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• Storing a bucket of numbers in an efficient data structure

  - by BlitzKrieg

  I have a buckets of numbers e.g. - 1 to 4, 5 to 15, 16 to 21, 22 to 34,.... I have roughly 600,000 such buckets. The range of numbers that fall in each of the bucket varies. I need to store these buckets in a suitable data structure so that the lookups for a number is as fast as possible. So my question is what is the suitable data structure and a sorting mechanism for this type of problem. Thanks in advance

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• Genetic/Evolutionary algorithms and local minima/maxima problem

  - by el.gringogrande

  I have run across several posts and articles that suggests using things like simulated annealing to avoid the local minima/maxima problem. I don't understand why this would be necessary if you started out with a sufficiently large random population. Is it just another check to insure that the initial population was, in fact, sufficiently large and random? Or are those techniques just an alternative to producing a "good" initial population?

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• question about polynomial multiplication

  - by davit-datuashvili

  i know that horners method for polynomial pultiplication is faster but here i dont know what is happening here is code public class horner{ public static final int n=10; public static final int x=7; public static void main(String[] args){ //non fast version int a[]=new int[]{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}; int xi=1; int y=a[0]; for (int i=1;i<n;i++){ xi=x*xi; y=y+a[i]*xi; } System.out.println(y); //fast method int y1=a[n-1]; for (int i=n-2;i>=0;i--){ y1=x*y+a[i]; } System.out.println(y1); } } result of this two methods are not same result of first method is 462945547 and result of second method is -1054348465 please help

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• compare function for upper_bound / lower_bound

  - by Martin Beckett

  I want to find the first item in a sorted vector that has a field less than some value x. I need to supply a compare function that compares 'x' with the internal value in MyClass but I can't work out the function declaration. Can't I simply overload '<' but how do I do this when the args are '&MyClass' and 'float' ? float x; std::vector< MyClass >::iterator last = std::upper_bound(myClass.begin(),myClass.end(),x);

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• Flag bit computation and detection

  - by Majid

  Hi all, In some code I'm working on I should take care of ten independent parameters which can take one of two values (0 or 1). This creates 2^10 distinct conditions. Some of the conditions never occur and can be left out, but those which do occur are still A LOT and making a switch to handle all cases is insane. I want to use 10 if statements instead of a huge switch. For this I know I should use flag bits, or rather flag bytes as the language is javascript and its easier to work with a 10 byte string with to represent a 10-bit binary. Now, my problem is, I don't know how to implement this. I have seen this used in APIs where multiple-selectable options are exposed with numbers 1, 2, 4, 8, ... , n^(n-1) which are decimal equivalents of 1, 10, 100, 1000, etc. in binary. So if we make call like bar = foo(7), bar will be an object with whatever options the three rightmost flags enable. I can convert the decimal number into binary and in each if statement check to see if the corresponding digit is set or not. But I wonder, is there a way to determine the n-th digit of a decimal number is zero or one in binary form, without actually doing the conversion?

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• How to calculate this string-dissimilarity function efficiently?

  - by ybungalobill

  Hello, I was looking for a string metric that have the property that moving around large blocks in a string won't affect the distance so much. So "helloworld" is close to "worldhello". Obviously Levenshtein distance and Longest common subsequence don't fulfill this requirement. Using Jaccard distance on the set of n-grams gives good results but has other drawbacks (it's a pseudometric and higher n results in higher penalty for changing single character). [original research] As I thought about it, what I'm looking for is a function f(A,B) such that f(A,B)+1 equals the minimum number of blocks that one have to divide A into (A1 ... An), apply a permutation on the blocks and get B: f("hello", "hello") = 0 f("helloworld", "worldhello") = 1 // hello world -> world hello f("abba", "baba") = 2 // ab b a -> b ab a f("computer", "copmuter") = 3 // co m p uter -> co p m uter This can be extended for A and B that aren't necessarily permutations of each other: any additional character that can't be matched is considered as one additional block. f("computer", "combuter") = 3 // com uter -> com uter, unmatched: p and b. Observing that instead of counting blocks we can count the number of pairs of indices that are taken apart by a permutation, we can write f(A,B) formally as: f(A,B) = min { C(P) | P:|A|?|B|, P is bijective, ?i?dom(P) A[P(i)]=B[P(i)] } C(P) = |A| + |B| - |dom(P)| - |{ i | i,i+1?dom(P) and P(i)+1=P(i+1) }| - 1 The problem is... guess what... ... that I'm not able to calculate this in polynomial time. Can someone suggest a way to do this efficiently? Or perhaps point me to already known metric that exhibits similar properties?

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• Why do some questions get closed for no reason? [closed]

  - by IVlad

  Recently there was a question asking about generating all subsets of a set using a stack and a queue, which was closed (and now deleted it seems) as not a real question for no good reason, since it didn't fit into any of these conditions: It's difficult to tell what is being asked here. No, it was clear what was being asked. This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. Not ambiguous, not vague, not incomplete, definitely not rhetorical and could easily be answered if one knew the solution. Now, the exact same thing has happened with this question: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2791982/a-shortest-path-problem-with-superheroes-and-intergalactic-journeys/2793746#2793746 I am interested in hearing a logical argument for why that question is either ambiguous, vague, incomplete, rhetorical or cannot reasonably be answered in its current form. It seems that (the same bunch of) people like to close questions that they think are homework questions, especially when they think people want to be served the solution on a platter, which is also not the case: Any suggestions or ideas of how this problem might be solved would be most welcomed. Most of the time the people asking these questions are very reasonable and appreciate even the most vague idea, yet their question is closed. Let's go further and assume that it IS a homework problem. So what? When I registered here I didn't see any rule that said not to post homework problems, nor do I see such a rule now. What is wrong with posting homework problems that makes people hunt them down with a passion to close them without even reading the entire question body? This site is full of questions asked by people who get paid to know the things they are asking, yet their questions are considered fine. How is solving someone's homework problem worse? In some places (like where I live), computer science is a mandatory high school subject, and not everyone is interested in it. How is helping at least those people worse than doing someone's JOB? Not answering homework questions is fine and it's everyone's choice, but I consider closing them to be an act of power abuse, selfishness, and an insult to the fellow community members who are also interested in a solution or want feedback on their proposed solution. So my questions are: - Why do questions like the above get closed for reasons that do not apply? Why do you close them? Why don't you? - Why doesn't a vote to reopen a question reopen it automatically? Needing 5 votes for a reopen takes too long, and it's not fair because one reopen vote basically cancels out a close vote, making it 4 close votes (or 5 to 1, which is the same as only 4 people wanting to close the question), which isn't enough to close the question. I think a question should only be closed when CloseVotes - ReopenVotes >= 5. I'm hoping this will stay up, but I realize it probably won't. In either case, I think this is worth saying and discussing, since it IS community-related.

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• How to arrange an array in decreasing order of frequency of each number?

  - by Rajendra

  Input : {5, 13, 6, 5, 13, 7, 8, 6, 5} Output : {5, 5, 5, 13, 13, 6, 6, 7, 8} The question is to arrange the numbers in the array in decreasing order of their frequency, preserving the order of their occurrence. If there is a tie, like in this example between 13 and 6, then the number occurring first in the input array would come first in the output array.

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• Calculating holidays

  - by Ralph Shillington

  A number of holidays move around from year to year. For example, in Canada Victoria day (aka the May two-four weekend) is the Monday before May 25th, or Thanksgiving is the 2nd Monday of October (in Canada). I've been using variations on this Linq query to get the date of a holiday for a given year: var year = 2011; var month = 10; var dow = DayOfWeek.Monday; var instance = 2; var day = (from d in Enumerable.Range(1,DateTime.DaysInMonth(year,month)) let sample = new DateTime(year,month,d) where sample.DayOfWeek == dow select sample).Skip(instance-1).Take(1); While this works, and is easy enough to understand, I can imagine there is a more elegant way of making this calculation versus this brute force approach. Of course this doesn't touch on holidays such as Easter and the many other lunar based dates.

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• Binary search to find the rotation point in a rotated sorted list

  - by Algorist

  I am having a sorted list which is rotated and I would like to do a binary search on that list to find the minimum element. Lets suppose initial list is {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} rotated list can be like {5,6,7,8,1,2,3,4} Normal binary search doesn't work in this case. Any idea how to do this.

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• Grouping php array items based on user and created time

  - by Jim

  This is an array of objects showing a user uploading photos: Array ( [12] => stdClass Object ( [type] => photo [created] => 2010-05-14 23:36:41 [user] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 760 [username] => mrsmith ) [photo] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4181 ) ) [44] => stdClass Object ( [type] => photo [created] => 2010-05-14 23:37:15 [user] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 760 [username] => mrsmith ) [photo] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4180 ) ) ) However instead of showing: mr smith uploaded one photo mr smith uploaded one photo I'd like to display: mr smith uploaded two photos by grouping similar items, grouping by user ID and them having added them within, let's say 15 minutes of each other. So I'd like to get the array in this sort of shape: Array ( [12] => stdClass Object ( [type] => photo [created] => 2010-05-14 23:36:41 [user] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 760 [username] => mrsmith ) [photos] => Array ( [0] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4181 ) [1] => stdClass Object ( [id] => 4180 ) ) ) ) preserving the first item of the group and it's created time, and supplementing it with any other groupable photos and then unsetting any items that were grouped (so the final array doesn't have key 44 anymore as it was grouped in with 12). The array contains other actions than just photos, hence the original keys of 12 and 44. I just can't figure out a way to do this efficiently. I used to use MySQL and PHP to do this but am trying to just use pure PHP for caching reasons. Can anyone shed any insights? I thought about going through each item and seeing if I can group it with the previous one in the array but the previous one might not necessarily be relevant or even a photo. I've got total brain freeze :(

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• how to find distinct digit set numbers over a range of integers?

  - by evil.coder

  Suppose i have a unsigned integer, call it low and one another call it high such that highlow. The problem is to find distinct digit set numbers over this range. For example, suppose low is 1 and high is 20 then the answer is 20, because all the numbers in this range are of distinct digit sets. If suppose low is 1 and high is 21, then the answer is 20, because 12 and 21 have same digit set i.e.1, 2. I am not looking for a bruteforce algo., if anyone has a better solution then a usual bruteforce approach, please tell..

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• Sparse (Pseudo) Infinite Grid Data Structure for Web Game

  - by Ming

  I'm considering trying to make a game that takes place on an essentially infinite grid. The grid is very sparse. Certain small regions of relatively high density. Relatively few isolated nonempty cells. The amount of the grid in use is too large to implement naively but probably smallish by "big data" standards (I'm not trying to map the Internet or anything like that) This needs to be easy to persist. Here are the operations I may want to perform (reasonably efficiently) on this grid: Ask for some small rectangular region of cells and all their contents (a player's current neighborhood) Set individual cells or blit small regions (the player is making a move) Ask for the rough shape or outline/silhouette of some larger rectangular regions (a world map or region preview) Find some regions with approximately a given density (player spawning location) Approximate shortest path through gaps of at most some small constant empty spaces per hop (it's OK to be a bad approximation often, but not OK to keep heading the wrong direction searching) Approximate convex hull for a region Here's the catch: I want to do this in a web app. That is, I would prefer to use existing data storage (perhaps in the form of a relational database) and relatively little external dependency (preferably avoiding the need for a persistent process). Guys, what advice can you give me on actually implementing this? How would you do this if the web-app restrictions weren't in place? How would you modify that if they were? Thanks a lot, everyone!

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• General zoom algorithm for drawing program

  - by Steven Sproat

  My GUI toolkit, wxPython provides some methods for implementing a user zoom factor, however the quality isn't too good. I'm looking for ideas on how to create a zooming feature, which I know is complicated. I have a bitmap representing my canvas which is drawn to. This is displayed inside a scrolled window. Problems I forsee: - performance when zoomed in and panning around the canvas - difficulties with "real" coordinates and zoomed in coordinates - image quality not degrading with the zoom Using wxPython's SetUserScale() on its device contexts presents image quality like this - this is with a 1px line, at 30% zoomed in. I'm just wondering the general steps I'll need to take and the challenges I'll encounter. Thanks for any suggestions

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• Could I do this blind relative to absolute path conversion (for perforce depot paths) better?

  - by wonderfulthunk

  I need to "blindly" (i.e. without access to the filesystem, in this case the source control server) convert some relative paths to absolute paths. So I'm playing with dotdots and indices. For those that are curious I have a log file produced by someone else's tool that sometimes outputs relative paths, and for performance reasons I don't want to access the source control server where the paths are located to check if they're valid and more easily convert them to their absolute path equivalents. I've gone through a number of (probably foolish) iterations trying to get it to work - mostly a few variations of iterating over the array of folders and trying delete_at(index) and delete_at(index-1) but my index kept incrementing while I was deleting elements of the array out from under myself, which didn't work for cases with multiple dotdots. Any tips on improving it in general or specifically the lack of non-consecutive dotdot support would be welcome. Currently this is working with my limited examples, but I think it could be improved. It can't handle non-consecutive '..' directories, and I am probably doing a lot of wasteful (and error-prone) things that I probably don't need to do because I'm a bit of a hack. I've found a lot of examples of converting other types of relative paths using other languages, but none of them seemed to fit my situation. These are my example paths that I need to convert, from: //depot/foo/../bar/single.c //depot/foo/docs/../../other/double.c //depot/foo/usr/bin/../../../else/more/triple.c to: //depot/bar/single.c //depot/other/double.c //depot/else/more/triple.c And my script: begin paths = File.open(ARGV[0]).readlines puts(paths) new_paths = Array.new paths.each { |path| folders = path.split('/') if ( folders.include?('..') ) num_dotdots = 0 first_dotdot = folders.index('..') last_dotdot = folders.rindex('..') folders.each { |item| if ( item == '..' ) num_dotdots += 1 end } if ( first_dotdot and ( num_dotdots > 0 ) ) # this might be redundant? folders.slice!(first_dotdot - num_dotdots..last_dotdot) # dependent on consecutive dotdots only end end folders.map! { |elem| if ( elem !~ /\n/ ) elem = elem + '/' else elem = elem end } new_paths << folders.to_s } puts(new_paths) end

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• Find the shortest path in a graph which visits certain nodes.

  - by dmd

  I have a undirected graph with about 100 nodes and about 200 edges. One node is labelled 'start', one is 'end', and there's about a dozen labelled 'mustpass'. I need to find the shortest path through this graph that starts at 'start', ends at 'end', and passes through all of the 'mustpass' nodes (in any order). ( http://3e.org/local/maize-graph.png / http://3e.org/local/maize-graph.dot.txt is the graph in question - it represents a corn maze in Lancaster, PA)

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• Express any number as the sum of 4 prime numbers [Doubts]

  - by WarDoGG

  I was give a problem to express any number as sum of 4 prime numbers. Conditions: Not allowed to use any kind of database. Maximum execution time : 3 seconds Numbers only till 100,000 If the splitting is NOT possible, then return -1 What i did : using the sieve of eratosthenes, i calculated all prime numbers till the specified number. looked up a concept called goldbach conjecture which expresses an even number as the summation of 2 primes. However, i am stuck beyond that. Can anyone help me on this one as to what approach u might take ? The sieve of eratosthenes is taking 2 seconds to count primes till 100,000 :(((

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• Byte-Pairing for data compression

  - by user1669533

  Question about Byte-Pairing for data compression. If byte pairing converts two byte values to a single byte value, splitting the file in half, then taking a gig file and recusing it 16 times shrinks it to 62,500,000. My question is, is byte-pairing really efficient? Is the creation of a 5,000,000 iteration loop, to be conservative, efficient? I would like some feed back on and some incisive opinions please. Dave, what I read was: "The US patent office no longer grants patents on perpetual motion machines, but has recently granted at least two patents on a mathematically impossible process: compression of truly random data." I was not inferring the Patent Office was actually considering what I am inquiring about. I was merely commenting on the notion of a "mathematically impossible process." If someone has, in some way created a method of having a "single" data byte as a placeholder of 8 individual bytes of data, that would be a consideration for a patent. Now, about the mathematically impossibility of an 8 to 1 compression method, it is not so much a mathematically impossibility, but a series of rules and conditions that can be created. As long as there is the rule of 8 or 16 bit representation of storing data on a medium, there are ways to manipulate data that mirrors current methods, or creation by a new way of thinking.

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• Maintaing list order in binary tree.

  - by TheBigO

  Given a sequence of numbers, I want to insert the numbers into a balanced binary tree such that when I do a preorder traversal on the tree, it gives me the sequence back. How can I construct the insert method corresponding to this requirement? Remember that the tree must be balanced, so there isn't a completely trivial solution. I was trying to do this with a modified version of an AVL tree, but I'm not sure if this can work out.

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• Is there a standard pattern for scanning a job table executing some actions?

  - by Howiecamp

  (I realize that my title is poor. If after reading the question you have an improvement in mind, please either edit it or tell me and I'll change it.) I have the relatively common scenario of a job table which has 1 row for some thing that needs to be done. For example, it could be a list of emails to be sent. The table looks something like this: ID Completed TimeCompleted anything else... ---- --------- ------------- ---------------- 1 No blabla 2 No blabla 3 Yes 01:04:22 ... I'm looking either for a standard practice/pattern (or code - C#/SQL Server preferred) for periodically "scanning" (I use the term "scanning" very loosely) this table, finding the not-completed items, doing the action and then marking them completed once done successfully. In addition to the basic process for accomplishing the above, I'm considering the following requirements: I'd like some means of "scaling linearly", e.g. running multiple "worker processes" simultaneously or threading or whatever. (Just a specific technical thought - I'm assuming that as a result of this requirement, I need some method of marking an item as "in progress" to avoid attempting the action multiple times.) Each item in the table should only be executed once. Some other thoughts: I'm not particularly concerned with the implementation being done in the database (e.g. in T-SQL or PL/SQL code) vs. some external program code (e.g. a standalone executable or some action triggered by a web page) which is executed against the database Whether the "doing the action" part is done synchronously or asynchronously is not something I'm considering as part of this question.

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• Reverse a singly linked list

  - by Madhan

  I would be wondered if there exists some logic to reverse the linked list using only two pointers. The following is used to reverse the single linked list using three pointers namely p, q, r: struct node { int data; struct node *link; }; void reverse() { struct node *p = first, *q = NULL, *r; while (p != NULL) { r = q; q = p; p = p->link; q->link = r; } q = first; } Is there any other alternate to reverse the linked list? what would be the best logic to reverse a singly linked list, in terms of time complexity?

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• What's a good introductory-level book / resource for compression?

  - by int3

  I'm looking to learn some theory about data/audio/video compression, and would be glad to get some recommendations. Online and print resources are both fine.

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• How to notice unusual news activity

  - by ??iu

  Suppose you were able keep track of the news mentions of different entities, like say "Steve Jobs" and "Steve Ballmer". What are ways that could you tell whether the amount of mentions per entity per a given time period was unusual relative to their normal degree of frequency of appearance? I imagine that for a more popular person like Steve Jobs an increase of like 50% might be unusual (an increase of 1000 to 1500), while for a relatively unknown CEO an increase of 1000% for a given day could be possible (an increase of 2 to 200). If you didn't have a way of scaling that your unusualness index could be dominated by unheard-ofs getting their 15 minutes of fame.

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• Project euler problem 45

  - by Peter

  Hi, I'm not yet a skilled programmer but I thought this was an interesting problem and I thought I'd give it a go. Triangle, pentagonal, and hexagonal numbers are generated by the following formulae: Triangle T_(n)=n(n+1)/2 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ... Pentagonal P_(n)=n(3n-1)/2 1, 5, 12, 22, 35, ... Hexagonal H_(n)=n(2n-1) 1, 6, 15, 28, 45, ... It can be verified that T_(285) = P_(165) = H_(143) = 40755. Find the next triangle number that is also pentagonal and hexagonal. Is the task description. I know that Hexagonal numbers are a subset of triangle numbers which means that you only have to find a number where Hn=Pn. But I can't seem to get my code to work. I only know java language which is why I'm having trouble finding a solution on the net womewhere. Anyway hope someone can help. Here's my code public class NextNumber { public NextNumber() { next(); } public void next() { int n = 144; int i = 165; int p = i * (3 * i - 1) / 2; int h = n * (2 * n - 1); while(p!=h) { n++; h = n * (2 * n - 1); if (h == p) { System.out.println("the next triangular number is" + h); } else { while (h > p) { i++; p = i * (3 * i - 1) / 2; } if (h == p) { System.out.println("the next triangular number is" + h); break; } else if (p > h) { System.out.println("bummer"); } } } } } I realize it's probably a very slow and ineffecient code but that doesn't concern me much at this point I only care about finding the next number even if it would take my computer years :) . Peter

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• make tree in scheme

  - by ???

  (define (entry tree) (car tree)) (define (left-branch tree) (cadr tree)) (define (right-branch tree) (caddr tree)) (define (make-tree entry left right) (list entry left right)) (define (mktree order items_list) (cond ((= (length items_list) 1) (make-tree (car items_list) '() '())) (else (insert2 order (car items_list) (mktree order (cdr items_list)))))) (define (insert2 order x t) (cond ((null? t) (make-tree x '() '())) ((order x (entry t)) (make-tree (entry t) (insert2 order x (left-branch t)) (right-branch t))) ((order (entry t) x ) (make-tree (entry t) (left-branch t) (insert2 order x (right-branch t)))) (else t))) The result is: (mktree (lambda (x y) (< x y)) (list 7 3 5 1 9 11)) (11 (9 (1 () (5 (3 () ()) (7 () ()))) ()) ()) But I'm trying to get: (7 (3 (1 () ()) (5 () ())) (9 () (11 () ()))) Where is the problem?

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