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  • return first non repeating character in a string

    - by Amm Sokun
    I had to solve this question in which given a string, i had to return the first non repeating character present in the string. I solved it using hashtable and wrote a method which takes a constant reference to the string and returns the first non repeating character. However, when there is no non repeating character present in the string, i return -1 and in the main program i check as follows char c = firstNonRepeating( word ); if (static_cast<int> (c) == -1) cout<<"no non repeating character present\n"; else cout<<c<<endl; is that the correct way to return -1 when required character is not present?

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  • Need help iteratating over an array, retrieve two possibilites, no repeats, for Poker AI

    - by elguapo-85
    Can't really think of a good way to word this question, nor a good title, and maybe the answer is so ridiculously simple that I am missing it. I am working on a poker AI, and I want to calculate the number of hands that exist which are better then mine, I understand how to that, but want I can't figure out is the best way to iterate over a group of cards. So I am at the flop, I know what my two cards are and there are 3 cards on the board. So there are 47 unknown cards and I want to iterate over all possible combination of those 47 cards assuming that two are passed out, so you can't have two cards of the same rank and suit, and you if you have previously calculated a set you don't want to do it over again, because I will being wasting time, and this will be called many times. If you don't understand want I am asking please tell me and I will clarify more. So I can set something up like this, if that element equals one, it means it is not in my hand and not on the board, 4 for each suit, and 13 for each rank. setOfCards[4][13] If I do a simple set of for loops like this: (pseudocode) //remove cards I know are in play from setOfCards by setting values to zero for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) for(int j = 0; j < 13; j++) for(int k = 0; k < 4; k++) for(int l = 0; l < 4; l++) //skip if values equal zero card1 = setOfCards[i][j] card2 = setOfCards[k][l] //now compare card1, card2 and set of board cards So this is actually going to repeat many values, for example: card1 = AceOfHearts, card2 = KingOfHearts is the same as card1 = KingOfHearts, card2 = AceOfHearts. It will also alter my calculations. How should I go about avoiding this? Also is there a name for this technique? Thank you.

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  • Find subset with K elements that are closest to eachother

    - by Nima
    Given an array of integers size N, how can you efficiently find a subset of size K with elements that are closest to each other? Let the closeness for a subset (x1,x2,x3,..xk) be defined as: 2 <= N <= 10^5 2 <= K <= N constraints: Array may contain duplicates and is not guaranteed to be sorted. My brute force solution is very slow for large N, and it doesn't check if there's more than 1 solution: N = input() K = input() assert 2 <= N <= 10**5 assert 2 <= K <= N a = [] for i in xrange(0, N): a.append(input()) a.sort() minimum = sys.maxint startindex = 0 for i in xrange(0,N-K+1): last = i + K tmp = 0 for j in xrange(i, last): for l in xrange(j+1, last): tmp += abs(a[j]-a[l]) if(tmp > minimum): break if(tmp < minimum): minimum = tmp startindex = i #end index = startindex + K? Examples: N = 7 K = 3 array = [10,100,300,200,1000,20,30] result = [10,20,30] N = 10 K = 4 array = [1,2,3,4,10,20,30,40,100,200] result = [1,2,3,4]

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  • Re-adjusting a binary heap after removing the minimum element

    - by BeeBand
    After removing the minimum element in a binary heap, i.e. after removing the root, why is the last leaf then assigned to the root and sifted down? Why not take the lesser child of what used to be the root and just keep sifting up all the children? Isn't this the same amount of operations, so why is the "sift down" method preferred?

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  • How to check if a integer is sum of given integers?

    - by p3trix
    Lets say I have a integer result and an array of integers, lets say [a,b,c] (not a fixed length). I need to detect if result=a*i +b*j + c*k, with i,j,k=0. I prefer a solution in C/C# if it is possible. PS The problem is from a reservation system, a trip can be sold if its durations is a combination of given durations. Thanks!

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  • what is the idea behind scaling an image using lanczos?

    - by banister
    Hi, I'm interested in image scaling algorithms and have implemented the bilinear and bicubic methods. However, I have heard of the lanczos and other more sophisticated methods for even higher quality image scaling and I am very curious how they work. Could someone here explain the basic idea behind scaling an image using lanczos (both upscaling and downscaling) and why it results in higher quality? I do have a background in fourier analysis and have done some signal processing stuff in the past, but not with relation to image processing, so don't be afraid to use terms like "frequency response" and such in your answer :) EDIT: I guess what i really want to know is the concept and theory behind using a convolution filter for interpolation. (Note: i have already read the wikipedia article on lanczos resampling but it didn't have nearly enough detail for me) thanks alot!

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  • How Can I Improve This Algorithm (LCS)

    - by superguay
    (define (lcs lst1 lst2) (define (except-last-pair list) (if (pair? (cdr list)) (cons (car list) (except-last-pair (cdr list))) '())) (define (car-last-pair list) (if (pair? (cdr list)) (car-last-pair (cdr list)) (car list))) (if (or (null? lst1) (null? lst2)) null (if (= (car-last-pair lst1) (car-last-pair lst2)) (append (lcs (except-last-pair lst1) (except-last-pair lst2)) (cons (car-last-pair lst1) '())) **(if (> (length (lcs lst1 (except-last-pair lst2))) (length (lcs lst2 (except-last-pair lst1)))) (lcs lst1 (except-last-pair lst2)) (lcs lst2 (except-last-pair lst1)))))) I dont want it to run over and over.. Regards, Superguay

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  • PHP script to draw a spiral?

    - by Vacilando
    Does anybody have a PHP (or other language) script for drawing a spiral. A simple (Archimedean spiral) would be just fine. Of course the principle is simple but coding it in SVG or GD would take some time, so I wonder if somebody has one ready :-)

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  • What is the most efficient/elegant way to parse a flat table into a tree?

    - by Tomalak
    Assume you have a flat table that stores an ordered tree hierarchy: Id Name ParentId Order 1 'Node 1' 0 10 2 'Node 1.1' 1 10 3 'Node 2' 0 20 4 'Node 1.1.1' 2 10 5 'Node 2.1' 3 10 6 'Node 1.2' 1 20 What minimalistic approach would you use to output that to HTML (or text, for that matter) as a correctly ordered, correctly intended tree? Assume further you only have basic data structures (arrays and hashmaps), no fancy objects with parent/children references, no ORM, no framework, just your two hands. The table is represented as a result set, which can be accessed randomly. Pseudo code or plain English is okay, this is purely a conceptional question. Bonus question: Is there a fundamentally better way to store a tree structure like this in a RDBMS? EDITS AND ADDITIONS To answer one commenter's (Mark Bessey's) question: A root node is not necessary, because it is never going to be displayed anyway. ParentId = 0 is the convention to express "these are top level". The Order column defines how nodes with the same parent are going to be sorted. The "result set" I spoke of can be pictured as an array of hashmaps (to stay in that terminology). For my example was meant to be already there. Some answers go the extra mile and construct it first, but thats okay. The tree can be arbitrarily deep. Each node can have N children. I did not exactly have a "millions of entries" tree in mind, though. Don't mistake my choice of node naming ('Node 1.1.1') for something to rely on. The nodes could equally well be called 'Frank' or 'Bob', no naming structure is implied, this was merely to make it readable. I have posted my own solution so you guys can pull it to pieces.

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  • 3-way quicksort, question

    - by peiska
    I am trying to understand the 3-way radix Quicksort, and i dont understand why the the CUTOFF variable there? and the insertion method? public class Quick3string { private static final int CUTOFF = 15; // cutoff to insertion sort // sort the array a[] of strings public static void sort(String[] a) { // StdRandom.shuffle(a); sort(a, 0, a.length-1, 0); assert isSorted(a); } // return the dth character of s, -1 if d = length of s private static int charAt(String s, int d) { assert d >= 0 && d <= s.length(); if (d == s.length()) return -1; return s.charAt(d); } // 3-way string quicksort a[lo..hi] starting at dth character private static void sort(String[] a, int lo, int hi, int d) { // cutoff to insertion sort for small subarrays if (hi <= lo + CUTOFF) { insertion(a, lo, hi, d); return; } int lt = lo, gt = hi; int v = charAt(a[lo], d); int i = lo + 1; while (i <= gt) { int t = charAt(a[i], d); if (t < v) exch(a, lt++, i++); else if (t > v) exch(a, i, gt--); else i++; } // a[lo..lt-1] < v = a[lt..gt] < a[gt+1..hi]. sort(a, lo, lt-1, d); if (v >= 0) sort(a, lt, gt, d+1); sort(a, gt+1, hi, d); } // sort from a[lo] to a[hi], starting at the dth character private static void insertion(String[] a, int lo, int hi, int d) { for (int i = lo; i <= hi; i++) for (int j = i; j > lo && less(a[j], a[j-1], d); j--) exch(a, j, j-1); } // exchange a[i] and a[j] private static void exch(String[] a, int i, int j) { String temp = a[i]; a[i] = a[j]; a[j] = temp; } // is v less than w, starting at character d private static boolean less(String v, String w, int d) { assert v.substring(0, d).equals(w.substring(0, d)); return v.substring(d).compareTo(w.substring(d)) < 0; } // is the array sorted private static boolean isSorted(String[] a) { for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++) if (a[i].compareTo(a[i-1]) < 0) return false; return true; } public static void main(String[] args) { // read in the strings from standard input String[] a = StdIn.readAll().split("\\s+"); int N = a.length; // sort the strings sort(a); // print the results for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) StdOut.println(a[i]); } } from http://www.cs.princeton.edu/algs4/51radix/Quick3string.java.html

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  • Easiest way of checking if a string consists of unique characters?

    - by serg555
    I need to check in Java if a word consists of unique letters (case insensitive). As straight solution is boring, I came up with: For every char in a string check if indexOf(char) == lastIndexOf(char). Add all chars to HashSet and check if set size == string length. Convert a string to a char array, sort it alphabetically, loop through array elements and check if c[i] == c[i+1]. Currently I like #2 the most, seems like the easiest way. Any other interesting solutions?

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  • Algorithm detect repeating/similiar strings in a corpus of data -- say email subjects, in Python

    - by RizwanK
    I'm downloading a long list of my email subject lines , with the intent of finding email lists that I was a member of years ago, and would want to purge them from my Gmail account (which is getting pretty slow.) I'm specifically thinking of newsletters that often come from the same address, and repeat the product/service/group's name in the subject. I'm aware that I could search/sort by the common occurrence of items from a particular email address (and I intend to), but I'd like to correlate that data with repeating subject lines.... Now, many subject lines would fail a string match, but "Google Friends : Our latest news" "Google Friends : What we're doing today" are more similar to each other than a random subject line, as is: "Virgin Airlines has a great sale today" "Take a flight with Virgin Airlines" So -- how can I start to automagically extract trends/examples of strings that may be more similar. Approaches I've considered and discarded ('because there must be some better way'): Extracting all the possible substrings and ordering them by how often they show up, and manually selecting relevant ones Stripping off the first word or two and then count the occurrence of each sub string Comparing Levenshtein distance between entries Some sort of string similarity index ... Most of these were rejected for massive inefficiency or likelyhood of a vast amount of manual intervention required. I guess I need some sort of fuzzy string matching..? In the end, I can think of kludgy ways of doing this, but I'm looking for something more generic so I've added to my set of tools rather than special casing for this data set. After this, I'd be matching the occurring of particular subject strings with 'From' addresses - I'm not sure if there's a good way of building a data structure that represents how likely/not two messages are part of the 'same email list' or by filtering all my email subjects/from addresses into pools of likely 'related' emails and not -- but that's a problem to solve after this one. Any guidance would be appreciated.

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  • Choice of programming language for learning data structures and algorithms

    - by bguiz
    Which programming language would you recommend to learn about data structures and algorithms in? Considering the follwing: Personal experience Language features (pointers, OO, etc) Suitability for learning DS & A concepts I ask because there are some books out there that are programming language-agnostic (written from a Mathematical perspective, and use pseudocode). If I learn from one of these I would like to work out the algorithms in a chosen language. Then, there are other books which introduce DS & A concepts with examples in a particular programming laguage - and I would follow these examples as well. Either way, I have to choose a language, and I would like to stick to one throughout. Which one best fits the bill.

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  • All Permutations of a string when corresponding characters are not in the same place

    - by r20rock
    I need all possible permutations of a given string such that no character should remain at the same place as in the input string. Eg. : for input "ask" Output: all possible permutaions like "ksa", "kas"... such that 'a' is not in the 1st position , 's' is not in the 2nd positions and so on... in any permutation. I only need the count of such possible permutations I can do this by generating all permutations and filtering them but I need a very efficient way of doing this. All characters in the string are "UNIQUE" Preferred language C++.

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  • Given 4 objects, how to figure out whether exactly 2 have a certain property

    - by Cocorico
    Hi guys! I have another question on how to make most elegant solution to this problem, since I cannot afford to go to computer school right so my actual "pure programming" CS knowledge is not perfect or great. This is basically an algorhythm problem (someone please correct me if I am using that wrong, since I don't want to keep saying them and embarass myself) I have 4 objects. Each of them has an species property that can either be a dog, cat, pig or monkey. So a sample situation could be: object1.species=pig object2.species=cat object3.species=pig object4.species=dog Now, if I want to figure out if all 4 are the same species, I know I could just say: if ( (object1.species==object2.species) && (object2.species==object3.species) && (object3.species==object4.species) ) { // They are all the same animal (don't care WHICH animal they are) } But that isn't so elegant right? And if I suddenly want to know if EXACTLY 3 or 2 of them are the same species (don't care WHICH species it is though), suddenly I'm in spaghetti code. I am using Objective C although I don't know if that matters really, since the most elegant solution to this is I assume the same in all languages conceptually? Anyone got good idea? Thanks!!

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  • Python script to calculate aded combinations from a dictionary

    - by dayde
    I am trying to write a script that will take a dictionary of items, each containing properties of values from 0 - 10, and add the various elements to select which combination of items achieve the desired totals. I also need the script to do this, using only items that have the same "slot" in common. For example: item_list = { 'item_1': {'slot': 'top', 'prop_a': 2, 'prop_b': 0, 'prop_c': 2, 'prop_d': 1 }, 'item_2': {'slot': 'top', 'prop_a': 5, 'prop_b': 0, 'prop_c': 1, 'prop_d':-1 }, 'item_3': {'slot': 'top', 'prop_a': 2, 'prop_b': 5, 'prop_c': 2, 'prop_d':-2 }, 'item_4': {'slot': 'mid', 'prop_a': 5, 'prop_b': 5, 'prop_c':-5, 'prop_d': 0 }, 'item_5': {'slot': 'mid', 'prop_a':10, 'prop_b': 0, 'prop_c':-5, 'prop_d': 0 }, 'item_6': {'slot': 'mid', 'prop_a':-5, 'prop_b': 2, 'prop_c': 3, 'prop_d': 5 }, 'item_7': {'slot': 'bot', 'prop_a': 1, 'prop_b': 3, 'prop_c':-4, 'prop_d': 4 }, 'item_8': {'slot': 'bot', 'prop_a': 2, 'prop_b': 2, 'prop_c': 0, 'prop_d': 0 }, 'item_9': {'slot': 'bot', 'prop_a': 3, 'prop_b': 1, 'prop_c': 4, 'prop_d':-4 }, } The script would then need to select which combinations from the "item_list" dict that using 1 item per "slot" that would achieve a desired result when added. For example, if the desired result was: 'prop_a': 3, 'prop_b': 3, 'prop_c': 8, 'prop_d': 0, the script would select 'item_2', 'item_6', and 'item_9', along with any other combination that worked. 'item_2': {'slot': 'top', 'prop_a': 5, 'prop_b': 0, 'prop_c': 1, 'prop_d':-1 } 'item_6': {'slot': 'mid', 'prop_a':-5, 'prop_b': 2, 'prop_c': 3, 'prop_d': 5 } 'item_9': {'slot': 'bot', 'prop_a': 3, 'prop_b': 1, 'prop_c': 4, 'prop_d':-4 } 'total': 'prop_a': 3, 'prop_b': 3, 'prop_c': 8, 'prop_d': 0 Any ideas how to accomplish this? It does not need to be in python, or even a thorough script, but just an explanation on how to do this in theory would be enough for me. I have tried working out looping through every combination, but that seems to very quickly get our of hand and unmanageable. The actual script will need to do this for about 1,000 items using 20 different "slots", each with 8 properties. Thanks for the help!

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  • Why does C qicksort function implementation works much slower (tape comparations, tape swapping) than bobble sort function?

    - by Artur Mustafin
    I'm going to implement a toy tape "mainframe" for a students, showing the quickness of "quicksort" class functions (recursive or not, does not really matters, due to the slow hardware, and well known stack reversal techniques) comparatively to the "bubblesort" function class, so, while I'm clear about the hardware implementation ans controllers, i guessed that quicksort function is much faster that other ones in terms of sequence, order and comparation distance (it is much faster to rewind the tape from the middle than from the very end, because of different speed of rewind). Unfortunately, this is not the true, this simple "bubble" code shows great improvements comparatively to the "quicksort" functions in terms of comparison distances, direction and number of comparisons and writes. So I have 3 questions: Does I have mistaken in my implememtation of quicksort function? Does I have mistaken in my implememtation of bubblesoft function? If not, why the "bubblesort" function is works much faster in (comparison and write operations) than "quicksort" function? I already have a "quicksort" function: void quicksort(float *a, long l, long r, const compare_function& compare) { long i=l, j=r, temp, m=(l+r)/2; if (l == r) return; if (l == r-1) { if (compare(a, l, r)) { swap(a, l, r); } return; } if (l < r-1) { while (1) { i = l; j = r; while (i < m && !compare(a, i, m)) i++; while (m < j && !compare(a, m, j)) j--; if (i >= j) { break; } swap(a, i, j); } if (l < m) quicksort(a, l, m, compare); if (m < r) quicksort(a, m, r, compare); return; } } and the kind of my own implememtation of the "bubblesort" function: void bubblesort(float *a, long l, long r, const compare_function& compare) { long i, j, k; if (l == r) { return; } if (l == r-1) { if (compare(a, l, r)) { swap(a, l, r); } return; } if (l < r-1) { while(l < r) { i = l; j = l; while (i < r) { i++; if (!compare(a, j, i)) { continue; } j = i; } if (l < j) { swap(a, l, j); } l++; i = r; k = r; while(l < i) { i--; if (!compare(a, i, k)) { continue; } k = i; } if (k < r) { swap(a, k, r); } r--; } return; } } I have used this sort functions in a test sample code, like this: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <math.h> #include <conio.h> long swap_count; long compare_count; typedef long (*compare_function)(float *, long, long ); typedef void (*sort_function)(float *, long , long , const compare_function& ); void init(float *, long ); void print(float *, long ); void sort(float *, long, const sort_function& ); void swap(float *a, long l, long r); long less(float *a, long l, long r); long greater(float *a, long l, long r); void bubblesort(float *, long , long , const compare_function& ); void quicksort(float *, long , long , const compare_function& ); void main() { int n; printf("n="); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\r\n"); long i; float *a = (float *)malloc(n*n*sizeof(float)); sort(a, n, &bubblesort); print(a, n); sort(a, n, &quicksort); print(a, n); free(a); } long less(float *a, long l, long r) { compare_count++; return *(a+l) < *(a+r) ? 1 : 0; } long greater(float *a, long l, long r) { compare_count++; return *(a+l) > *(a+r) ? 1 : 0; } void swap(float *a, long l, long r) { swap_count++; float temp; temp = *(a+l); *(a+l) = *(a+r); *(a+r) = temp; } float tg(float x) { return tan(x); } float ctg(float x) { return 1.0/tan(x); } void init(float *m,long n) { long i,j; for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { for (j=0; j< n; j++) { m[i + j*n] = tg(0.2*(i+1)) + ctg(0.3*(j+1)); } } } void print(float *m, long n) { long i, j; for(i = 0; i < n; i++) { for(j = 0; j < n; j++) { printf(" %5.1f", m[i + j*n]); } printf("\r\n"); } printf("\r\n"); } void sort(float *a, long n, const sort_function& sort) { long i, sort_compare = 0, sort_swap = 0; init(a,n); for(i = 0; i < n*n; i+=n) { if (fmod (i / n, 2) == 0) { compare_count = 0; swap_count = 0; sort(a, i, i+n-1, &less); if (swap_count == 0) { compare_count = 0; sort(a, i, i+n-1, &greater); } sort_compare += compare_count; sort_swap += swap_count; } } printf("compare=%ld\r\n", sort_compare); printf("swap=%ld\r\n", sort_swap); printf("\r\n"); }

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  • Efficient data structure design

    - by Sway
    Hi there, I need to match a series of user inputed words against a large dictionary of words (to ensure the entered value exists). So if the user entered: "orange" it should match an entry "orange' in the dictionary. Now the catch is that the user can also enter a wildcard or series of wildcard characters like say "or__ge" which would also match "orange" The key requirements are: * this should be as fast as possible. * use the smallest amount of memory to achieve it. If the size of the word list was small I could use a string containing all the words and use regular expressions. however given that the word list could contain potentially hundreds of thousands of enteries I'm assuming this wouldn't work. So is some sort of 'tree' be the way to go for this...? Any thoughts or suggestions on this would be totally appreciated! Thanks in advance, Matt

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  • Interpolating in HSV color space

    - by user146780
    I have an HSV color A at 3/10 of a line and HSV color B at 9/10 of a line. I'm making multistep gradients and for example if I wanted to find the color at 6/10ths of a line, how could I interpolate these HSV colors? I'm firmiliar with the technique for rgb but not HSV. I should also add that my HSV's are integers H(0,360) S(0,100) V(0,100). Thanks

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