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Before we begin
OpenStack networking has very powerful capabilities but at the same time it is quite complicated. In this blog series we will review an existing OpenStack setup
using the Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview and explain the different network components
through use cases and examples. The goal is to show how the different pieces come
together and provide a bigger picture view of the network architecture in
OpenStack. This can be very helpful to users making their first steps in
OpenStack or anyone wishes to understand how networking works in this
environment. We will go through the
basics first and build the examples as we go.
According to the recent Icehouse user survey and the one
before it, Neutron with Open vSwitch plug-in is the
most widely used network setup both in production and in POCs (in terms of
number of customers) and so in this blog series we will analyze this specific OpenStack
networking setup. As we know there are many options to setup OpenStack
networking and while Neturon + Open vSwitch is the most popular setup there is no claim that it
is either best or the most efficient option. Neutron + Open vSwitch
is an example, one which provides a good starting point for anyone interested in
understanding OpenStack networking. Even if you are using different kind of
network setup such as different Neutron plug-in or even not using Neutron at
all this will still be a good starting point to understand the network
architecture in OpenStack.
The setup we are using for the examples is the one used in
the Oracle
OpenStack Tech Preview. Installing it is simple and it would be helpful to have it as reference. In this setup we use eth2 on all servers for VM network, all VM
traffic will be flowing through this interface.The Oracle
OpenStack Tech Preview is using VLANs for L2 isolation to provide tenant
and network isolation. The following diagram shows how we have configured our
deployment:
This first post is a bit long and will focus on some basic
concepts in OpenStack networking. The components we will be discussing are Open
vSwitch, network namespaces, Linux bridge and veth pairs.
Note that this is not meant to be a comprehensive review of these components, it is meant to describe the component as much as
needed to understand OpenStack network architecture. All the components
described here can be further explored using other resources.
Open vSwitch (OVS)
In the Oracle
OpenStack Tech Preview OVS is used to connect virtual machines to the
physical port (in our case eth2) as shown in the deployment diagram. OVS
contains bridges and ports, the OVS bridges are different from the Linux bridge (controlled by the brctl
command) which are also used in this setup. To get started let’s view the OVS structure,
use the following command:
# ovs-vsctl show
7ec51567-ab42-49e8-906d-b854309c9edf
Bridge br-int
Port br-int
Interface
br-int
type: internal
Port
"int-br-eth2"
Interface
"int-br-eth2"
Bridge "br-eth2"
Port
"br-eth2"
Interface
"br-eth2"
type: internal
Port
"eth2"
Interface
"eth2"
Port
"phy-br-eth2"
Interface
"phy-br-eth2"
ovs_version: "1.11.0"
We see a standard post deployment OVS on a compute node with two
bridges and several ports hanging off of each of them. The example above is a compute node
without any VMs, we can see that the physical port
eth2 is connected to a bridge called “br-eth2”. We also see two
ports "int-br-eth2"
and "phy-br-eth2" which are actually a veth pair and form virtual wire between the
two bridges, veth pairs are discussed later in this
post.
When a virtual machine is created a port is created on one
the br-int bridge and this port
is eventually connected to the virtual machine (we will discuss the exact
connectivity later in the series). Here is how OVS looks after a VM was
launched:
# ovs-vsctl show
efd98c87-dc62-422d-8f73-a68c2a14e73d
Bridge br-int
Port
"int-br-eth2"
Interface
"int-br-eth2"
Port br-int
Interface
br-int
type: internal
Port
"qvocb64ea96-9f"
tag: 1
Interface
"qvocb64ea96-9f"
Bridge "br-eth2"
Port
"phy-br-eth2"
Interface
"phy-br-eth2"
Port "br-eth2"
Interface
"br-eth2"
type: internal
Port
"eth2"
Interface
"eth2"
ovs_version: "1.11.0"
Bridge "br-int" now has
a new port "qvocb64ea96-9f" which connects to the VM and tagged with
VLAN 1. Every VM which will be launched will add a port on the “br-int” bridge for every network interface the VM
has.
Another useful command on OVS is dump-flows for example:
# ovs-ofctl dump-flows br-int
NXST_FLOW reply (xid=0x4):
cookie=0x0,
duration=735.544s, table=0, n_packets=70, n_bytes=9976, idle_age=17,
priority=3,in_port=1,dl_vlan=1000 actions=mod_vlan_vid:1,NORMAL
cookie=0x0,
duration=76679.786s, table=0, n_packets=0, n_bytes=0, idle_age=65534, hard_age=65534, priority=2,in_port=1 actions=drop
cookie=0x0,
duration=76681.36s, table=0, n_packets=68, n_bytes=7950, idle_age=17, hard_age=65534, priority=1 actions=NORMAL
As we see the port which is connected to the VM has the VLAN
tag 1. However the port on the VM network (eth2) will be using tag 1000. OVS is
modifying the vlan as the packet flow from the VM to
the physical interface. In OpenStack the Open vSwitch
agent takes care of programming the flows in Open vSwitch
so the users do not have to deal with this at all. If you wish to learn more
about how to program the Open vSwitch you can read
more about it at http://openvswitch.org looking
at the documentation describing the ovs-ofctl
command.
Network Namespaces (netns)
Network namespaces is a very cool Linux feature can be used for many purposes and is heavily used in OpenStack networking. Network
namespaces are isolated containers which can hold a network configuration and
is not seen from outside of the namespace. A network namespace can be used to
encapsulate specific network functionality or provide a network service in
isolation as well as simply help to organize a complicated network setup. Using
the Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview we are using the latest Unbreakable
Enterprise Kernel R3 (UEK3), this kernel provides a complete support for netns.
Let's see how namespaces work through couple of examples to
control network namespaces we use the ip netns
command:
Defining a new namespace:
# ip netns add my-ns
# ip netns list
my-ns
As mentioned the namespace is an isolated container, we can
perform all the normal actions in the namespace context using the exec command
for example running the ifconfig
command:
# ip netns exec my-ns ifconfig -a
lo
Link encap:Local Loopback
LOOPBACK MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX
packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX
packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX
bytes:0 (0.0 b)
TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
We can run every command in the namespace context, this is
especially useful for debug using tcpdump command, we can ping
or ssh or define iptables all
within the namespace.
Connecting the namespace to the outside world:
There are various ways to connect into a namespaces and between namespaces we
will focus on how this is done in OpenStack. OpenStack uses a combination of Open
vSwitch and network namespaces. OVS defines the
interfaces and then we can add those interfaces to namespace.
So first let's add a bridge to OVS:
#
ovs-vsctl add-br my-bridge
Now let's add a port on the OVS and make it internal:
# ovs-vsctl add-port my-bridge
my-port
# ovs-vsctl
set Interface my-port type=internal
And let's connect it into the namespace:
#
ip link set my-port netns my-ns
Looking inside the namespace:
# ip netns exec my-ns ifconfig -a
lo
Link encap:Local Loopback
LOOPBACK MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX
packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX
packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX
bytes:0 (0.0 b)
TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
my-port
Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr
22:04:45:E2:85:21
BROADCAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX
packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX
packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX
bytes:0 (0.0 b)
TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
Now we can add more ports to the OVS bridge
and connect it to other namespaces or other device like physical interfaces.
Neutron is using network namespaces to implement network services such as DCHP, routing, gateway, firewall, load balance and more. In the next post we will go into this in further details.
Linux Bridge and veth pairs
Linux bridge is used to connect the
port from OVS to the VM. Every port goes from the OVS bridge
to a Linux bridge and from there to the VM. The reason for using regular Linux
bridges is for security groups’ enforcement. Security groups are
implemented using iptables and iptables can only be applied to Linux bridges and not to
OVS bridges.
Veth pairs are used extensively
throughout the network setup in OpenStack and are also a good tool to debug a
network problem. Veth pairs are simply a virtual wire
and so veths always come in pairs. Typically one side
of the veth pair will connect to a bridge and the
other side to another bridge or simply left as a usable interface.
In this example we will create some veth
pairs, connect them to bridges and test connectivity. This example is using
regular Linux server and not an OpenStack node:
Creating a veth pair, note that we define names for
both ends:
# ip
link add veth0 type veth peer name veth1
# ifconfig
-a
.
.
veth0
Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr
5E:2C:E6:03:D0:17
BROADCAST
MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX
packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX
packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX
bytes:0 (0.0 b)
TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
veth1
Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr
E6:B6:E2:6D:42:B8
BROADCAST
MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX
packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX
packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX
bytes:0 (0.0 b)
TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
.
.
To make the example more meaningful this we will create the following
setup:
veth0 => veth1 => br-eth3 => eth3 ======> eth2
on another Linux server
br-eth3 – a regular Linux
bridge which will be connected to veth1 and eth3
eth3 – a physical interface with no IP on it, connected
to a private network
eth2 – a physical interface on the remote Linux box connected
to the private network and configured with the IP of 50.50.50.1
Once we create the setup we will ping 50.50.50.1 (the remote
IP) through veth0 to test that the connection is up:
# brctl addbr br-eth3
# brctl addif br-eth3 eth3
# brctl addif br-eth3 veth1
# brctl
show
bridge
name bridge
id
STP enabled interfaces
br-eth3
8000.00505682e7f6
no
eth3
veth1
# ifconfig
veth0 50.50.50.50
# ping -I veth0 50.50.50.51
PING 50.50.50.51 (50.50.50.51) from
50.50.50.50 veth0:
56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes
from 50.50.50.51: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.454 ms
64 bytes
from 50.50.50.51: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.298 ms
When the naming is not as obvious as the previous example
and we don't know who are the paired veth
interfaces we can use the ethtool
command to figure this out. The ethtool command returns an index we can
look up using ip link command, for example:
# ethtool
-S veth1
NIC statistics:
peer_ifindex:
12
# ip
link
.
.
12: veth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu
1500 qdisc pfifo_fast
state UP qlen 1000
Summary
That’s all for now, we quickly reviewed OVS, network
namespaces, Linux bridges and veth pairs. These components
are heavily used in the OpenStack network architecture we are exploring and understanding them
well will be very useful when reviewing the different use cases. In the next post we will look
at how the OpenStack network is laid out connecting the virtual machines to
each other and to the external world.
@RonenKofman
