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  • C++ header files and variable scope

    - by MrDatabase
    I want to organize my c++ variables and functions in the following way: function prototypes in a header file "stuff.h", function implementation in "stuff.cpp", then say #include "stuff.h" in main.cpp (so I can call functions implemented in stuff.cpp). So far so good. Now I want to declare some variables in stuff.cpp that have global scope (so I can modify the variables in functions implemented in stuff.cpp and main.cpp). This doesn't seem to work. How can I do this?

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  • :any option for rails 3 routes

    - by user357523
    In rails 2 you can use the :any option to define a custom route that responds to any request method e.g. map.resources :items, :member => {:erase => :any} rails 3 doesn't seem to support the :any option resources :items do get :erase, :on => :member # works any :erase, :on => :member # doesn't work end does anyone know if this option has been removed or just renamed?

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  • Is there an equivalent to C++'s "friend class" in Java?

    - by Ricket
    In C++ there is a concept of a "friend", which has access to a class's private variables and functions. So if you have: class Foo { friend class Bar; private: int x; } then any instance of the class Bar can modify any Foo instance's x member, despite it being private, because Bar is a friend of Foo. Now I have a situation in Java where this functionality would come in handy. There are three classes: Database, Modifier, Viewer. The Database is just a collection of variables (like a struct). Modifier should be "friends" with Database; that is, it should be able to read and write its variables directly. But Viewer should only be able to read Database's variables. How is this best implemented? Is there a good way to enforce Viewer's read-only access of Database?

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  • How to create an formatted localized string?

    - by mystify
    I have an localized string which needs to take a few variables. However, in localization it is important that the order of the variables can change from language to language. So this is not a good idea: NSString *text = NSLocalizedString(@"My birthday is at %@ %@ in %@", nil); In some languages some words come before others, while in others it's reverse. I lack of an good example for the moment. How would I provide NAMED variables in an formatted string? Is there any way to do it without some heavy self-made string replacements? Even some numbered variables like {%@1}, {%@2}, and so on would be sufficient... is there a solution?

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  • Pass the current state of a function into another function in C/C++

    - by sand
    Is there a way to pass the current state of a function into another function in C/C++? I mean all the parameters and local variables by current state. For example: void funcA (int a, int b) { char c; int d, e; // Do something with the variables. // ... funcB(); // Do something more. } void funcB() { // funcB() should be able to access variables a,b,c,d & e // and any change in these variables reflect into funcA(). } The code is in bad shape if there is a need for funcB() kind of functions. But can it be achieved? This can help if someone is starting to re-factor a long method with multiple parameters.

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  • how to access child instances in a vector in c++

    - by tsubasa
    I have a parent class and child class (inherited from parent). In the child class, I have a member function named function_blah(); I used vector<parent*> A to store 5 parent instances, 3 child instances. So the total number of elements in the vector is 8. I can easily access to member functions of element A[0] to A[4], which are parent instances. But whenever I try to have access to member functions of element A[5] to A[7], the compiler complains that class parent has no member named 'function_blah' The way I access to elements is using index. e.x A[i] with i = 0..7. Is it correct? if not, how?

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  • [Grails] HibernateException: No session currently bound to execution context

    - by user289206
    I'm trying to create a very basic REST-ish web service with Grails and Postgres. I have the read() & delete() methods working, but I can't get create() to work. Hibernate just gripes, "HibernateException: No session currently bound to execution context." Here's my create method: def create = { def member = new Member(params) member.save() render(status: 201) } Any advice would be great. Thanks.

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  • linq2sql left join with "multiselect"

    - by just_azho
    Hi, folks I'm trying to achieve following by linq2sql, but not successful. I've Member and Reference tables. DB is design in such a manner that Member can have multiple (=0) References. What I want as a result of query is, list (rows) of members, where all references of the member are "collected" in one column. What I had achieved is following query, but for this one there exist a row for each Reference. var refs = (from m in db.Members join r in db.References on m.PID equals r.PID into g from o in g.DefaultIfEmpty() select new { member = m, name = (o == null ? "" : o.NameSurname) }); I feel I need to insert SelectMany somewher :) Could you please give hints on achieving the goal?

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  • ActionScript Binding Array Objects?

    - by TheDarkIn1978
    i would like to update the numbers i've added to an array from variables, when those variables change. is it possible change these variables and have the array update automatically? var first:Number = 1; var second:Number = 2; var myArray:Array = new Array(first, second); first = 3; second = 4; trace(myArray) //outputs 1,2

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  • ActionScript Binding Array Data?

    - by TheDarkIn1978
    i would like to update the numbers i've added to an array from variables, when those variables change. is it possible change these variables and have the array update automatically? var first:Number = 1; var second:Number = 2; var myArray:Array = new Array(first, second); first = 3; second = 4; trace(myArray) //outputs 1,2

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  • possible implementations of casting in c++

    - by lego69
    I have this snippet of the code in my header: class A { private: int player; public: A(int initPlayer = 0); A(const A&); A& operator=(const A&); ~A(); void foo() const; friend int operator==(const A& i, const A& member) const; }; implementation of the operator== int operator==(const A& i, const A& member) const{ if(i.player == member.player){ return 1; } return 0; } and I need casting for this part of my code: A *pa1 = new A(a2); assert(i == *pa1); i - is some int, which my function receives I receive an error non-member function, How can I fix it? thanks in advance

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  • What data (if any) persists across web-requests in Ruby on Rails?

    - by Daniel Beardsley
    I decided to use the singleton design pattern while creating a view helper class. This got me thinking; will the singleton instance survive across requests? This led to another question, Which variables (if any) survive across web requests and does that change depending on deployment? (Fastcgi, Mongrel, Passenger, ...) I know that Controller instance variables aren't persisted. I know Constants are persisted (or reloaded?). But I don't know about class variables, instance variables on a class, Eigenclasses, ...

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  • troubles creating a List of doubles from a list of objects

    - by Michel
    Hi, i have a list with objects. The object has a property 'Sales' which is a string. Now i want to create a list of doubles with the values of all objects' 'Sales' properties. I tried this: var tmp = from n in e.Result select new{ Convert.ToDouble ( n.Sales) }; but this gives me this error: Error 106 Invalid anonymous type member declarator. Anonymous type members must be declared with a member assignment, simple name or member access.

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  • pecl-ssh2-0.11 Freebsd Compile error after upgrading to php 5.3.2

    - by penfold45
    Hi I've been looking for answers for this all day and can find nothing to solve my issue. I also came across a question about this port on serverfault that I just answered and will hopefully help someone else. however my problem is this. While running "make" in /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2 I get this error === Building for pecl-ssh2-0.11 /bin/sh /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/libtool --mode=compile cc -I. -I/usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11 -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/include -I/usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/main -I/usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11 -I/usr/local/include/php -I/usr/local/include/php/main -I/usr/local/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/local/include/php/Zend -I/usr/local/include/php/ext -I/usr/local/include/php/ext/date/lib -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/local/include -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -O2 -pipe -fno-strict-aliasing -c /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c -o ssh2.lo cc -I. -I/usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11 -DPHP_ATOM_INC -I/usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/include -I/usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/main -I/usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11 -I/usr/local/include/php -I/usr/local/include/php/main -I/usr/local/include/php/TSRM -I/usr/local/include/php/Zend -I/usr/local/include/php/ext -I/usr/local/include/php/ext/date/lib -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/local/include -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -O2 -pipe -fno-strict-aliasing -c /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c -fPIC -DPIC -o .libs/ssh2.o /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c: In function 'zif_ssh2_methods_negotiated': /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:502: warning: passing argument 4 of 'add_assoc_string_ex' discards qualifiers from pointer target type /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:503: warning: passing argument 4 of 'add_assoc_string_ex' discards qualifiers from pointer target type /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:507: warning: passing argument 4 of 'add_assoc_string_ex' discards qualifiers from pointer target type /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:508: warning: passing argument 4 of 'add_assoc_string_ex' discards qualifiers from pointer target type /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:509: warning: passing argument 4 of 'add_assoc_string_ex' discards qualifiers from pointer target type /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:510: warning: passing argument 4 of 'add_assoc_string_ex' discards qualifiers from pointer target type /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:515: warning: passing argument 4 of 'add_assoc_string_ex' discards qualifiers from pointer target type /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:516: warning: passing argument 4 of 'add_assoc_string_ex' discards qualifiers from pointer target type /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:517: warning: passing argument 4 of 'add_assoc_string_ex' discards qualifiers from pointer target type /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:518: warning: passing argument 4 of 'add_assoc_string_ex' discards qualifiers from pointer target type /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c: In function 'zif_ssh2_poll': /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:891: error: 'zval' has no member named 'is_ref' /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:891: error: 'zval' has no member named 'refcount' /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:901: error: 'zval' has no member named 'is_ref' /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:902: error: 'zval' has no member named 'refcount' /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c: In function 'zif_ssh2_publickey_add': /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:1011: error: 'zval' has no member named 'is_ref' /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:1012: error: 'zval' has no member named 'refcount' /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:1044: warning: passing argument 1 of '_efree' discards qualifiers from pointer target type /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c: In function 'zif_ssh2_publickey_list': /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:1103: warning: passing argument 4 of 'add_assoc_stringl_ex' discards qualifiers from pointer target type /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11/ssh2.c:1104: warning: passing argument 4 of 'add_assoc_stringl_ex' discards qualifiers from pointer target type *** Error code 1 Stop in /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2/work/ssh2-0.11. *** Error code 1 Stop in /usr/ports/security/pecl-ssh2. I am trying to recompile this port after upgrading from php 5.2.12 to php 5.3.2 which was released on freebsd over the weekend. I have run out of ideas and steam with this so if anyone has any ideas on what this might be I would be truly grateful.

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  • Why does JAXB not create a member variable in its generated code when an XML schema base type and subtype have the same element declared in them?

    - by belltower
    I have a question regarding with regard to JAXB generated classes. As you can I see, I have a complex type, DG_PaymentIdentification1, declared in my schema. Its a restriction of PaymentIdentification1. DG_PaymentIdentification1 is also identical to PaymentIdentification1. I also have a type called DG_CreditTransferTransactionInformation10 which has a base type of CreditTransferTransactionInformation10 and is identical to it. I have included the relevant XML schema snippets below. <xs:complexType name="DG_PaymentIdentification1"> <xs:complexContent> <xs:restriction base="PaymentIdentification1"> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="InstrId" type="DG_Max35Text_REF" minOccurs="0"/> <xs:element name="EndToEndId" type="DG_Max35Text_REF" id="DG-41"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:restriction> </xs:complexContent> </xs:complexType> <xs:complexType name="PaymentIdentification1"> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="InstrId" type="Max35Text" minOccurs="0"/> <xs:element name="EndToEndId" type="Max35Text"/> </xs:sequence> </xs:complexType> <xs:complexType name="DG_CreditTransferTransactionInformation10"> <xs:complexContent> <xs:restriction base="CreditTransferTransactionInformation10"> <xs:sequence> <xs:element name="PmtId" type="DG_PaymentIdentification1"/> <xs:simpleType name="DG_Max35Text_REF"> <xs:restriction base="DG_NotEmpty35"> <xs:pattern value="[\-A-Za-z0-9\+/\?:\(\)\.,'&#x20;]*"/> </xs:restriction> </xs:simpleType> <xs:simpleType name="Max35Text"> <xs:restriction base="xs:string"> <xs:minLength value="1"/> <xs:maxLength value="35"/> </xs:restriction> </xs:simpleType> JAXB generates the following java class for DG_PaymentIdentification1: @XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD) @XmlType(name = "DG_CreditTransferTransactionInformDGion10") public class DGCreditTransferTransactionInformation10 extends CreditTransferTransactionInformation10 { } My question is why doesnt the DGCreditTransferTransactionInformation10 generated class have a variable of type DG_PaymentIdentification1 in the generated code? The base class CreditTransferTransactionInformation10 does have a type PaymentIdentification1 declared in it. Is there any way of ensuring that DGCreditTransferTransactionInformation10 will have a DG_PaymentIdentification1 in it?

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  • From Binary to Data Structures

    - by Cédric Menzi
    Table of Contents Introduction PE file format and COFF header COFF file header BaseCoffReader Byte4ByteCoffReader UnsafeCoffReader ManagedCoffReader Conclusion History This article is also available on CodeProject Introduction Sometimes, you want to parse well-formed binary data and bring it into your objects to do some dirty stuff with it. In the Windows world most data structures are stored in special binary format. Either we call a WinApi function or we want to read from special files like images, spool files, executables or may be the previously announced Outlook Personal Folders File. Most specifications for these files can be found on the MSDN Libarary: Open Specification In my example, we are going to get the COFF (Common Object File Format) file header from a PE (Portable Executable). The exact specification can be found here: PECOFF PE file format and COFF header Before we start we need to know how this file is formatted. The following figure shows an overview of the Microsoft PE executable format. Source: Microsoft Our goal is to get the PE header. As we can see, the image starts with a MS-DOS 2.0 header with is not important for us. From the documentation we can read "...After the MS DOS stub, at the file offset specified at offset 0x3c, is a 4-byte...". With this information we know our reader has to jump to location 0x3c and read the offset to the signature. The signature is always 4 bytes that ensures that the image is a PE file. The signature is: PE\0\0. To prove this we first seek to the offset 0x3c, read if the file consist the signature. So we need to declare some constants, because we do not want magic numbers.   private const int PeSignatureOffsetLocation = 0x3c; private const int PeSignatureSize = 4; private const string PeSignatureContent = "PE";   Then a method for moving the reader to the correct location to read the offset of signature. With this method we always move the underlining Stream of the BinaryReader to the start location of the PE signature.   private void SeekToPeSignature(BinaryReader br) { // seek to the offset for the PE signagure br.BaseStream.Seek(PeSignatureOffsetLocation, SeekOrigin.Begin); // read the offset int offsetToPeSig = br.ReadInt32(); // seek to the start of the PE signature br.BaseStream.Seek(offsetToPeSig, SeekOrigin.Begin); }   Now, we can check if it is a valid PE image by reading of the next 4 byte contains the content PE.   private bool IsValidPeSignature(BinaryReader br) { // read 4 bytes to get the PE signature byte[] peSigBytes = br.ReadBytes(PeSignatureSize); // convert it to a string and trim \0 at the end of the content string peContent = Encoding.Default.GetString(peSigBytes).TrimEnd('\0'); // check if PE is in the content return peContent.Equals(PeSignatureContent); }   With this basic functionality we have a good base reader class to try the different methods of parsing the COFF file header. COFF file header The COFF header has the following structure: Offset Size Field 0 2 Machine 2 2 NumberOfSections 4 4 TimeDateStamp 8 4 PointerToSymbolTable 12 4 NumberOfSymbols 16 2 SizeOfOptionalHeader 18 2 Characteristics If we translate this table to code, we get something like this:   [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public MachineType Machine; public ushort NumberOfSections; public uint TimeDateStamp; public uint PointerToSymbolTable; public uint NumberOfSymbols; public ushort SizeOfOptionalHeader; public Characteristic Characteristics; } BaseCoffReader All readers do the same thing, so we go to the patterns library in our head and see that Strategy pattern or Template method pattern is sticked out in the bookshelf. I have decided to take the template method pattern in this case, because the Parse() should handle the IO for all implementations and the concrete parsing should done in its derived classes.   public CoffHeader Parse() { using (var br = new BinaryReader(File.Open(_fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))) { SeekToPeSignature(br); if (!IsValidPeSignature(br)) { throw new BadImageFormatException(); } return ParseInternal(br); } } protected abstract CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br);   First we open the BinaryReader, seek to the PE signature then we check if it contains a valid PE signature and rest is done by the derived implementations. Byte4ByteCoffReader The first solution is using the BinaryReader. It is the general way to get the data. We only need to know which order, which data-type and its size. If we read byte for byte we could comment out the first line in the CoffHeader structure, because we have control about the order of the member assignment.   protected override CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br) { CoffHeader coff = new CoffHeader(); coff.Machine = (MachineType)br.ReadInt16(); coff.NumberOfSections = (ushort)br.ReadInt16(); coff.TimeDateStamp = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.PointerToSymbolTable = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.NumberOfSymbols = br.ReadUInt32(); coff.SizeOfOptionalHeader = (ushort)br.ReadInt16(); coff.Characteristics = (Characteristic)br.ReadInt16(); return coff; }   If the structure is as short as the COFF header here and the specification will never changed, there is probably no reason to change the strategy. But if a data-type will be changed, a new member will be added or ordering of member will be changed the maintenance costs of this method are very high. UnsafeCoffReader Another way to bring the data into this structure is using a "magically" unsafe trick. As above, we know the layout and order of the data structure. Now, we need the StructLayout attribute, because we have to ensure that the .NET Runtime allocates the structure in the same order as it is specified in the source code. We also need to enable "Allow unsafe code (/unsafe)" in the project's build properties. Then we need to add the following constructor to the CoffHeader structure.   [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public CoffHeader(byte[] data) { unsafe { fixed (byte* packet = &data[0]) { this = *(CoffHeader*)packet; } } } }   The "magic" trick is in the statement: this = *(CoffHeader*)packet;. What happens here? We have a fixed size of data somewhere in the memory and because a struct in C# is a value-type, the assignment operator = copies the whole data of the structure and not only the reference. To fill the structure with data, we need to pass the data as bytes into the CoffHeader structure. This can be achieved by reading the exact size of the structure from the PE file.   protected override CoffHeader ParseInternal(BinaryReader br) { return new CoffHeader(br.ReadBytes(Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(CoffHeader)))); }   This solution is the fastest way to parse the data and bring it into the structure, but it is unsafe and it could introduce some security and stability risks. ManagedCoffReader In this solution we are using the same approach of the structure assignment as above. But we need to replace the unsafe part in the constructor with the following managed part:   [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)] public struct CoffHeader { public CoffHeader(byte[] data) { IntPtr coffPtr = IntPtr.Zero; try { int size = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(CoffHeader)); coffPtr = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(size); Marshal.Copy(data, 0, coffPtr, size); this = (CoffHeader)Marshal.PtrToStructure(coffPtr, typeof(CoffHeader)); } finally { Marshal.FreeHGlobal(coffPtr); } } }     Conclusion We saw that we can parse well-formed binary data to our data structures using different approaches. The first is probably the clearest way, because we know each member and its size and ordering and we have control about the reading the data for each member. But if add member or the structure is going change by some reason, we need to change the reader. The two other solutions use the approach of the structure assignment. In the unsafe implementation we need to compile the project with the /unsafe option. We increase the performance, but we get some security risks.

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  • Dynamic Types and DynamicObject References in C#

    - by Rick Strahl
    I've been working a bit with C# custom dynamic types for several customers recently and I've seen some confusion in understanding how dynamic types are referenced. This discussion specifically centers around types that implement IDynamicMetaObjectProvider or subclass from DynamicObject as opposed to arbitrary type casts of standard .NET types. IDynamicMetaObjectProvider types  are treated special when they are cast to the dynamic type. Assume for a second that I've created my own implementation of a custom dynamic type called DynamicFoo which is about as simple of a dynamic class that I can think of:public class DynamicFoo : DynamicObject { Dictionary<string, object> properties = new Dictionary<string, object>(); public string Bar { get; set; } public DateTime Entered { get; set; } public override bool TryGetMember(GetMemberBinder binder, out object result) { result = null; if (!properties.ContainsKey(binder.Name)) return false; result = properties[binder.Name]; return true; } public override bool TrySetMember(SetMemberBinder binder, object value) { properties[binder.Name] = value; return true; } } This class has an internal dictionary member and I'm exposing this dictionary member through a dynamic by implementing DynamicObject. This implementation exposes the properties dictionary so the dictionary keys can be referenced like properties (foo.NewProperty = "Cool!"). I override TryGetMember() and TrySetMember() which are fired at runtime every time you access a 'property' on a dynamic instance of this DynamicFoo type. Strong Typing and Dynamic Casting I now can instantiate and use DynamicFoo in a couple of different ways: Strong TypingDynamicFoo fooExplicit = new DynamicFoo(); var fooVar = new DynamicFoo(); These two commands are essentially identical and use strong typing. The compiler generates identical code for both of them. The var statement is merely a compiler directive to infer the type of fooVar at compile time and so the type of fooExplicit is DynamicFoo, just like fooExplicit. This is very static - nothing dynamic about it - and it completely ignores the IDynamicMetaObjectProvider implementation of my class above as it's never used. Using either of these I can access the native properties:DynamicFoo fooExplicit = new DynamicFoo();// static typing assignmentsfooVar.Bar = "Barred!"; fooExplicit.Entered = DateTime.Now; // echo back static values Console.WriteLine(fooVar.Bar); Console.WriteLine(fooExplicit.Entered); but I have no access whatsoever to the properties dictionary. Basically this creates a strongly typed instance of the type with access only to the strongly typed interface. You get no dynamic behavior at all. The IDynamicMetaObjectProvider features don't kick in until you cast the type to dynamic. If I try to access a non-existing property on fooExplicit I get a compilation error that tells me that the property doesn't exist. Again, it's clearly and utterly non-dynamic. Dynamicdynamic fooDynamic = new DynamicFoo(); fooDynamic on the other hand is created as a dynamic type and it's a completely different beast. I can also create a dynamic by simply casting any type to dynamic like this:DynamicFoo fooExplicit = new DynamicFoo(); dynamic fooDynamic = fooExplicit; Note that dynamic typically doesn't require an explicit cast as the compiler automatically performs the cast so there's no need to use as dynamic. Dynamic functionality works at runtime and allows for the dynamic wrapper to look up and call members dynamically. A dynamic type will look for members to access or call in two places: Using the strongly typed members of the object Using theIDynamicMetaObjectProvider Interface methods to access members So rather than statically linking and calling a method or retrieving a property, the dynamic type looks up - at runtime  - where the value actually comes from. It's essentially late-binding which allows runtime determination what action to take when a member is accessed at runtime *if* the member you are accessing does not exist on the object. Class members are checked first before IDynamicMetaObjectProvider interface methods are kick in. All of the following works with the dynamic type:dynamic fooDynamic = new DynamicFoo(); // dynamic typing assignments fooDynamic.NewProperty = "Something new!"; fooDynamic.LastAccess = DateTime.Now; // dynamic assigning static properties fooDynamic.Bar = "dynamic barred"; fooDynamic.Entered = DateTime.Now; // echo back dynamic values Console.WriteLine(fooDynamic.NewProperty); Console.WriteLine(fooDynamic.LastAccess); Console.WriteLine(fooDynamic.Bar); Console.WriteLine(fooDynamic.Entered); The dynamic type can access the native class properties (Bar and Entered) and create and read new ones (NewProperty,LastAccess) all using a single type instance which is pretty cool. As you can see it's pretty easy to create an extensible type this way that can dynamically add members at runtime dynamically. The Alter Ego of IDynamicObject The key point here is that all three statements - explicit, var and dynamic - declare a new DynamicFoo(), but the dynamic declaration results in completely different behavior than the first two simply because the type has been cast to dynamic. Dynamic binding means that the type loses its typical strong typing, compile time features. You can see this easily in the Visual Studio code editor. As soon as you assign a value to a dynamic you lose Intellisense and you see which means there's no Intellisense and no compiler type checking on any members you apply to this instance. If you're new to the dynamic type it might seem really confusing that a single type can behave differently depending on how it is cast, but that's exactly what happens when you use a type that implements IDynamicMetaObjectProvider. Declare the type as its strong type name and you only get to access the native instance members of the type. Declare or cast it to dynamic and you get dynamic behavior which accesses native members plus it uses IDynamicMetaObjectProvider implementation to handle any missing member definitions by running custom code. You can easily cast objects back and forth between dynamic and the original type:dynamic fooDynamic = new DynamicFoo(); fooDynamic.NewProperty = "New Property Value"; DynamicFoo foo = fooDynamic; foo.Bar = "Barred"; Here the code starts out with a dynamic cast and a dynamic assignment. The code then casts back the value to the DynamicFoo. Notice that when casting from dynamic to DynamicFoo and back we typically do not have to specify the cast explicitly - the compiler can induce the type so I don't need to specify as dynamic or as DynamicFoo. Moral of the Story This easy interchange between dynamic and the underlying type is actually super useful, because it allows you to create extensible objects that can expose non-member data stores and expose them as an object interface. You can create an object that hosts a number of strongly typed properties and then cast the object to dynamic and add additional dynamic properties to the same type at runtime. You can easily switch back and forth between the strongly typed instance to access the well-known strongly typed properties and to dynamic for the dynamic properties added at runtime. Keep in mind that dynamic object access has quite a bit of overhead and is definitely slower than strongly typed binding, so if you're accessing the strongly typed parts of your objects you definitely want to use a strongly typed reference. Reserve dynamic for the dynamic members to optimize your code. The real beauty of dynamic is that with very little effort you can build expandable objects or objects that expose different data stores to an object interface. I'll have more on this in my next post when I create a customized and extensible Expando object based on DynamicObject.© Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2012Posted in CSharp  .NET   Tweet !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); (function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true; po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();

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  • Good abbreviations for XML ... things

    - by Peter Turner
    I've never been very good at maintaining a coherent bunch of variable names for interfacing with XML files because I never name the variables in my interfaces the same way across my source. There are Elements, Attributes, Documents, NodeLists, Nodes, DocumentFragments and other stuff. What's a good scheme for keeping track of this stuff as variables? Is there a standard in regard to Hungarian notation? Do you even put anything signifying that the data is actually XML, is this bad practice?

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  • How to deal with different programming styles in a team?

    - by user3287
    We have a small dev team (only 3 developers) and we recently got a new team member. While he is a smart coder, his coding style is completely different from ours. Our existing code base contains mostly readable, clean and maintainable code, but the new team member is quickly changing many files, introducing ugly hacks and shortcuts, using defines all over the place, adding functions in the wrong places, etc. My question is if others have experienced such a situation before, and if anyone has tips on how to talk to him.

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  • How much info can I store in a cookie?

    - by Artemix
    Hi guys, Im developing a flash game and I'd like to know how much info can I store in a browser cookie. The game is simple, but it needs to store several variables in order to save all the details of your current progress. The game is only one swf file, no server, no nothing. I need to know how should I use the cookies to achieve this, and if they have the posibility of doing it, of course. (several = 200 variables i.e)

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  • Making game constants/tables available to game logic classes/routines in a modular manner

    - by Extrakun
    Suppose I have a game where there are several predefined constants and charts (a XP chart, cost of goods and so on). Those could be defined at runtime, or load from files at start-up. The question is how should those logic routines access the constants and charts? For example, I could try using global variables, but that cause all classes relying on the variables to be tightly coupled with them.

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  • Don't Miss At Devoxx!!!

    - by Yolande Poirier
    Come by IoT Hack Fest which starts with the session: kickstart your Raspberry Pi and/or Leap Motion project, part II on Tuesday from 9:30am to 12:00pm to learn how to start a project with the Raspberry Pi and Leap Motion. In the afternoon, you can still join a project and create your own project with the help of experts on Raspberry Pi, Leap Motion and other boards.  At the Oracle booth, Java experts will be available  to answer your  questions and demo the new features of the Java Platform, including Java Embedded, JavaFX, Java SE and Java EE. This year, the chess game that was first demoed at JavaOne keynotes last September will be showcased at Devoxx.  Duke is coming to Devoxx this year. You can get your picture taken with Duke on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday (Nov. 12-14) from 12:00 to 18:00 Beer bash will be Tuesday from 17:30-19:30 and Wednesday/Thursday from 18:00 to 20:00 at the booth. Oracle is raffling off five Raspberry Pi's and a number of books every day. Make sure to stop by and get your badge scanned to enter the raffle. Raffles are Tuesday at 19:15 and Wednesday/Thursday at 19:45 at the Oracle booth.  The main conference sessions from Oracle Java experts are:  Wednesday 13 November Beyond Beauty: JavaFX, Parallax, Touch, Raspberry Pi, Gyroscopes, and Much More Angela Caicedo, Senior Member, Technical Staff, Oracle Room 7, 12:00–13:00 Lambda: A Peek Under the Hood, Brian Goetz, Software Architect, Oracle Room 8, 12:00–13:00 In Full Flow: Java 8 Lambdas in the Stream, Paul Sandoz, Software Developer, Oracle Room 8, 14:00–15:00 The Modular Java Platform and Project Jigsaw, Mark Reinhold, Chief Architect, Java Platform Group, Oracle, Room 8, 15:10–16:10 The Curious Case of JavaScript on the JVM, Attila Szegedi, Principal Member, Technical Staff, Oracle, Room 5, 16:40–17:40 Is It a Car? Is It a Computer? No, It’s a Raspberry Pi JavaFX Informatics System. Simon Ritter, Principal Technology Evangelist, Oracle Room 7, 16:40–17:40 Thursday 14 November Java EE 7: What’s New in the Java EE Platform Linda DeMichiel, Consulting Member, Technical Staff, Oracle, Room 8, 10:50–11:50 Java Microbenchmark Harness: The Lesser of the Two Evils, Aleksey Shipilev, Principal Member, Technical Staff, Oracle. Room 6, 14:00–15:00 Practical Restful Persistence, Shaun Smith, Senior Principal Product Manager, Oracle Room 8, 17:50–18:50 Friday 15 November Avatar.js, Server-Side JavaScript on the Java Platform, Jean-Francois Denise, Software Developer, Oracle Room 8, 11:50–12:50

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  • Cross compilation of udns for power pc

    - by pragya
    I have libraries of x86 architecture that I want to cross compile for power pc. I have already cross compiled different libraries for power pc by setting environment variables for powerpc and using appropriate options with ./configure. Now, I want to cross compile libudns for powerpc. In ./configure --help I am not getting those appropriate options to cross compile. For libudns, I set environment variables for powerpc and ran ./configure but it throws following error: configure: fatal: $CC (powerpc-linux-gnu-gcc) is not a working compiler

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  • Unit Testing with NUnit and Moles Redux

    - by João Angelo
    Almost two years ago, when Moles was still being packaged alongside Pex, I wrote a post on how to run NUnit tests supporting moled types. A lot has changed since then and Moles is now being distributed independently of Pex, but maintaining support for integration with NUnit and other testing frameworks. For NUnit the support is provided by an addin class library (Microsoft.Moles.NUnit.dll) that you need to reference in your test project so that you can decorate yours tests with the MoledAttribute. The addin DLL must also be placed in the addins folder inside the NUnit installation directory. There is however a downside, since Moles and NUnit follow a different release cycle and the addin DLL must be built against a specific NUnit version, you may find that the release included with the latest version of Moles does not work with your version of NUnit. Fortunately the code for building the NUnit addin is supplied in the archive (moles.samples.zip) that you can found in the Documentation folder inside the Moles installation directory. By rebuilding the addin against your specific version of NUnit you are able to support any version. Also to note that in Moles 0.94.51023.0 the addin code did not support the use of TestCaseAttribute in your moled tests. However, if you need this support, you need to make just a couple of changes. Change the ITestDecorator.Decorate method in the MolesAddin class: Test ITestDecorator.Decorate(Test test, MemberInfo member) { SafeDebug.AssumeNotNull(test, "test"); SafeDebug.AssumeNotNull(member, "member"); bool isTestFixture = true; isTestFixture &= test.IsSuite; isTestFixture &= test.FixtureType != null; bool hasMoledAttribute = true; hasMoledAttribute &= !SafeArray.IsNullOrEmpty( member.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(MoledAttribute), false)); if (!isTestFixture && hasMoledAttribute) { return new MoledTest(test); } return test; } Change the Tests property in the MoledTest class: public override System.Collections.IList Tests { get { if (this.test.Tests == null) { return null; } var moled = new List<Test>(this.test.Tests.Count); foreach (var test in this.test.Tests) { moled.Add(new MoledTest((Test)test)); } return moled; } } Disclaimer: I only tested this implementation against NUnit 2.5.10.11092 version. Finally you just need to run the NUnit console runner through the Moles runner. A quick example follows: moles.runner.exe [Tests.dll] /r:nunit-console.exe /x86 /args:[NUnitArgument1] /args:[NUnitArgument2]

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  • Get your TFS 2012 task board demo ready in under 1 minute

    - by Tarun Arora
    Release Notes – http://tfsdemosetup.codeplex.com/  | Download | Source Code | Report a Bug | Ideas In this blog post, I’ll show you how to use the ‘TfsDemoSetup’ application to configure and setup the TFS 2012 task board for a demo in well less than 1 minute Step 1 – Note what you get with a newly created Team Project Create a new Team Project on TFS Preview         2. Click Create Project         3. The project creation has completed        4. Open the team web access and have a look at the home page Note – Since I created the project I am the only Team Member       A default Team by the name AdventureWorks Team has been created       A few sprints have been assigned to the default team but no dates for sprint start and end have been specified        A default Area Path for the team is missing       Step 2. Download the TFS Demo Setup Console application from Codeplex 1. Navigate to the TFS Demo Setup project on codeplex https://tfsdemosetup.codeplex.com/       2. Download Instructions and TFSDemo_<version>      3. Follow the steps in the Instructions.txt file      4. Unzip TFSDemo_<version> and open the target folder. Two important files in this folder, DemoDictionary.xml – This file contains the settings using which the demo environment will be setup SetupTfsDemo.exe – This will run the TFS demo environment setup application       Step 3 – Configure the setup (i.e. team name, members, sprint dates, etc) 1. Open up DemoDictionary.xml      2. Walkthrough DemoDictionary.xml             a. Basic Team Details         <Name> – Specify the name of the team         <Description> – Specify a description to go with the team         <SetAsDefaultTeam> – This accepts a value “true/false” when set to true, the newly created team will be set as the default team in the project         <BacklogIterationPath> – Specify a backlog iteration path for the team     b. Iterations – The iterations you specify here will be set as the Teams iterations        <Iterations> – Accepts multiple <Iteration> nodes.        <Iteration> – This is the most granular level of an Iteration        <Path> – The path to the sprint, sample values, Release 1\Sprint 1 or Release 2\Sprint 2        <StartDate> – The sprint start date, this accepts the format yyyy-MM-dd        <FinishDate> – The sprint finish date, this accepts the format yyyy-MM-dd     c. Team Members – Team Members that need to be added to the newly created team will be added under this section         <TeamMembers> – Accepts multiple <TeamMember> nodes.         <TeamMember> – This is the most granular level of a Team Member         <User> – This accepts the username, if you are running this against TFSPreview then the live id of the user will need to be passed. If you are running this against TFS Server then the user id i.e. Domain\UserName will need to be passed          <Team> – Specify the name of the team that you want the user to be assigned to.     d. WorkItems – This section will allow you to add work items (product backlog Items and linked tasks) to the current sprint of the team         <WorkItems> – Accepts multiple <WorkItem> nodes.         <WorkItem> – Accepts one <ProductBacklogItem> and multiple <Task> nodes         <ProductBacklogItem> – Used to create a Product Backlog Item type work item               <Title> – The title of the Product Backlog Item               <Description> – The description of the Product Backlog Type Work Item               <AssignedTo> – Used to assign the work item to a team member. The team member name or email address can be passed.               <Effort> – The total effort required to complete the Product Backlog Item         <Task> – Used to create a linked task to the Product Backlog type work item               <Title> – The title of the task type work item               <Description> – The description of the Task Type Work Item               <AssignedTo> – Used to assign the work item to a team member. The team member name or email address can be passed.               <RemainingWork> – The remaining effort to complete the task type work item Step 4 – Setup the demo environment against the newly created Team Project 1. Run SetupTfsDemo.exe    2. Enter Y or y on the prompt to continue setting up TFS Demo setup.     3. Select the newly created Team project, for this blogpost I had created the Team Project – AdventureWorks, so that is what I’ll select in the Connect to TFS Server pop up    3. Click Connect and follow the messages that are written to the console application       Step 5 – Validate that the Demo environment is set up as per the configuration 1. The team web access is all lit up You have a Sprint, a burn down chart, team members…    2. The team Demo has been added and has been set up as the default team    3. The Sprint Backlog Iteration path, Sprints and Sprint start and finish dates have been set    4. The default area path has been setup    5. Taskboard – Backlog items view    6. Taskboard – Team members view      Step 6 – Exception Handling! 1. This solution has been tested against TFS 2012 Service/Server for the Scrum 2.1 process template. 2. You are likely to run into an exception if you mess up the config file 3. If the team already exists and you run the console app to set up the team (with the same name) you will run into exceptions. Please remember this is just an alpha release, if you have any feedback please leave a comment! Didn’t I say that it would just take 1 minute, Enjoy!

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