObject$i_method_multi$RUBYINVOKER$send.call(org/jruby/RubyObject$i_method_multi$RUBYINVOKER$send.gen) at org.jruby.internal.runtime.methods.JavaMethod$JavaMethodZeroOrOneOrTwoOrNBlock.call(JavaMethod.java:276) at org.jruby.runtime.callsite.CachingCallSite.cacheAndCall(CachingCallSite.java:330) at org.jruby.runtime.callsite.CachingCallSite.call(CachingCallSite.java:189) at ruby.jit.ruby.C_3a_.Desarrollo.AppEngine.gorgory.WEB_minus_INF.lib.gems_dot_jar.bundler_gems.jruby.$1_dot_8.gems.dm_minus_validations_minus_0_dot_10_dot_2.lib.dm_minus_validations.validators.numeric_validator.validate_with_comparison at ruby.jit.ruby.C_3a_.Desarrollo.AppEngine.gorgory.WEB_minus_INF.lib.gems_dot_jar.bundler_gems.jruby.$1_dot_8.gems.dm_minus_validations_minus_0_dot_10_dot_2.lib.dm_minus_validations.validators.numeric_validator.validate_with_comparison at org.jruby.internal.runtime.methods.JittedMethod.call(JittedMethod.java:102) at org.jruby.internal.runtime.methods.DefaultMethod.call(DefaultMethod.java:144) at org.jruby.runtime.callsite.CachingCallSite.cacheAndCall(CachingCallSite.java:280) at org.jruby.runtime.callsite.CachingCallSite.call(CachingCallSite.java:69) at org.jruby.ast.FCallManyArgsNode.interpret(FCallManyArgsNode.java:60) at org.jruby.ast.NewlineNode.interpret(NewlineNode.java:104) at org.jruby.internal.runtime.methods.InterpretedMethod.call(InterpretedMethod.java:229) at org.jruby.internal.runtime.methods.DefaultMethod.call(DefaultMethod.java:193) at org.jruby.RubyClass.finvoke(RubyClass.java:491) at org.jruby.RubyObject.send(RubyObject.java:1448) at org.jruby.RubyObject$i_method_multi$RUBYINVOKER$send.call(org/jruby/RubyObject$i_method_multi$RUBYINVOKER$send.gen) at org.jruby.internal.runtime.methods.JavaMethod$JavaMethodZeroOrOneOrTwoOrThreeOrNBlock.call(JavaMethod.java:293) at org.jruby.runtime.callsite.CachingCallSite.cacheAndCall(CachingCallSite.java:350) at org.jruby.runtime.callsite.CachingCallSite.call(CachingCallSite.java:229) at ruby.jit.ruby.C_3a_.Desarrollo.AppEngine.gorgory.WEB_minus_INF.lib.gems_dot_jar.bundler_gems.jruby.$1_dot_8.gems.dm_minus_validations_minus_0_dot_10_dot_2.lib.dm_minus_validations.validators.numeric_validator.validate_with28985350_50 at ruby.jit.ruby.C_3a_.Desarrollo.AppEngine.gorgory.WEB_minus_INF.lib.gems_dot_jar.bundler_gems.jruby.$1_dot_8.gems.dm_minus_validations_minus_0_dot_10_dot_2.lib.dm_minus_validations.validators.numeric_validator.validate_with28985350_50 at org.jruby.internal.runtime.methods.JittedMethod.call(JittedMethod.java:221) at org.jruby.internal.runtime.methods.DefaultMethod.call(DefaultMethod.java:201) at org.jruby.runtime.callsite.CachingCallSite.call(CachingCallSite.java:227) at org.jruby.ast.FCallThreeArgNode.interpret(FCallThreeArgNode.java:40) Reflection (only prod env): Java::JavaLang::SecurityException (java.lang.IllegalAccessException: Reflection is not allowed on public int java.lang.String$CaseInsensitiveComparator.compare(java.lang.String,java.lang.String)): com.google.appengine.runtime.Request.process-92563a0605f433ea(Request.java) java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject.setAccessible(AccessibleObject.java:40) org.jruby.javasupport.JavaMethod.<init>(JavaMethod.java:176) org.jruby.javasupport.JavaMethod.create(JavaMethod.java:183) org.jruby.java.invokers.MethodInvoker.createCallable(MethodInvoker.java:23) org.jruby.java.invokers.RubyToJavaInvoker.<init>(RubyToJavaInvoker.java:63) org.jruby.java.invokers.MethodInvoker.<init>(MethodInvoker.java:13) org.jruby.java.invokers.InstanceMethodInvoker.<init>(InstanceMethodInvoker.java:15) org.jruby.javasupport.JavaClass$InstanceMethodInvokerInstaller.install(JavaClass.java:339) org.jruby.javasupport.JavaClass.installClassMethods(JavaClass.java:723) org.jruby.javasupport.JavaClass.setupProxy(JavaClass.java:586) org.jruby.javasupport.Java.createProxyClass(Java.java:506) org.jruby.javasupport.Java.getProxyClass(Java.java:445) org.jruby.javasupport.Java.getInstance(Java.java:354) org.jruby.javasupport.JavaUtil.convertJavaToUsableRubyObject(JavaUtil.java:143) org.jruby.javasupport.JavaClass$ConstantField.install(JavaClass.java:360) org.jruby.javasupport.JavaClass.installClassFields(JavaClass.java:711) org.jruby.javasupport.JavaClass.setupProxy(JavaClass.java:585) org.jruby.javasupport.Java.createProxyClass(Java.java:506) org.jruby.javasupport.Java.getProxyClass(Java.java:445) org.jruby.javasupport.Java.getProxyOrPackageUnderPackage(Java.java:885) org.jruby.javasupport.Java.get_proxy_or_package_under_package(Java.java:918) org.jruby.javasupport.JavaUtilities.get_proxy_or_package_under_package(JavaUtilities.java:54) org.jruby.javasupport.JavaUtilities$s_method_2_0$RUBYINVOKER$get_proxy_or_package_under_package.call(org/jruby/javasupport/JavaUtilities$s_method_2_0$RUBYINVOKER$get_proxy_or_package_under_package.gen:65535) org.jruby.runtime.callsite.CachingCallSite.cacheAndCall(CachingCallSite.java:329) org.jruby.runtime.callsite.CachingCallSite.call(CachingCallSite.java:188) org.jruby.ast.CallTwoArgNode.interpret(CallTwoArgNode.java:59) org.jruby.ast.NewlineNode.interpret(NewlineNode.java:104) org.jruby.ast.BlockNode.interpret(BlockNode.java:71) org.jruby.internal.runtime.methods.InterpretedMethod.call(InterpretedMethod.java:113) org.jruby.internal.runtime.methods.DefaultMethod.call(DefaultMethod.java:138) org.jruby.javasupport.util.RuntimeHelpers$MethodMissingMethod.call(RuntimeHelpers.java:389) org.jruby.internal.runtime.methods.DynamicMethod.call(DynamicMethod.java:182) What should I do now? Any hint would be wellcome. Thanks!

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  • Attaining Explicit and Predictable Ruby on Rails...

    - by Winston
    I need help, how can I learn this framework? Here's what I need to know. Routes, it's expected outcome, the prefix/suffix methods associated with every changes made with it. ActiveRecord, the dynamic generation of methods, the behind the scenes with prefix_ and _suffix methods. The View, how do I know what prefix/suffix methods can be used in the View. Is there's a way to know all those behind-the-scenes actions in console.

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  • How to generate NUnit fixtures programmatically?

    - by pmezard
    Hello, Say I have a test like: void TestSomething(int someParam) { // Test code } I would like to execute this test with a set of "someParam" values. I could write explicit [Test] fixtures calling TestSomething() with the parameters, which means having N methods for every TestSomething() method. I could write another [Test] method looping on "someParam" values and calling TestSomething(), it means 2 methods for every test, and the test report is not as good as with individual TestSomethingWithXValue() methods. So, is there any way to programmatically generate fixtures for every test methods and input values?

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  • Method Overloading for NULL parameter

    - by Phani
    I have added three methods with parameters: public static void doSomething(Object obj) { System.out.println("Object called"); } public static void doSomething(char[] obj) { System.out.println("Array called"); } public static void doSomething(Integer obj) { System.out.println("Array called"); } When I am calling doSomething(null) , then compiler throws error as ambiguous methods. So Is the issue because Integer and char[] methods or Integer and Object methods?

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  • Hosting the Razor Engine for Templating in Non-Web Applications

    - by Rick Strahl
    Microsoft’s new Razor HTML Rendering Engine that is currently shipping with ASP.NET MVC previews can be used outside of ASP.NET. Razor is an alternative view engine that can be used instead of the ASP.NET Page engine that currently works with ASP.NET WebForms and MVC. It provides a simpler and more readable markup syntax and is much more light weight in terms of functionality than the full blown WebForms Page engine, focusing only on features that are more along the lines of a pure view engine (or classic ASP!) with focus on expression and code rendering rather than a complex control/object model. Like the Page engine though, the parser understands .NET code syntax which can be embedded into templates, and behind the scenes the engine compiles markup and script code into an executing piece of .NET code in an assembly. Although it ships as part of the ASP.NET MVC and WebMatrix the Razor Engine itself is not directly dependent on ASP.NET or IIS or HTTP in any way. And although there are some markup and rendering features that are optimized for HTML based output generation, Razor is essentially a free standing template engine. And what’s really nice is that unlike the ASP.NET Runtime, Razor is fairly easy to host inside of your own non-Web applications to provide templating functionality. Templating in non-Web Applications? Yes please! So why might you host a template engine in your non-Web application? Template rendering is useful in many places and I have a number of applications that make heavy use of it. One of my applications – West Wind Html Help Builder - exclusively uses template based rendering to merge user supplied help text content into customizable and executable HTML markup templates that provide HTML output for CHM style HTML Help. This is an older product and it’s not actually using .NET at the moment – and this is one reason I’m looking at Razor for script hosting at the moment. For a few .NET applications though I’ve actually used the ASP.NET Runtime hosting to provide templating and mail merge style functionality and while that works reasonably well it’s a very heavy handed approach. It’s very resource intensive and has potential issues with versioning in various different versions of .NET. The generic implementation I created in the article above requires a lot of fix up to mimic an HTTP request in a non-HTTP environment and there are a lot of little things that have to happen to ensure that the ASP.NET runtime works properly most of it having nothing to do with the templating aspect but just satisfying ASP.NET’s requirements. The Razor Engine on the other hand is fairly light weight and completely decoupled from the ASP.NET runtime and the HTTP processing. Rather it’s a pure template engine whose sole purpose is to render text templates. Hosting this engine in your own applications can be accomplished with a reasonable amount of code (actually just a few lines with the tools I’m about to describe) and without having to fake HTTP requests. It’s also much lighter on resource usage and you can easily attach custom properties to your base template implementation to easily pass context from the parent application into templates all of which was rather complicated with ASP.NET runtime hosting. Installing the Razor Template Engine You can get Razor as part of the MVC 3 (RC and later) or Web Matrix. Both are available as downloadable components from the Web Platform Installer Version 3.0 (!important – V2 doesn’t show these components). If you already have that version of the WPI installed just fire it up. You can get the latest version of the Web Platform Installer from here: http://www.microsoft.com/web/gallery/install.aspx Once the platform Installer 3.0 is installed install either MVC 3 or ASP.NET Web Pages. Once installed you’ll find a System.Web.Razor assembly in C:\Program Files\Microsoft ASP.NET\ASP.NET Web Pages\v1.0\Assemblies\System.Web.Razor.dll which you can add as a reference to your project. Creating a Wrapper The basic Razor Hosting API is pretty simple and you can host Razor with a (large-ish) handful of lines of code. I’ll show the basics of it later in this article. However, if you want to customize the rendering and handle assembly and namespace includes for the markup as well as deal with text and file inputs as well as forcing Razor to run in a separate AppDomain so you can unload the code-generated assemblies and deal with assembly caching for re-used templates little more work is required to create something that is more easily reusable. For this reason I created a Razor Hosting wrapper project that combines a bunch of this functionality into an easy to use hosting class, a hosting factory that can load the engine in a separate AppDomain and a couple of hosting containers that provided folder based and string based caching for templates for an easily embeddable and reusable engine with easy to use syntax. If you just want the code and play with the samples and source go grab the latest code from the Subversion Repository at: http://www.west-wind.com:8080/svn/articles/trunk/RazorHosting/ or a snapshot from: http://www.west-wind.com/files/tools/RazorHosting.zip Getting Started Before I get into how hosting with Razor works, let’s take a look at how you can get up and running quickly with the wrapper classes provided. It only takes a few lines of code. The easiest way to use these Razor Hosting Wrappers is to use one of the two HostContainers provided. One is for hosting Razor scripts in a directory and rendering them as relative paths from these script files on disk. The other HostContainer serves razor scripts from string templates… Let’s start with a very simple template that displays some simple expressions, some code blocks and demonstrates rendering some data from contextual data that you pass to the template in the form of a ‘context’. Here’s a simple Razor template: @using System.Reflection Hello @Context.FirstName! Your entry was entered on: @Context.Entered @{ // Code block: Update the host Windows Form passed in through the context Context.WinForm.Text = "Hello World from Razor at " + DateTime.Now.ToString(); } AppDomain Id: @AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName Assembly: @Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().FullName Code based output: @{ // Write output with Response object from code string output = string.Empty; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { output += i.ToString() + " "; } Response.Write(output); } Pretty easy to see what’s going on here. The only unusual thing in this code is the Context object which is an arbitrary object I’m passing from the host to the template by way of the template base class. I’m also displaying the current AppDomain and the executing Assembly name so you can see how compiling and running a template actually loads up new assemblies. Also note that as part of my context I’m passing a reference to the current Windows Form down to the template and changing the title from within the script. It’s a silly example, but it demonstrates two-way communication between host and template and back which can be very powerful. The easiest way to quickly render this template is to use the RazorEngine<TTemplateBase> class. The generic parameter specifies a template base class type that is used by Razor internally to generate the class it generates from a template. The default implementation provided in my RazorHosting wrapper is RazorTemplateBase. Here’s a simple one that renders from a string and outputs a string: var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); // we can pass any object as context - here create a custom context var context = new CustomContext() { WinForm = this, FirstName = "Rick", Entered = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-10) }; string output = engine.RenderTemplate(this.txtSource.Text new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, context); if (output == null) this.txtResult.Text = "*** ERROR:\r\n" + engine.ErrorMessage; else this.txtResult.Text = output; Simple enough. This code renders a template from a string input and returns a result back as a string. It  creates a custom context and passes that to the template which can then access the Context’s properties. Note that anything passed as ‘context’ must be serializable (or MarshalByRefObject) – otherwise you get an exception when passing the reference over AppDomain boundaries (discussed later). Passing a context is optional, but is a key feature in being able to share data between the host application and the template. Note that we use the Context object to access FirstName, Entered and even the host Windows Form object which is used in the template to change the Window caption from within the script! In the code above all the work happens in the RenderTemplate method which provide a variety of overloads to read and write to and from strings, files and TextReaders/Writers. Here’s another example that renders from a file input using a TextReader: using (reader = new StreamReader("templates\\simple.csHtml", true)) { result = host.RenderTemplate(reader, new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, this.CustomContext); } RenderTemplate() is fairly high level and it handles loading of the runtime, compiling into an assembly and rendering of the template. If you want more control you can use the lower level methods to control each step of the way which is important for the HostContainers I’ll discuss later. Basically for those scenarios you want to separate out loading of the engine, compiling into an assembly and then rendering the template from the assembly. Why? So we can keep assemblies cached. In the code above a new assembly is created for each template rendered which is inefficient and uses up resources. Depending on the size of your templates and how often you fire them you can chew through memory very quickly. This slighter lower level approach is only a couple of extra steps: // we can pass any object as context - here create a custom context var context = new CustomContext() { WinForm = this, FirstName = "Rick", Entered = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-10) }; var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); string assId = null; using (StringReader reader = new StringReader(this.txtSource.Text)) { assId = engine.ParseAndCompileTemplate(new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll" }, reader); } string output = engine.RenderTemplateFromAssembly(assId, context); if (output == null) this.txtResult.Text = "*** ERROR:\r\n" + engine.ErrorMessage; else this.txtResult.Text = output; The difference here is that you can capture the assembly – or rather an Id to it – and potentially hold on to it to render again later assuming the template hasn’t changed. The HostContainers take advantage of this feature to cache the assemblies based on certain criteria like a filename and file time step or a string hash that if not change indicate that an assembly can be reused. Note that ParseAndCompileTemplate returns an assembly Id rather than the assembly itself. This is done so that that the assembly always stays in the host’s AppDomain and is not passed across AppDomain boundaries which would cause load failures. We’ll talk more about this in a minute but for now just realize that assemblies references are stored in a list and are accessible by this ID to allow locating and re-executing of the assembly based on that id. Reuse of the assembly avoids recompilation overhead and creation of yet another assembly that loads into the current AppDomain. You can play around with several different versions of the above code in the main sample form:   Using Hosting Containers for more Control and Caching The above examples simply render templates into assemblies each and every time they are executed. While this works and is even reasonably fast, it’s not terribly efficient. If you render templates more than once it would be nice if you could cache the generated assemblies for example to avoid re-compiling and creating of a new assembly each time. Additionally it would be nice to load template assemblies into a separate AppDomain optionally to be able to be able to unload assembli es and also to protect your host application from scripting attacks with malicious template code. Hosting containers provide also provide a wrapper around the RazorEngine<T> instance, a factory (which allows creation in separate AppDomains) and an easy way to start and stop the container ‘runtime’. The Razor Hosting samples provide two hosting containers: RazorFolderHostContainer and StringHostContainer. The folder host provides a simple runtime environment for a folder structure similar in the way that the ASP.NET runtime handles a virtual directory as it’s ‘application' root. Templates are loaded from disk in relative paths and the resulting assemblies are cached unless the template on disk is changed. The string host also caches templates based on string hashes – if the same string is passed a second time a cached version of the assembly is used. Here’s how HostContainers work. I’ll use the FolderHostContainer because it’s likely the most common way you’d use templates – from disk based templates that can be easily edited and maintained on disk. The first step is to create an instance of it and keep it around somewhere (in the example it’s attached as a property to the Form): RazorFolderHostContainer Host = new RazorFolderHostContainer(); public RazorFolderHostForm() { InitializeComponent(); // The base path for templates - templates are rendered with relative paths // based on this path. Host.TemplatePath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, TemplateBaseFolder); // Add any assemblies you want reference in your templates Host.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Windows.Forms.dll"); // Start up the host container Host.Start(); } Next anytime you want to render a template you can use simple code like this: private void RenderTemplate(string fileName) { // Pass the template path via the Context var relativePath = Utilities.GetRelativePath(fileName, Host.TemplatePath); if (!Host.RenderTemplate(relativePath, this.Context, Host.RenderingOutputFile)) { MessageBox.Show("Error: " + Host.ErrorMessage); return; } this.webBrowser1.Navigate("file://" + Host.RenderingOutputFile); } You can also render the output to a string instead of to a file: string result = Host.RenderTemplateToString(relativePath,context); Finally if you want to release the engine and shut down the hosting AppDomain you can simply do: Host.Stop(); Stopping the AppDomain and restarting it (ie. calling Stop(); followed by Start()) is also a nice way to release all resources in the AppDomain. The FolderBased domain also supports partial Rendering based on root path based relative paths with the same caching characteristics as the main templates. From within a template you can call out to a partial like this: @RenderPartial(@"partials\PartialRendering.cshtml", Context) where partials\PartialRendering.cshtml is a relative to the template root folder. The folder host example lets you load up templates from disk and display the result in a Web Browser control which demonstrates using Razor HTML output from templates that contain HTML syntax which happens to me my target scenario for Html Help Builder.   The Razor Engine Wrapper Project The project I created to wrap Razor hosting has a fair bit of code and a number of classes associated with it. Most of the components are internally used and as you can see using the final RazorEngine<T> and HostContainer classes is pretty easy. The classes are extensible and I suspect developers will want to build more customized host containers for their applications. Host containers are the key to wrapping up all functionality – Engine, BaseTemplate, AppDomain Hosting, Caching etc in a logical piece that is ready to be plugged into an application. When looking at the code there are a couple of core features provided: Core Razor Engine Hosting This is the core Razor hosting which provides the basics of loading a template, compiling it into an assembly and executing it. This is fairly straightforward, but without a host container that can cache assemblies based on some criteria templates are recompiled and re-created each time which is inefficient (although pretty fast). The base engine wrapper implementation also supports hosting the Razor runtime in a separate AppDomain for security and the ability to unload it on demand. Host Containers The engine hosting itself doesn’t provide any sort of ‘runtime’ service like picking up files from disk, caching assemblies and so forth. So my implementation provides two HostContainers: RazorFolderHostContainer and RazorStringHostContainer. The FolderHost works off a base directory and loads templates based on relative paths (sort of like the ASP.NET runtime does off a virtual). The HostContainers also deal with caching of template assemblies – for the folder host the file date is tracked and checked for updates and unless the template is changed a cached assembly is reused. The StringHostContainer similiarily checks string hashes to figure out whether a particular string template was previously compiled and executed. The HostContainers also act as a simple startup environment and a single reference to easily store and reuse in an application. TemplateBase Classes The template base classes are the base classes that from which the Razor engine generates .NET code. A template is parsed into a class with an Execute() method and the class is based on this template type you can specify. RazorEngine<TBaseTemplate> can receive this type and the HostContainers default to specific templates in their base implementations. Template classes are customizable to allow you to create templates that provide application specific features and interaction from the template to your host application. How does the RazorEngine wrapper work? You can browse the source code in the links above or in the repository or download the source, but I’ll highlight some key features here. Here’s part of the RazorEngine implementation that can be used to host the runtime and that demonstrates the key code required to host the Razor runtime. The RazorEngine class is implemented as a generic class to reflect the Template base class type: public class RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> : MarshalByRefObject where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase The generic type is used to internally provide easier access to the template type and assignments on it as part of the template processing. The class also inherits MarshalByRefObject to allow execution over AppDomain boundaries – something that all the classes discussed here need to do since there is much interaction between the host and the template. The first two key methods deal with creating a template assembly: /// <summary> /// Creates an instance of the RazorHost with various options applied. /// Applies basic namespace imports and the name of the class to generate /// </summary> /// <param name="generatedNamespace"></param> /// <param name="generatedClass"></param> /// <returns></returns> protected RazorTemplateEngine CreateHost(string generatedNamespace, string generatedClass) { Type baseClassType = typeof(TBaseTemplateType); RazorEngineHost host = new RazorEngineHost(new CSharpRazorCodeLanguage()); host.DefaultBaseClass = baseClassType.FullName; host.DefaultClassName = generatedClass; host.DefaultNamespace = generatedNamespace; host.NamespaceImports.Add("System"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Text"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Collections.Generic"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.Linq"); host.NamespaceImports.Add("System.IO"); return new RazorTemplateEngine(host); } /// <summary> /// Parses and compiles a markup template into an assembly and returns /// an assembly name. The name is an ID that can be passed to /// ExecuteTemplateByAssembly which picks up a cached instance of the /// loaded assembly. /// /// </summary> /// <param name="namespaceOfGeneratedClass">The namespace of the class to generate from the template</param> /// <param name="generatedClassName">The name of the class to generate from the template</param> /// <param name="ReferencedAssemblies">Any referenced assemblies by dll name only. Assemblies must be in execution path of host or in GAC.</param> /// <param name="templateSourceReader">Textreader that loads the template</param> /// <remarks> /// The actual assembly isn't returned here to allow for cross-AppDomain /// operation. If the assembly was returned it would fail for cross-AppDomain /// calls. /// </remarks> /// <returns>An assembly Id. The Assembly is cached in memory and can be used with RenderFromAssembly.</returns> public string ParseAndCompileTemplate( string namespaceOfGeneratedClass, string generatedClassName, string[] ReferencedAssemblies, TextReader templateSourceReader) { RazorTemplateEngine engine = CreateHost(namespaceOfGeneratedClass, generatedClassName); // Generate the template class as CodeDom GeneratorResults razorResults = engine.GenerateCode(templateSourceReader); // Create code from the codeDom and compile CSharpCodeProvider codeProvider = new CSharpCodeProvider(); CodeGeneratorOptions options = new CodeGeneratorOptions(); // Capture Code Generated as a string for error info // and debugging LastGeneratedCode = null; using (StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()) { codeProvider.GenerateCodeFromCompileUnit(razorResults.GeneratedCode, writer, options); LastGeneratedCode = writer.ToString(); } CompilerParameters compilerParameters = new CompilerParameters(ReferencedAssemblies); // Standard Assembly References compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.dll"); compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Core.dll"); compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("Microsoft.CSharp.dll"); // dynamic support! // Also add the current assembly so RazorTemplateBase is available compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.Add(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().CodeBase.Substring(8)); compilerParameters.GenerateInMemory = Configuration.CompileToMemory; if (!Configuration.CompileToMemory) compilerParameters.OutputAssembly = Path.Combine(Configuration.TempAssemblyPath, "_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("n") + ".dll"); CompilerResults compilerResults = codeProvider.CompileAssemblyFromDom(compilerParameters, razorResults.GeneratedCode); if (compilerResults.Errors.Count > 0) { var compileErrors = new StringBuilder(); foreach (System.CodeDom.Compiler.CompilerError compileError in compilerResults.Errors) compileErrors.Append(String.Format(Resources.LineX0TColX1TErrorX2RN, compileError.Line, compileError.Column, compileError.ErrorText)); this.SetError(compileErrors.ToString() + "\r\n" + LastGeneratedCode); return null; } AssemblyCache.Add(compilerResults.CompiledAssembly.FullName, compilerResults.CompiledAssembly); return compilerResults.CompiledAssembly.FullName; } Think of the internal CreateHost() method as setting up the assembly generated from each template. Each template compiles into a separate assembly. It sets up namespaces, and assembly references, the base class used and the name and namespace for the generated class. ParseAndCompileTemplate() then calls the CreateHost() method to receive the template engine generator which effectively generates a CodeDom from the template – the template is turned into .NET code. The code generated from our earlier example looks something like this: //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // <auto-generated> // This code was generated by a tool. // Runtime Version:4.0.30319.1 // // Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if // the code is regenerated. // </auto-generated> //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ namespace RazorTest { using System; using System.Text; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.IO; using System.Reflection; public class RazorTemplate : RazorHosting.RazorTemplateBase { #line hidden public RazorTemplate() { } public override void Execute() { WriteLiteral("Hello "); Write(Context.FirstName); WriteLiteral("! Your entry was entered on: "); Write(Context.Entered); WriteLiteral("\r\n\r\n"); // Code block: Update the host Windows Form passed in through the context Context.WinForm.Text = "Hello World from Razor at " + DateTime.Now.ToString(); WriteLiteral("\r\nAppDomain Id:\r\n "); Write(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName); WriteLiteral("\r\n \r\nAssembly:\r\n "); Write(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().FullName); WriteLiteral("\r\n\r\nCode based output: \r\n"); // Write output with Response object from code string output = string.Empty; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { output += i.ToString() + " "; } } } } Basically the template’s body is turned into code in an Execute method that is called. Internally the template’s Write method is fired to actually generate the output. Note that the class inherits from RazorTemplateBase which is the generic parameter I used to specify the base class when creating an instance in my RazorEngine host: var engine = new RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase>(); This template class must be provided and it must implement an Execute() and Write() method. Beyond that you can create any class you chose and attach your own properties. My RazorTemplateBase class implementation is very simple: public class RazorTemplateBase : MarshalByRefObject, IDisposable { /// <summary> /// You can pass in a generic context object /// to use in your template code /// </summary> public dynamic Context { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Class that generates output. Currently ultra simple /// with only Response.Write() implementation. /// </summary> public RazorResponse Response { get; set; } public object HostContainer {get; set; } public object Engine { get; set; } public RazorTemplateBase() { Response = new RazorResponse(); } public virtual void Write(object value) { Response.Write(value); } public virtual void WriteLiteral(object value) { Response.Write(value); } /// <summary> /// Razor Parser implements this method /// </summary> public virtual void Execute() {} public virtual void Dispose() { if (Response != null) { Response.Dispose(); Response = null; } } } Razor fills in the Execute method when it generates its subclass and uses the Write() method to output content. As you can see I use a RazorResponse() class here to generate output. This isn’t necessary really, as you could use a StringBuilder or StringWriter() directly, but I prefer using Response object so I can extend the Response behavior as needed. The RazorResponse class is also very simple and merely acts as a wrapper around a TextWriter: public class RazorResponse : IDisposable { /// <summary> /// Internal text writer - default to StringWriter() /// </summary> public TextWriter Writer = new StringWriter(); public virtual void Write(object value) { Writer.Write(value); } public virtual void WriteLine(object value) { Write(value); Write("\r\n"); } public virtual void WriteFormat(string format, params object[] args) { Write(string.Format(format, args)); } public override string ToString() { return Writer.ToString(); } public virtual void Dispose() { Writer.Close(); } public virtual void SetTextWriter(TextWriter writer) { // Close original writer if (Writer != null) Writer.Close(); Writer = writer; } } The Rendering Methods of RazorEngine At this point I’ve talked about the assembly generation logic and the template implementation itself. What’s left is that once you’ve generated the assembly is to execute it. The code to do this is handled in the various RenderXXX methods of the RazorEngine class. Let’s look at the lowest level one of these which is RenderTemplateFromAssembly() and a couple of internal support methods that handle instantiating and invoking of the generated template method: public string RenderTemplateFromAssembly( string assemblyId, string generatedNamespace, string generatedClass, object context, TextWriter outputWriter) { this.SetError(); Assembly generatedAssembly = AssemblyCache[assemblyId]; if (generatedAssembly == null) { this.SetError(Resources.PreviouslyCompiledAssemblyNotFound); return null; } string className = generatedNamespace + "." + generatedClass; Type type; try { type = generatedAssembly.GetType(className); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.UnableToCreateType + className + ": " + ex.Message); return null; } // Start with empty non-error response (if we use a writer) string result = string.Empty; using(TBaseTemplateType instance = InstantiateTemplateClass(type)) { if (instance == null) return null; if (outputWriter != null) instance.Response.SetTextWriter(outputWriter); if (!InvokeTemplateInstance(instance, context)) return null; // Capture string output if implemented and return // otherwise null is returned if (outputWriter == null) result = instance.Response.ToString(); } return result; } protected virtual TBaseTemplateType InstantiateTemplateClass(Type type) { TBaseTemplateType instance = Activator.CreateInstance(type) as TBaseTemplateType; if (instance == null) { SetError(Resources.CouldnTActivateTypeInstance + type.FullName); return null; } instance.Engine = this; // If a HostContainer was set pass that to the template too instance.HostContainer = this.HostContainer; return instance; } /// <summary> /// Internally executes an instance of the template, /// captures errors on execution and returns true or false /// </summary> /// <param name="instance">An instance of the generated template</param> /// <returns>true or false - check ErrorMessage for errors</returns> protected virtual bool InvokeTemplateInstance(TBaseTemplateType instance, object context) { try { instance.Context = context; instance.Execute(); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.TemplateExecutionError + ex.Message); return false; } finally { // Must make sure Response is closed instance.Response.Dispose(); } return true; } The RenderTemplateFromAssembly method basically requires the namespace and class to instantate and creates an instance of the class using InstantiateTemplateClass(). It then invokes the method with InvokeTemplateInstance(). These two methods are broken out because they are re-used by various other rendering methods and also to allow subclassing and providing additional configuration tasks to set properties and pass values to templates at execution time. In the default mode instantiation sets the Engine and HostContainer (discussed later) so the template can call back into the template engine, and the context is set when the template method is invoked. The various RenderXXX methods use similar code although they create the assemblies first. If you’re after potentially cashing assemblies the method is the one to call and that’s exactly what the two HostContainer classes do. More on that in a minute, but before we get into HostContainers let’s talk about AppDomain hosting and the like. Running Templates in their own AppDomain With the RazorEngine class above, when a template is parsed into an assembly and executed the assembly is created (in memory or on disk – you can configure that) and cached in the current AppDomain. In .NET once an assembly has been loaded it can never be unloaded so if you’re loading lots of templates and at some time you want to release them there’s no way to do so. If however you load the assemblies in a separate AppDomain that new AppDomain can be unloaded and the assemblies loaded in it with it. In order to host the templates in a separate AppDomain the easiest thing to do is to run the entire RazorEngine in a separate AppDomain. Then all interaction occurs in the other AppDomain and no further changes have to be made. To facilitate this there is a RazorEngineFactory which has methods that can instantiate the RazorHost in a separate AppDomain as well as in the local AppDomain. The host creates the remote instance and then hangs on to it to keep it alive as well as providing methods to shut down the AppDomain and reload the engine. Sounds complicated but cross-AppDomain invocation is actually fairly easy to implement. Here’s some of the relevant code from the RazorEngineFactory class. Like the RazorEngine this class is generic and requires a template base type in the generic class name: public class RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType> where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase Here are the key methods of interest: /// <summary> /// Creates an instance of the RazorHost in a new AppDomain. This /// version creates a static singleton that that is cached and you /// can call UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain to unload it. /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public static RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> CreateRazorHostInAppDomain() { if (Current == null) Current = new RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>(); return Current.GetRazorHostInAppDomain(); } public static void UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain() { if (Current != null) Current.UnloadHost(); Current = null; } /// <summary> /// Instance method that creates a RazorHost in a new AppDomain. /// This method requires that you keep the Factory around in /// order to keep the AppDomain alive and be able to unload it. /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> GetRazorHostInAppDomain() { LocalAppDomain = CreateAppDomain(null); if (LocalAppDomain == null) return null; /// Create the instance inside of the new AppDomain /// Note: remote domain uses local EXE's AppBasePath!!! RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> host = null; try { Assembly ass = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly(); string AssemblyPath = ass.Location; host = (RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType>) LocalAppDomain.CreateInstanceFrom(AssemblyPath, typeof(RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType>).FullName).Unwrap(); } catch (Exception ex) { ErrorMessage = ex.Message; return null; } return host; } /// <summary> /// Internally creates a new AppDomain in which Razor templates can /// be run. /// </summary> /// <param name="appDomainName"></param> /// <returns></returns> private AppDomain CreateAppDomain(string appDomainName) { if (appDomainName == null) appDomainName = "RazorHost_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("n"); AppDomainSetup setup = new AppDomainSetup(); // *** Point at current directory setup.ApplicationBase = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory; AppDomain localDomain = AppDomain.CreateDomain(appDomainName, null, setup); return localDomain; } /// <summary> /// Allow unloading of the created AppDomain to release resources /// All internal resources in the AppDomain are released including /// in memory compiled Razor assemblies. /// </summary> public void UnloadHost() { if (this.LocalAppDomain != null) { AppDomain.Unload(this.LocalAppDomain); this.LocalAppDomain = null; } } The static CreateRazorHostInAppDomain() is the key method that startup code usually calls. It uses a Current singleton instance to an instance of itself that is created cross AppDomain and is kept alive because it’s static. GetRazorHostInAppDomain actually creates a cross-AppDomain instance which first creates a new AppDomain and then loads the RazorEngine into it. The remote Proxy instance is returned as a result to the method and can be used the same as a local instance. The code to run with a remote AppDomain is simple: private RazorEngine<RazorTemplateBase> CreateHost() { if (this.Host != null) return this.Host; // Use Static Methods - no error message if host doesn't load this.Host = RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.CreateRazorHostInAppDomain(); if (this.Host == null) { MessageBox.Show("Unable to load Razor Template Host", "Razor Hosting", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation); } return this.Host; } This code relies on a local reference of the Host which is kept around for the duration of the app (in this case a form reference). To use this you’d simply do: this.Host = CreateHost(); if (host == null) return; string result = host.RenderTemplate( this.txtSource.Text, new string[] { "System.Windows.Forms.dll", "Westwind.Utilities.dll" }, this.CustomContext); if (result == null) { MessageBox.Show(host.ErrorMessage, "Template Execution Error", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation); return; } this.txtResult.Text = result; Now all templates run in a remote AppDomain and can be unloaded with simple code like this: RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain(); this.Host = null; One Step further – Providing a caching ‘Runtime’ Once we can load templates in a remote AppDomain we can add some additional functionality like assembly caching based on application specific features. One of my typical scenarios is to render templates out of a scripts folder. So all templates live in a folder and they change infrequently. So a Folder based host that can compile these templates once and then only recompile them if something changes would be ideal. Enter host containers which are basically wrappers around the RazorEngine<t> and RazorEngineFactory<t>. They provide additional logic for things like file caching based on changes on disk or string hashes for string based template inputs. The folder host also provides for partial rendering logic through a custom template base implementation. There’s a base implementation in RazorBaseHostContainer, which provides the basics for hosting a RazorEngine, which includes the ability to start and stop the engine, cache assemblies and add references: public abstract class RazorBaseHostContainer<TBaseTemplateType> : MarshalByRefObject where TBaseTemplateType : RazorTemplateBase, new() { public RazorBaseHostContainer() { UseAppDomain = true; GeneratedNamespace = "__RazorHost"; } /// <summary> /// Determines whether the Container hosts Razor /// in a separate AppDomain. Seperate AppDomain /// hosting allows unloading and releasing of /// resources. /// </summary> public bool UseAppDomain { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Base folder location where the AppDomain /// is hosted. By default uses the same folder /// as the host application. /// /// Determines where binary dependencies are /// found for assembly references. /// </summary> public string BaseBinaryFolder { get; set; } /// <summary> /// List of referenced assemblies as string values. /// Must be in GAC or in the current folder of the host app/ /// base BinaryFolder /// </summary> public List<string> ReferencedAssemblies = new List<string>(); /// <summary> /// Name of the generated namespace for template classes /// </summary> public string GeneratedNamespace {get; set; } /// <summary> /// Any error messages /// </summary> public string ErrorMessage { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Cached instance of the Host. Required to keep the /// reference to the host alive for multiple uses. /// </summary> public RazorEngine<TBaseTemplateType> Engine; /// <summary> /// Cached instance of the Host Factory - so we can unload /// the host and its associated AppDomain. /// </summary> protected RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType> EngineFactory; /// <summary> /// Keep track of each compiled assembly /// and when it was compiled. /// /// Use a hash of the string to identify string /// changes. /// </summary> protected Dictionary<int, CompiledAssemblyItem> LoadedAssemblies = new Dictionary<int, CompiledAssemblyItem>(); /// <summary> /// Call to start the Host running. Follow by a calls to RenderTemplate to /// render individual templates. Call Stop when done. /// </summary> /// <returns>true or false - check ErrorMessage on false </returns> public virtual bool Start() { if (Engine == null) { if (UseAppDomain) Engine = RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>.CreateRazorHostInAppDomain(); else Engine = RazorEngineFactory<TBaseTemplateType>.CreateRazorHost(); Engine.Configuration.CompileToMemory = true; Engine.HostContainer = this; if (Engine == null) { this.ErrorMessage = EngineFactory.ErrorMessage; return false; } } return true; } /// <summary> /// Stops the Host and releases the host AppDomain and cached /// assemblies. /// </summary> /// <returns>true or false</returns> public bool Stop() { this.LoadedAssemblies.Clear(); RazorEngineFactory<RazorTemplateBase>.UnloadRazorHostInAppDomain(); this.Engine = null; return true; } … } This base class provides most of the mechanics to host the runtime, but no application specific implementation for rendering. There are rendering functions but they just call the engine directly and provide no caching – there’s no context to decide how to cache and reuse templates. The key methods are Start and Stop and their main purpose is to start a new AppDomain (optionally) and shut it down when requested. The RazorFolderHostContainer – Folder Based Runtime Hosting Let’s look at the more application specific RazorFolderHostContainer implementation which is defined like this: public class RazorFolderHostContainer : RazorBaseHostContainer<RazorTemplateFolderHost> Note that a customized RazorTemplateFolderHost class template is used for this implementation that supports partial rendering in form of a RenderPartial() method that’s available to templates. The folder host’s features are: Render templates based on a Template Base Path (a ‘virtual’ if you will) Cache compiled assemblies based on the relative path and file time stamp File changes on templates cause templates to be recompiled into new assemblies Support for partial rendering using base folder relative pathing As shown in the startup examples earlier host containers require some startup code with a HostContainer tied to a persistent property (like a Form property): // The base path for templates - templates are rendered with relative paths // based on this path. HostContainer.TemplatePath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, TemplateBaseFolder); // Default output rendering disk location HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile = Path.Combine(HostContainer.TemplatePath, "__Preview.htm"); // Add any assemblies you want reference in your templates HostContainer.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("System.Windows.Forms.dll"); // Start up the host container HostContainer.Start(); Once that’s done, you can render templates with the host container: // Pass the template path for full filename seleted with OpenFile Dialog // relativepath is: subdir\file.cshtml or file.cshtml or ..\file.cshtml var relativePath = Utilities.GetRelativePath(fileName, HostContainer.TemplatePath); if (!HostContainer.RenderTemplate(relativePath, Context, HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile)) { MessageBox.Show("Error: " + HostContainer.ErrorMessage); return; } webBrowser1.Navigate("file://" + HostContainer.RenderingOutputFile); The most critical task of the RazorFolderHostContainer implementation is to retrieve a template from disk, compile and cache it and then deal with deciding whether subsequent requests need to re-compile the template or simply use a cached version. Internally the GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache() handles this task: /// <summary> /// Internally checks if a cached assembly exists and if it does uses it /// else creates and compiles one. Returns an assembly Id to be /// used with the LoadedAssembly list. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath"></param> /// <param name="context"></param> /// <returns></returns> protected virtual CompiledAssemblyItem GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache(string relativePath) { string fileName = Path.Combine(TemplatePath, relativePath).ToLower(); int fileNameHash = fileName.GetHashCode(); if (!File.Exists(fileName)) { this.SetError(Resources.TemplateFileDoesnTExist + fileName); return null; } CompiledAssemblyItem item = null; this.LoadedAssemblies.TryGetValue(fileNameHash, out item); string assemblyId = null; // Check for cached instance if (item != null) { var fileTime = File.GetLastWriteTimeUtc(fileName); if (fileTime <= item.CompileTimeUtc) assemblyId = item.AssemblyId; } else item = new CompiledAssemblyItem(); // No cached instance - create assembly and cache if (assemblyId == null) { string safeClassName = GetSafeClassName(fileName); StreamReader reader = null; try { reader = new StreamReader(fileName, true); } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(Resources.ErrorReadingTemplateFile + fileName); return null; } assemblyId = Engine.ParseAndCompileTemplate(this.ReferencedAssemblies.ToArray(), reader); // need to ensure reader is closed if (reader != null) reader.Close(); if (assemblyId == null) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return null; } item.AssemblyId = assemblyId; item.CompileTimeUtc = DateTime.UtcNow; item.FileName = fileName; item.SafeClassName = safeClassName; this.LoadedAssemblies[fileNameHash] = item; } return item; } This code uses a LoadedAssembly dictionary which is comprised of a structure that holds a reference to a compiled assembly, a full filename and file timestamp and an assembly id. LoadedAssemblies (defined on the base class shown earlier) is essentially a cache for compiled assemblies and they are identified by a hash id. In the case of files the hash is a GetHashCode() from the full filename of the template. The template is checked for in the cache and if not found the file stamp is checked. If that’s newer than the cache’s compilation date the template is recompiled otherwise the version in the cache is used. All the core work defers to a RazorEngine<T> instance to ParseAndCompileTemplate(). The three rendering specific methods then are rather simple implementations with just a few lines of code dealing with parameter and return value parsing: /// <summary> /// Renders a template to a TextWriter. Useful to write output into a stream or /// the Response object. Used for partial rendering. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath">Relative path to the file in the folder structure</param> /// <param name="context">Optional context object or null</param> /// <param name="writer">The textwriter to write output into</param> /// <returns></returns> public bool RenderTemplate(string relativePath, object context, TextWriter writer) { // Set configuration data that is to be passed to the template (any object) Engine.TemplatePerRequestConfigurationData = new RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration() { TemplatePath = Path.Combine(this.TemplatePath, relativePath), TemplateRelativePath = relativePath, }; CompiledAssemblyItem item = GetAssemblyFromFileAndCache(relativePath); if (item == null) { writer.Close(); return false; } try { // String result will be empty as output will be rendered into the // Response object's stream output. However a null result denotes // an error string result = Engine.RenderTemplateFromAssembly(item.AssemblyId, context, writer); if (result == null) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return false; } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return false; } finally { writer.Close(); } return true; } /// <summary> /// Render a template from a source file on disk to a specified outputfile. /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath">Relative path off the template root folder. Format: path/filename.cshtml</param> /// <param name="context">Any object that will be available in the template as a dynamic of this.Context</param> /// <param name="outputFile">Optional - output file where output is written to. If not specified the /// RenderingOutputFile property is used instead /// </param> /// <returns>true if rendering succeeds, false on failure - check ErrorMessage</returns> public bool RenderTemplate(string relativePath, object context, string outputFile) { if (outputFile == null) outputFile = RenderingOutputFile; try { using (StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(outputFile, false, Engine.Configuration.OutputEncoding, Engine.Configuration.StreamBufferSize)) { return RenderTemplate(relativePath, context, writer); } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return false; } return true; } /// <summary> /// Renders a template to string. Useful for RenderTemplate /// </summary> /// <param name="relativePath"></param> /// <param name="context"></param> /// <returns></returns> public string RenderTemplateToString(string relativePath, object context) { string result = string.Empty; try { using (StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()) { // String result will be empty as output will be rendered into the // Response object's stream output. However a null result denotes // an error if (!RenderTemplate(relativePath, context, writer)) { this.SetError(Engine.ErrorMessage); return null; } result = writer.ToString(); } } catch (Exception ex) { this.SetError(ex.Message); return null; } return result; } The idea is that you can create custom host container implementations that do exactly what you want fairly easily. Take a look at both the RazorFolderHostContainer and RazorStringHostContainer classes for the basic concepts you can use to create custom implementations. Notice also that you can set the engine’s PerRequestConfigurationData() from the host container: // Set configuration data that is to be passed to the template (any object) Engine.TemplatePerRequestConfigurationData = new RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration() { TemplatePath = Path.Combine(this.TemplatePath, relativePath), TemplateRelativePath = relativePath, }; which when set to a non-null value is passed to the Template’s InitializeTemplate() method. This method receives an object parameter which you can cast as needed: public override void InitializeTemplate(object configurationData) { // Pick up configuration data and stuff into Request object RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration config = configurationData as RazorFolderHostTemplateConfiguration; this.Request.TemplatePath = config.TemplatePath; this.Request.TemplateRelativePath = config.TemplateRelativePath; } With this data you can then configure any custom properties or objects on your main template class. It’s an easy way to pass data from the HostContainer all the way down into the template. The type you use is of type object so you have to cast it yourself, and it must be serializable since it will likely run in a separate AppDomain. This might seem like an ugly way to pass data around – normally I’d use an event delegate to call back from the engine to the host, but since this is running over AppDomain boundaries events get really tricky and passing a template instance back up into the host over AppDomain boundaries doesn’t work due to serialization issues. So it’s easier to pass the data from the host down into the template using this rather clumsy approach of set and forward. It’s ugly, but it’s something that can be hidden in the host container implementation as I’ve done here. It’s also not something you have to do in every implementation so this is kind of an edge case, but I know I’ll need to pass a bunch of data in some of my applications and this will be the easiest way to do so. Summing Up Hosting the Razor runtime is something I got jazzed up about quite a bit because I have an immediate need for this type of templating/merging/scripting capability in an application I’m working on. I’ve also been using templating in many apps and it’s always been a pain to deal with. The Razor engine makes this whole experience a lot cleaner and more light weight and with these wrappers I can now plug .NET based templating into my code literally with a few lines of code. That’s something to cheer about… I hope some of you will find this useful as well… Resources The examples and code require that you download the Razor runtimes. Projects are for Visual Studio 2010 running on .NET 4.0 Platform Installer 3.0 (install WebMatrix or MVC 3 for Razor Runtimes) Latest Code in Subversion Repository Download Snapshot of the Code Documentation (CHM Help File) © Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2010Posted in ASP.NET  .NET  

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  • Configuring thouands of related products in Magento?

    - by Anonymous -
    I'm at a stage with a Magento store I'm developing where I've added all the products (all 6000 of them) and now would like to configure related products to up my conversion rate a bit. I was wondering if there was an extension anybody knew of that functions similarly to this one, with the most current version of Magento (Community Edition, 1.6.1). If not, would anyone be able to provide some pointers for writing a script that will run through each product and add 1-5 related products. I have a fairly basic idea of taking product title text and just doing a simple text similarity query between other product titles for now, just to get some related products up there, but the Magento database isn't making a terribly large amount of sense. Thanks to anyone who can shed some light on this. :)

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  • guvciew/youtube problem

    - by Anonymous
    I'm fairly new to Linux. Running on 12.10 Ubuntu. I've been running into some problems recording videos. Cheese crashes (as I've read from other users), YouTube will not allow me to select Allow (flash in Chrome and in Firefox). I managed to get 1 video uploaded from my cam and it worked about half the time, cut the audio off, lagged, etc. My computer is fine 4gigs, 32-bit i5 so it shouldn't be a problem. Now onto guv, I managed to get 1 video to work and after that every video I save it comes up with an orange file that looks like a film. I tried to change the file name, open in VLC, everything. I love Ubuntu and I'm never going back to Windows, ever One other thing to note is I am allowed to click "allowed" in Tiny chat. I even went to the adobe website to allow everything to bypass allow, deny option and nothing. Even went out of my way to add youtube/upload/cam for it to allow it and nothing. I realize right now Flash has been terrible for the past couple of months (especially in Chrome). What my question is well first and foremost, how do I fix this, if possible? I've thought about running Wine but I haven't heard anything good about it and I've already re reformated Ubuntu twice. Is there a codec pack I need too? Like I said everything works fine, especially in Chrome. It allows me to broadcast, no lag, and my mic works fine. guv would be my best option at this point because everything I've tried has given me nothing but trouble Thanks and I hope you guys can give me an answer. I've been at this for 2-3 days straight now. I could even go out of my way to not use Youtube and use something similar if it came down to it.

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  • How to push changes from Test server to Live server?

    - by anonymous
    As a beginner, I finally noticed the issue with making changes to the live server I've been working on, now that I have a couple users on it, since I bring it down so often. I created an EC2 image of my live server and set up a separate instance on EC2, so now I have 2 EC2 instances, Stage and Production. I set up GitHub and push changes to stage and test my code there, and when it's all done and working, I push it to the production branch, and everything is good. And there is a slight issue here since I name my files config_stage.js and config_production.js and set up .gitignore on each server, and in my code, I would have it read the ENV flags and set up the appropriate configs, is this the correct approach? And my main question is: how do you keep track of non-code changes to the server? For example, I installed HAProxy, Stunnel, Redis, MongoDB and several other things onto the Stage server for testing and now that it's all working and good, how do I deploy them to production? Right now, I'm just keeping track of everything I installed and copying configuration files over, which is very tedious and I'm afraid I may have missed a step somewhere. Is there a better way to port these changes over from my test server to my live server?

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  • How to block third party cookies in firefox?

    - by anonymous
    This seems to be discussed in many places. But I don't get it or it does not work for me. So let me explain. I use Firefox 24.0 on Lubuntu 12.04. In privacy settings, I have selected 1. Use custom settings for history 2. accept cookies from sites 3. never accept third party cookies. But then when I check (e.g. in show cookies in firefox preferences or in lightbeam), it still shows me many third party cookies (e.g. google.com, facebook, etc.). What additional steps I have to take to block them?

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  • Would learning any (linguistic) language in particular further your programming career?

    - by Anonymous
    It seems apparent that English is the dominant international language for programming based on previous P.SE questions (though a highly upvoted comment correctly points out that asking a question like that on a predominantly English site will skew the results). However, is there benefit in learning a foreign language for software development? For example, do the Chinese have completely different software tools, languages, technologies, etc? How about Japanese, Russian, and other non-latin based languages? Is there an entire world of software development languages, tools and so on that only exist in these other languages? Or do people that know these languages use the tools and languages we know and love?

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  • Would learning any (linguistic) language imparticular further your programming career?

    - by Anonymous
    It seems apparent that English is the dominant international language for programming (in the West, at least!) based on previous P.SE questions. Or maybe not, given that a highly upvoted comment correctly points out that asking a question like that on a predominantly English site will skew the results. This question is about whether there is a benefit in learning a foreign language for software development. For example, do the Chinese have completely different software tools, langugages, technologies etc? How about Japanese, Russian, and other non-latin based languages? Am I/are we missing an entire world of software development languages, tools and so on that only exist in these other languages? Or do people that know these languages still learn and program using the tools and languages we all know and love?

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  • How to Deal with a Difficult Boss?

    - by Anonymous
    I have some problems with my boss, it's quite a long story :) About one year ago, I'm working as team leader of project X. Everything work fine until one of my fellow (staff) flame me that I have problem with ALL member in our team, that guy also flame me to other staff that I report them with a poor performance. My boss call me and blame me without ask a single question. I try to explain everything to my boss but she doesn't listen to me. One month later, we have a meeting. This is only team leader's meeting, my boss talk about this problem with other team leader. There are two person who have worked with this guy, they all say "This guy cannot trust". That guy had do same thing same problem with his former team leader. Finally, everything's clear and I think I gain some trust from her. I can say that I'm the best team leader in her hand, as only project that archive more than 120% profit. Then I move to new project, this is bigger project and I can manage it quite good. But I have a problem again. One of my staff always leave and does not follow our company rule, I call him to talk and tell him that you cannot do this because that's not allow in our company. He also changed working time record file of himself, then I call him to warn again. This time he ask me to move to another project so I go to talk to my boss. She come to my building when I'm not there (other staff call me) and talk with that guy (who have problem with me); I think she still not trust me. And AGAIN, she believe what that guy said and I got blamed. I want to know how can I deal with this kind of boss, or is it better to find a new job, or any other suggestion about this problem? Thank you :) Additional information: Even my job title is "Team Leader" but it's my responsibility to manage staff working time and their behavior. This responsible is my company's rule.

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  • Planning development when academic research is involved

    - by Another Anonymous User
    Dear fellow programmers, how do you do "software planning" when academic research is involved? And, on a side note, how do you convince your boss that writing software is not like building a house and it's more like writing a novel? The gory details are below. I am in charge of a small dev team working in a research lab. We started developing a software with the purpose of going public one day (i.e. sell and make money off that). Such software depends on, amongst other things, at least two independent research lines: that is, there are at least two Ph.D. candidates that will, hopefully, one day come out with a working implementation of what we need. The main software depends also on other, more concrete resources that we as developers can take care of: graphics rendering, soft bodies deformation, etc. My boss asked me to write the specifications, requirements AND a bloody GANTT chart of the entire project. Faced with the fact that I don't have a clue about the research part, and that such research is fundamental for the software, he said "make assumptions." For the clarity of the argument, he is a professor whose Ph.D. students should come up with the research we need. And he comes from a strictly engineering background: plan everything first, write down specifications and only then write down code that "it's the last part". What I am doing now: I broke down the product in features; each 'feature' is, de facto, a separate product; Each feature is built on top of the previous one; Once a feature (A) has a working prototype the team can start working on the next feature (B), while QA for is being done for A (if money allows, more people can be brought in, etc.); Features that depend on research will come last: by then, hopefully, the research part will be completed (when is still a big question) ; Also, I set the team to use SCRUM for the development of 'version 1.0', due in a few months. This deadline could be set based on reasonable assumptions: we listed all required features, we counted our availability, and we gave a reasonable estimate. So my questions, again, are: How do I make my boss happy while at the same time get something out the door? How do I write specifications for something we -the developers- have no clue whether it's possible to do or not? (We still haven't decided which libraries to use for some tasks; we'll do so when we'll need to) How do I get the requirements for that, given that there are yet no clients nor investors, just lots of interests and promises? How do I get peace in the world? I am sure at least one of my questions will be answered :) ps: I am writing this anonymously since a potential investor might backfire if this is discovered. Hope you'll understand. However I must say I do not like this mentality of 'hiding the truth': this program will likely benefit many, and not being able to talk openly about this (with my name and my reputation attached) feels like censorship. But alas, I care more about your suggestions now.

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  • Why not AJAX'ify entire websites?

    - by Anonymous -
    Is there any solid reasoning as to why sites shouldn't be developed with ajax functionality that loads major parts of each part (assuming there are elements like the header, navigation etc that remain the same)? Surely it would be less resource-intensive since the server wouldn't have to serve content that appears on every page, benefiting both the host and end-user. Answer the question taking into consideration: The sites javascript behaviour degrades gracefully in every instance For my question I'm talking about new sites where this behaviour could be implemented rather from the off, so it doesn't technically cost any money - we're not returning to a finished product to implement it.

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  • How can I decrease relevancy of Creative Commons footer text? (In Google Webmaster Tools)

    - by anonymous coward
    I know that I may just have to link the image to make this happen, but I figured it was worth asking, just in case there's some other semantic markup or tips I could use... I have a site that uses the textual Creative Commons blurb in the footer. The markup is like so: <div class="footer"> <!-- snip --> <!-- Creative Commons License --> <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/80x15.png" /></a><br />This work by <a xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" href="http://www.xmemphisx.com/" property="cc:attributionName" rel="cc:attributionURL">xMEMPHISx.com</a> is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License</a>. <!-- /Creative Commons License --> </div> Within Google Webmaster Tools, the list of relevant keywords is heavily saturated with the text from that blurb. For instance, 50% of my top-ten most relevant keywords (including the site name): [site name] license [keyword] commons creative [keyword] alike [keyword] attribution [keyword] I have not done any extensive testing to find out rather or not this list even matters, and so far this doesn't impact performance in any way. The site is well designed for humans, and it is as findable as it needs to be at the moment. But, out of mostly curiosity: Do you have any tips for decreasing the relevancy of the text from the Creative Commons footer blurb?

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  • Teaching "web design/development" to high-school home-school group. Good sources?

    - by anonymous coward
    I may soon begin teaching a "web design and development" class for a home-school co-op group. Any suggestions for "course" material? My first thought was to work through the Opera Web Standards Curriculum, but am interested in hearing about possible alternatives or suggestions that better cover the "very basics" of getting started with designing and developing web pages. Not necessarily looking for topics, so much as existing resources. Thanks so much for your input!

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