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• Why and when should I make a class 'static'? What is the purpose of 'static' keyword on classes?

  - by Saeed Neamati

  The static keyword on a member in many languages mean that you shouldn't create an instance of that class to be able to have access to that member. However, I don't see any justification to make an entire class static. Why and when should I make a class static? What benefits do I get from making a class static? I mean, after declaring a static class, one should still declare all members which he/she wants to have access to without instantiation, as static too. This means that for example, Math class could be declared normal (not static), without affecting how developers code. In other words, making a class static or normal is kind of transparent to developers.

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• Dependency Injection/IoC container practices when writing frameworks

  - by Dave Hillier

  I've used various IoC containers (Castle.Windsor, Autofac, MEF, etc) for .Net in a number of projects. I have found they tend to encourage a number of bad practices. Are there any established practices for IoC container use, particularly when providing a platform/framework? My aim as a framework writer is to make code as simple and as easy to use as possible. I'd rather write one line of code to construct an object than ten or even just two. For example, a couple of code smells that I've noticed and don't have good suggestions to: Large number of parameters (5) for constructors. Creating services tends to be complex; all of the dependencies are injected via the constructor - despite the fact that the components are rarely optional (except for maybe in testing). Lack of private and internal classes; this one may be a specific limitation of using C# and Silverlight, but I'm interested in how it is solved. It's difficult to tell what a frameworks interface is if all the classes are public; it allows me access to private parts that I probably shouldnt touch. Coupling the object lifecycle to the IoC container. It is often difficult to manually construct the dependencies required to create objects. Object lifecycle is too often managed by the IoC framework. I've seen projects where most classes are registered as Singletons. You get a lack of explicit control and are also forced to manage the internals (it relates to the above point, all classes are public and you have to inject them). For example, .Net framework has many static methods. such as, DateTime.UtcNow. Many times I have seen this wrapped and injected as a construction parameter. Depending on concrete implementation makes my code hard to test. Injecting a dependency makes my code hard to use - particularly if the class has many parameters. How do I provide both a testable interface, as well as one that is easy to use? What are the best practices?

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• When using method chaining, do I reuse the object or create one?

  - by MainMa

  When using method chaining like: var car = new Car().OfBrand(Brand.Ford).OfModel(12345).PaintedIn(Color.Silver).Create(); there may be two approaches: Reuse the same object, like this: public Car PaintedIn(Color color) { this.Color = color; return this; } Create a new object of type Car at every step, like this: public Car PaintedIn(Color color) { var car = new Car(this); // Clone the current object. car.Color = color; // Assign the values to the clone, not the original object. return car; } Is the first one wrong or it's rather a personal choice of the developer? I believe that he first approach may quickly cause the intuitive/misleading code. Example: // Create a car with neither color, nor model. var mercedes = new Car().OfBrand(Brand.MercedesBenz).PaintedIn(NeutralColor); // Create several cars based on the neutral car. var yellowCar = mercedes.PaintedIn(Color.Yellow).Create(); var specificModel = mercedes.OfModel(99).Create(); // Would `specificModel` car be yellow or of neutral color? How would you guess that if // `yellowCar` were in a separate method called somewhere else in code? Any thoughts?

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• What is the origin of the name string? [closed]

  - by Andrej M.

  Possible Duplicate: Etymology of “String” Every programmer knows the meaning of the name string. In programming, it is traditionally a sequence of characters. But historically, who has decided that a sequence of characters will be called a string? Has there ever been an attempt to name a sequence of characters differently, but was ultimately abandoned due to the rising popularity of the name string?

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• Why are some seasoned ASP.NET developers defecting to Ruby on Rails?

  - by Tony_Henrich

  Once a while I hear some known ASP.NET developer declaring that they quit developing in .NET and moving to Ruby using Ruby in Rails. The problem is they don't mention exactly the reasons. They use words like RoR is 'easier', 'better' & 'faster'. That really doesn't say much to me. Anyone care to do faithful comparison using code samples, case studies ..etc or from personal experience in using both? Try to convince me to throw away all my years of learning C#, the .NET Framework using a powerful IDE (Visual Studio). Does RoR save you hours a week in development time? What are the major pain points in .NET that compels one to move away from it? This question is NOT about a pure RoR vs ASP.NET (MVC) comparison. It's about the compelling technical reasons (getting bored does not count!) to switch over after using a platform for several years and start with a new language and platform. (prefer this to be a wiki)

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• Need clarification concerning Windows Azure

  - by SnOrfus

  I basically need some confirmation and clarification concerning Windows Azure with respect to a Silverlight application using RIA Services. In a normal Silverlight app that uses RIA services you have 2 projects: App App.Web ... where App is the default client-side Silverlight and app.web is the server-side code where your RIA services go. If you create a Windows Azure app and add a WCF Web Services Role, you get: App (Azure project) App.Services (WCF Services project) In App.Services, you add your RIA DomainService(s). You would then add another project to this solution that would be the client-side Silverlight that accesses the RIA Services in the App.Services project. You then can add the entity model to the App.Services or another project that is referenced by App.Services (if that division is required for unit testing etc.) and connect that entity model to either a SQLServer db or a SQLAzure instance. Is this correct? If not, what is the general 'layout' for building an application with the following tiers: UI (Silverlight 4) Services (RIA Services) Entity/Domain (EF 4) Data (SQL Server)

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• MVC: Why put the business logic in the model? What happens when I've multiple types of storage?

  - by Steffen Winkler

  I always thought that the business logic has to be in the controller and that the controller, since it is the 'middle' part, stays static and that the model/view have to be capsuled via interfaces, that way you could change the business logic without affecting anything else, program multiple Models (one for each database/type of storage) and a dozens of views (for different platforms for example). Now I read in this question that you should always put the business logic into the model and that the controller is deeply connected with the view. To me, that doesn't really make sense and implies that each time I want to have the means of supporting another database/type of storage I've to rewrite my whole model including the business logic. And if I want another view, I've to rewrite both the view and the controller. May someone explain why that is or if I went wrong somewhere? Currently, that whole thing doesn't really make sense to me.

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• Defensive Programming Techniques.

  - by Pemdas

  I was attempting to identify an element of software engineering that I think is overlooked, not emphasized or not taught in typical undergraduate course work for CS or SE. What I came up is the concept of defensive programing. I would like to hear the communities options on defensive program and/or specific techniques that you use on a regular basis. Also, I would to know if there are any language specific techniques.

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• Block elements vs inline elements in HTML: why the distinction?

  - by EpsilonVector

  The distinction between block and inline elements always seemed strange to me. The whole difference is that a block element takes up the entire width thus forcing a line break before and after the element, and an inline element only takes up as much as the content. Why not just have one type of element- an inline element where you can also apply custom height/width, and use that? You want line breaks? Insert a <br />, or maybe add a special tag in the CSS for that behavior. The way it's now, I don't see it solving any problem, and instead it only forces a property that in my opinion should be decided by a designer. So why the two types?

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• When do you call yourself a programmer

  - by benhowdle89

  "A programmer, computer programmer or coder is someone who writes computer software" from Wikipedia If you do frontend development using jQuery/CSS/HTML do you call yourself a programmer? If you develop PHP applications that deal with databases, do you call yourself a programmer? Are you only a programmer if you write applications for desktops and mobiles? Is the web a place where the line between developer and programmer stops?

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• Catering for client's web-hosting needs, minus the headaches ?

  - by julien

  I'll be trying to sell my Ruby on Rails development skills to small local businesses. It seems I'd be shooting myself in the foot if I couldn't manage to put their apps into production, in fact catering for this would be a selling point. However, I do not want to bill every client monthly for the cost of their hosting, they would have to be the contract holders with the hosting service, and I'd only consult if they needed technical help when scaling. I've looked on one hand at cloud platforms, like engine yard, which seem like they would be too costly for the smaller clients, and on the other hand at vps providers which seem they would not be client friendly enough. Has anyone faced the same issue and come up with a decent solution ?

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• Python class representation under the hood

  - by decentralised

  OK, here is a simple Python class: class AddSomething(object): __metaclass__ = MyMetaClass x = 10 def __init__(self, a): self.a = a def add(self, a, b): return a + b We have specified a metaclass, and that means we could write something like this: class MyMetaClass(type): def __init__(cls, name, bases, cdict): # do something with the class Now, the cdict holds a representation of AddSomething: AddSomething = type('AddSomething', (object,), {'x' : 10, '__init__': __init__, 'add': add}) So my question is simple, are all Python classes represented in this second format internally? If not, how are they represented? EDIT - Python 2.7

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• Intellectual Property for in house development

  - by Kyle Rogers

  My company is a sub contractor on a major government contract. Over the past 5 years we've been developing in house applications to help support our company and streamline our work. Apparently in 2008 our president of the company at that time signed a continuation of services contract with the company we subcontract with on this project. In the contract amendment various things were discussed such as intellectual property and the creation of new and existing tools. The contract states that all the subcontractor's tools/scripts/etc... become the intellectual property of the main contractor holder. Basically all tools that were created in support of the project which we work on are no longer ours exclusively and they have rights to them. My company really doesn't do software development specifically but because of this contract these tools helped tremendously with our daily tasking. Does my company have any sort of recourse or actions to help keep our tools? My team of developers were completely unaware of any of these negotiations and until recently were kept in the dark about the agreements that were made. Do we as developers have any rights to the software? Since our company is not a software development shop, we have created all these tools without any sort of agreements or contracts within the company stating that we give our company full rights to our creations? I was reading an article by Joel Spolsky on this topic and was just wonder if there is any advice out there to help assist us? Thank you Joel Spolsky's Article

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• Why is Software Engineering not the typical major for future software developers?

  - by FarmBoy

  While most agree that a certain level of Computer Science is essential to being a good programmer, it seems to me that the principles of good software development is even more important, though not as fundamental. Just like mechanical engineers take physics classes, but far more engineering classes, I would expect, now that software is over a half century old, that software development would begin to dominate the undergraduate curriculum. But I don't see much evidence of this. Is there a reason that Software Engineering hasn't taken hold as an academic discipline?

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• Databinding to an Entity Framework in WPF

  - by King Chan

  Is it good to use databinding to Entity Framework's Entity in WPF? I created a singleton entity framework context: To have only one connection and it won't open and close all the time. So I can pass the Entity around to any class, and can modify the Entity and make changes to the database. All ViewModels getting the entity out from the same Context and databinding to the View saves me time from mapping new object, but now I imagine there is problem in not using the newest Context: A ViewModel databinding to a Entity, then someone else updated the data. The ViewModel will still display the old data, because the Context is never being dispose to refresh. I always create new Context and then dispose of it. If I want to pass the Entity around, then there will be conflicts between Context and Entity. What is the suggested way of doing this ?

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• Any tips for designing the invoicing/payment system of a SaaS?

  - by Alexandru Trandafir Catalin

  The SaaS is for real estate companies, and they can pay a monthly fee that will offer them 1000 publications but they can also consume additional publications or other services that will appear on their bill as extras. On registration the user can choose one of the 5 available plans that the only difference will be the quantity of publications their plan allows them to make. But they can pass that limit if they wish, and additional payment will be required on the next bill. A publication means: Publishing a property during one day, for 1 whole month would be: 30 publications. And 5 properties during one day would be 5 publications. So basically the user can: Make publications (already paid in the monthly fee, extra payment only if it passes the limit) Highlight that publication (extra payment) Publish on other websites or printed catalogues (extra payment) Doubts: How to handle modifications in pricing plans? Let's say quantities change, or you want to offer some free stuff. How to handle unpaid invoices? I mean, freeze the service until the payment has been done and then resume it. When to make the invoices? The idea is to make one invoice for the monthly fee and a second invoice for the extra services that were consumed. What payment methods to use? The choosen now is by bank account, and mobile phone validation with a SMS. If user doesn't pay we call that phone and ask for payment. Any examples on billing online services will be welcome! Thanks!

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• What should web-developer know? [closed]

  - by Chelios

  Possible Duplicate: What should every programmer know about web development? I am looking forward to be web-developer, I am a junior ASP.NET developer at the moment, but I want to be an expert in web-development since it's the most needed freelance job aswell as a good niche for starting own business/project/startup, so I would like to know what technologies should I a good web-developer know? Thanks!

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• Can an issue tracking system be distributed?

  - by Klaim

  I was thinking about issue tracking software like Redmine, Trac or even the one that is in Fossil and something hit me: Is there a reason why Redmine and Trac are not possible to be distributed? Or maybe it's possible and I just don't know how it's possible? If it's not possible, why? By distributed I mean like Facebook or Google or other applications that effectively runs on multiple hardware a the same time but share data.

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• How can I become more agile?

  - by dough

  The definition of an agile approach I've adopted is: working to reduce feedback loops, everywhere. I'd describe my Personal Development Process (PDP) as "not very agile" or "not agile enough"! I've adopted TDD, automated building, and time-boxing (using the Pomodoro Technique) as part of my PDP. I find these practices really help me get feedback, review my direction, and catch yak shaving earlier! However, what still escapes me is the ability to reduce feedback time in the ultimate feedback loop; regularly getting working software in front of the end user. Aside from team-oriented practices, what can I do to personally become more agile?

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• How to turn on/off code modules?

  - by Safran Ali

  I am trying to run multiple sites using single code base and code base consist of the following module (i.e. classes) User module Q & A module Faq module and each class works on MVC pattern i.e. it consist of Entity class Helper class (i.e. static class) View (i.e. pages and controls) and let's say I have 2 sites site1.com and site2.com. And I am trying to achieve following functionality site1.com can have User, Q & A and Faq module up and running site2.com can have User and Q & A module live while Faq module is switched off but it can be turned-on if needed, so my query here is what is the best way to achieve such functionality Do I introduce a flag bit that I check on every page and control belonging to that module? It's more like CMS where you can turn on/off different features. I am trying to get my head around it, please provide me with an example or point out if I am taking the wrong approach.

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• scalablity of Scala over Java

  - by Marcus

  I read an article that says Scala handles concurrency better than Java. http://www.theserverside.com/feature/Solving-the-Scalability-Paradox-with-Scala-Clojure-and-Groovy ...the scalability limitation is confined specifically to the Java programming language itself, but it is not a limitation of the Java platform as a whole... The scalability issues with Java aren't a new revelation. In fact, plenty of work has been done to address these very issues, with two of the most successful projects being the programming languages named Scala and Clojure... ...Scala is finding ways around the problematic thread and locking paradigm of the Java language... How is this possible? Doesn't Scala use Java's core libraries which brings all the threading and locking issues from Java to Scala?

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• Is the term "web portal" obselete?

  - by John Hamelink

  Firstly, sorry if this is the wrong place: I've looked at all the programming-related boards and this one seems like the best fit - correct me if I'm wrong. My boss uses the term "portal" for the project I work on all the time. To me, the word makes me think of Yahoo in the late 90s. Does the word "portal" have old-school connotations, or is it just me? Do you think it's ok to use it, and not drag our client's perception of the product down into the middle-ages? Or again, am I just being weird?

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• How can I read data from a generated pointcloud, but from an other perspective of the camera? [migrated]

  - by Vlad Lata

  Basically what I'm trying to do is as follows: I have a software that generates and shows a pointcloud by analyzing Time-of-Flight data (Z-Data). This software has a GUI that delivers this pointcloud on a grid, and you can watch it and adjust the camera to change the perspective, or apply filtering to it and so on. Since the Z-data was recorder through a stereoscopic system, I want to obtain a perspective transformation. My idea was to simply change the position of the camera in the GUI and than add a button that sais (ex. New Perspective) that calls a function that would measure the distances from the existing pointcloud to the camera I'm viewing it from. Of course this would generate some occluded areas, but I want this to happen. And now the main question is: How can I do that? Are there any functions in OpenGL that measure the distance from an object to a camera, or is it even possible to do something like his? Or has someone some other idea? P.S. The software uses the qt sdk and opengl

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• Is data integrity possible without normalization?

  - by shuniar

  I am working on an application that requires the storage of location information such as city, state, zip code, latitude, and longitude. I would like to ensure: Location data is accurate Detroit, CA Detroit IS NOT in California Detroit, MI Detroit IS in Michigan Cities and states are spelled correctly California not Calefornia Detroit not Detriot Cities and states are named consistently Valid: CA Detroit Invalid: Cali california DET d-town The D Also, since city/zip data is not guaranteed to be static, updating this data in a normalized fashion could be difficult, whereas it could be implemented as a de facto location if it is denormalized. A couple thoughts that come to mind: A collection of reference tables that store a list of all states and the most common cities and zip codes that can grow over time. It would search the database for an exact or similar match and recommend corrections. Use some sort of service to validate the location data before it is stored in the database. Is it possible to fulfill these requirements without normalization, and if so, should I denormalize this data?

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• Correct For Loop Design

  - by Yttrill

  What is the correct design for a for loop? Felix currently uses if len a > 0 do for var i in 0 upto len a - 1 do println a.[i]; done done which is inclusive of the upper bound. This is necessary to support the full range of values of a typical integer type. However the for loop shown does not support zero length arrays, hence the special test, nor will the subtraction of 1 work convincingly if the length of the array is equal to the number of integers. (I say convincingly because it may be that 0 - 1 = maxval: this is true in C for unsigned int, but are you sure it is true for unsigned char without thinking carefully about integral promotions?) The actual implementation of the for loop by my compiler does correctly handle 0 but this requires two tests to implement the loop: continue: if not (i <= bound) goto break body if i == bound goto break ++i goto continue break: Throw in the hand coded zero check in the array example and three tests are needed. If the loop were exclusive it would handle zero properly, avoiding the special test, but there'd be no way to express the upper bound of an array with maximum size. Note the C way of doing this: for(i=0; predicate(i); increment(i)) has the same problem. The predicate is tested after the increment, but the terminating increment is not universally valid! There is a general argument that a simple exclusive loop is enough: promote the index to a large type to prevent overflow, and assume no one will ever loop to the maximum value of this type.. but I'm not entirely convinced: if you promoted to C's size_t and looped from the second largest value to the largest you'd get an infinite loop!

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