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• Rearrange a python list into n lists, by column

  - by Ben R

  Trying to solve this at this hour has gotten my mind into a tail-spin: I want to rearrange a list l into a list of n lists, where n is the number of columns. e.g., l = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] n = 5 ==> [[1,6][2,7][3,8][4][5]] another example: l = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] n = 4 ==> [[1,5,9],[2,6,10],[3,7][4,8] Can someone please help me out with an algorithm? Feel free to use any python awesomeness that's available; I'm sure theres some cool mechanism that's a good fit for this, i just can't think of it.

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• How can I "override" deepcopy in Python?

  - by Az

  Hi there, I'd like to override __deepcopy__ for a given SQLAlchemy-mapped class such that it ignores any SQLA attributes but deepcopies everything else that's part of the class. I'm not particularly familiar with overriding any of Python's built-in objects in particular but I've got some idea as to what I want. Let's just make a very simple class User that's mapped using SQLA. class User(object): def __init__(self, user_id, name): self.user_id = user_id self.name = name I've used dir() to see, before and after mapping, what SQLAlchemy-specific attributes there are and I've found _sa_class_manager and _sa_instance_state. Provided those are the only ones how would I ignore that when defining __deepcopy__? Also, are there any attributes the SQLA injects into the mapped object? (I asked this in a previous question (as an edit a few days after I selected an answer to the main question, though) but I think I missed the train there. Apologies for that.)

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• Python win32api not moving mouse cursor in VirtualBox

  - by wes

  I'm trying to use this Python code: import math for i in xrange(500): x = 500 + math.sin(math.pi * i / 100) * 500 y = 500 + math.cos(i) * 100 x, y = int(x), int(y) win32api.SetCursorPos((x, y)) time.sleep(.01) taken from here to move the mouse cursor in an XP VirtualBox. The mouse icon will flicker to the appropriate graphic (when it hits the edge of a window it turns into the <- resize image, for instance), but it doesn't actually move the visible cursor. I can move the mouse around while the code is running. Same result using the ctypes example in the above link. It works fine in the Win7 host. I have Guest Additions installed, if that matters.

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• Summary count for Python logging

  - by Craig McQueen

  At the end of my Python program, I'd like to be able to get a summary of the number of items logged through the standard logging module. I'd specifically like to be able to get a count for each specified name (and possibly its children). E.g. if I have: input_logger = getLogger('input') input_logger.debug("got input1") input_logger.debug("got input2") input_logger.debug("got input3") network_input_logger = getLogger('input.network') network_input_logger.debug("got network input1") network_input_logger.debug("got network input2") getLogger('output') output_logger.debug("sent output1") Then at the end I'd like to get a summary such as: input: 5 input.network: 2 output: 1 Perhaps by calling a getcount() method for a logger or a handler. What would be a good way to achieve this? I imagine it would involve a sub-class of one of the logging classes, but I'm not sure which one would be best.

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• Python unittest with expensive setup

  - by Staale

  My test file is basically: class Test(unittest.TestCase): def testOk(): pass if __name__ == "__main__": expensiveSetup() try: unittest.main() finally: cleanUp() However, I do wish to run my test through Netbeans testing tools, and to do that I need unittests that don't rely on an environment setup done in main. Looking at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/402483/caching-result-of-setup-using-python-unittest - it recommends using Nose. However, I don't think Netbeans supports this. I didn't find any information indicating that it does. Additionally, I am the only one here actually writing tests, so I don't want to introduce additional dependencies for the other 2 developers unless they are needed. How can I do the setup and cleanup once for all the tests in my TestSuite? The expensive setup here is creating some files with dummy data, as well as setting up and tearing down a simple xml-rpc server. I also have 2 test classes, one testing locally and one testing all methods over xml-rpc.

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• Python programming. Accessing Windows rigth click menu options

  - by Zack

  I'm hoping to automate a few tasks at work. One of them being combining and converting power point files to PDFs. I'm a bit of a newbie (I just finished Magus Heitland's Beginning Python), so I'm not entirely sure what I'm specifically asking. On windows, one can select multiple files, right click, and select combine as adobe PDF. I've figured out the 'grouping' of the files I want to convert (I traverse the dir and nest the files inside of a list based on their names), but I'm unsure how to pursue the next step (the rightclick/combine command). Googling has led me to things like win32api, pywinauto, and ctypes. But as I read over what they do my newbieness prevents me from knowing which is the tool I need. Could any one suggest a few good resources or tips?

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• Find the min max and average of one column of data in python

  - by user1440194

  I have a set of data that looks like this 201206040210 -3461.00000000 -8134.00000000 -4514.00000000 -4394.00000000 0 201206040211 -3580.00000000 -7967.00000000 -4614.00000000 -7876.00000000 0 201206040212 -3031.00000000 -9989.00000000 -9989.00000000 -3419.00000000 0 201206040213 -1199.00000000 -6961.00000000 -3798.00000000 -5822.00000000 0 201206040214 -2940.00000000 -5524.00000000 -5492.00000000 -3394.00000000 0 I want to take the second to last column and find the min, max, and average. Im a little confused on how to use split when the columns are delimited by a space and -. i Figure once i do that i can use min() and max function. I have written a shell script to do the same here #!/bin/ksh awk '{print substr($5,2);}' data' > /data1 sort -n data1 > data2 tail -1 data2 head -1 data2 awk '{sum+=$1} END {print "average = ",sum/NR}' data2 Im just not sure how to do this in python. Thanks

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• Plotting a cumulative graph of python datetimes

  - by ventolin

  Say I have a list of datetimes, and we know each datetime to be the recorded time of an event happening. Is it possible in matplotlib to graph the frequency of this event occuring over time, showing this data in a cumulative graph (so that each point is greater or equal to all of the points that went before it), without preprocessing this list? (e.g. passing datetime objects directly to some wonderful matplotlib function) Or do I need to turn this list of datetimes into a list of dictionary items, such as: {"year": 1998, "month": 12, "date": 15, "events": 92} and then generate a graph from this list? Sorry if this seems like a silly question - I'm not all too familiar with matplotlib, and would like to save myself the effort of doing this the latter way if matplotlib can already deal with datetime objects itself.

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• python len calculation

  - by n00bz0r

  I'm currently trying to build a RDP client in python and I came across the following issue with a len check; From: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc240836%28v=prot.10%29.aspx "81 2a - ConnectData::connectPDU length = 298 bytes Since the most significant bit of the first byte (0x81) is set to 1 and the following bit is set to 0, the length is given by the low six bits of the first byte and the second byte. Hence, the value is 0x12a, which is 298 bytes." This sounds weird. For normal len checks, I'm simply using : struct.pack("h",len(str(PacketLen))) but in this case, I really don't see how I can calculate the len as described above. Any help on this would be greatly appreciated !

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• How do I splice a python string programmatically?

  - by Robin Welch

  Very simple question, hopefully. So, in Python you can split up strings using indices as follows: >>> a="abcdefg" >>> print a[2:4] cd but how do you do this if the indices are based on variables? E.g. >>> j=2 >>> h=4 >>> print a[j,h] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? TypeError: string indices must be integers

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• Identifying a function call in a python script line in runtime

  - by Dani

  I have a python script that I run with 'exec'. The script's string has calls to functions. When a function is called, I would like it to know the line number and offset in line for that call in the script (in the string I fed exec with). Here is an example. If my script is: foo1(); foo2(); foo1() foo3() And if I have code that prints (line,offset) in every function, I should get (0,0), (0,8), (0,16), (1,0) In most cases this can be easily done by getting the stack frame, because it contains the line number and the function name. The only problem is when there are two functions with the same name in a certain line. Unfortunately this is a common case for me. Any ideas?

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• Python: confused with classes, attributes and methods in OOP

  - by user1586038

  A. Am learning Python OOP now and confused with somethings in the code below. Question: 1. def init(self, radius=1): What does the argument/attribute "radius = 1" mean exactly? Why isn't it just called "radius"? The method area() has no argument/attribute "radius". Where does it get its "radius" from in the code? How does it know that the radius is 5? """ class Circle: pi = 3.141592 def __init__(self, radius=1): self.radius = radius def area(self): return self.radius * self.radius * Circle.pi def setRadius(self, radius): self.radius = radius def getRadius(self): return self.radius c = Circle() c.setRadius(5) """ B. Question: In the code below, why is the attribute/argument "name" missing in the brackets? Why was is not written like this: def init(self, name) and def getName(self, name)? """ class Methods: def init(self): self.name = 'Methods' def getName(self): return self.name """

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• Python scope problems only when _assigning_ to a variable

  - by wallacoloo

  So I'm having a very strange error right now. I found where it happens, and here's the simplest code that can reproduce it. def parse_ops(str_in): c_type = "operator" def c_dat_check_type(t): print c_type #c_type = t c_dat_check_type("number") >>> parse_ops("12+a*2.5") If you run it as-is, it prints "operator". But if you uncomment that line, it gives an error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#212>", line 1, in <module> parse_ops("12+a*2.5") File "<pyshell#211>", line 7, in parse_ops c_dat_check_type("number") File "<pyshell#211>", line 4, in c_dat_check_type print c_type UnboundLocalError: local variable 'c_type' referenced before assignment Notice the error occurs on the line that worked just fine before. Any ideas what causes this and how I can fix this? I'm using Python 2.6.1.

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• Dealing with Windows line-endings in Python

  - by Adam Nelson

  I've got a 700MB XML file coming from a Windows provider. As one might expect, the line endings are '\r\n' (or ^M in vi). What is the most efficient way to deal with this situation aside from getting the supplier to send over '\n' :-) Use os.linesep Use rstrip() (requiring opening the file ... which seems crazy) Using Universal newline support is not standard on my Mac Snow Leopard - so isn't an option. I'm open to anything that requires Python 2.6+ but it needs to work on Snow Leopard and Ubuntu 9.10 with minimal external requirements. I don't mind a small performance penalty but I am looking for the standard best way to deal with this.

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• Problems trying to format currency with Python (Django)

  - by h3

  I have the following code in Django: import locale locale.setlocale( locale.LC_ALL, '' ) def format_currency(i): return locale.currency(float(i), grouping=True) It work on some computers in dev mode, but as soon as I try to deploy it on production I get this error: Exception Type: TemplateSyntaxError Exception Value: Caught ValueError while rendering: Currency formatting is not possible using the 'C' locale. Exception Location: /usr/lib/python2.6/locale.py in currency, line 240 The weird thing is that I can do this on the production server and it will work without any errors: python manage.py shell >>> import locale >>> locale.setlocale( locale.LC_ALL, '' ) 'en_CA.UTF-8' >>> locale.currency(1, grouping=True) '$1.00' I .. don't get it.i

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• MySQL Split Time Ranges into Smaller Chunks

  - by Neren

  Hello all, I've recently been tasked with finishing a PHP/MySQL web app when the developer quit last week. I'm no MySQL expert, so I apologize if this is an intensely simple question. I've searched SO for the better part of two days trying to find a relatively easy solution to my problem, which is as follows. Problem in a Nutshell: I have a MySQL table full of start and end datetime (GMT -5) & UNIX Timestamp values covering durations of irregular length and need to break/split/divide them into more-regular time chunks (5 minutes). I'm not after a count of row entries per time chunk/bucket/period, if that makes any sense. Data Example: started, ended, started_UNIX, ended_UNIX 2010-10-25 15:12:33, 2010-10-25 15:47:09, 1288033953, 1288036029 What I'm hoping to get: 2010-10-25 15:12:33, 2010-10-25 15:15:00, 1288033953, 1288037700 2010-10-25 15:15:00, 2010-10-25 15:20:00, 1288037700, 1288038000 2010-10-25 15:20:00, 2010-10-25 15:25:00, 1288038000, 1288038300 2010-10-25 15:25:00, 2010-10-25 15:30:00, 1288038300, 1288038600 2010-10-25 15:30:00, 2010-10-25 15:35:00, 1288038600, 1288038900 2010-10-25 15:35:00, 2010-10-25 15:40:00, 1288038900, 1288039200 2010-10-25 15:40:00, 2010-10-25 15:45:00, 1288039200, 1288039500 2010-10-25 15:45:00, 2010-10-25 15:47:09, 1288039500, 1288039629 If you're interested, here's the quick & dirty on the app and why I need the data: App overview: The application receives very simple POST requests generated by a basic sensor device when its input pins go to ground, which submits an INSERT query to the database where MySQL records a timestamp (as started). When the input pins return from a grounded state, the device submits a different POST request, which causes the PHP app to submit an UPDATE query, where a modification time timestamp is inserted (as ended). My employer recently changed the periodic reporting unit of measure from Seconds "On" Per Day to Seconds "On" Per 5 Minute Interval. I had formulated what I thought would be a workable solution, but when I looked at it on paper, it looked like Rube Goldberg's nightmare constructed in MySQL, so that was out. Any suggestions as to how to break these spans into 5 minute blocks? Keeping it all in MySQL would be my preference, though I'll take any suggestions. Thank you for any suggestions you may have. Again, I apologize if this is a no-brainer. If I ask any additional questions of the SO collective consciousness in the future, I'll try to word them a bit better. Any help will be happily welcomed. Thanks, Neren

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• Python | How to create dynamic and expandable dictionaries

  - by MMRUser

  I want to create a Python dictionary which holds values in a multidimensional accept and it should be able to expand, this is the structure that the values should be stored :- userdata = {'data':[{'username':'Ronny Leech','age':'22','country':'Siberia'},{'username':'Cronulla James','age':'34','country':'USA'}]} Lets say I want to add another user def user_list(): users = [] for i in xrange(5, 0, -1): lonlatuser.append(('username','%s %s' % firstn, lastn)) lonlatuser.append(('age',age)) lonlatuser.append(('country',country)) return dict(user) This will only returns a dictionary with a single value in it (since the key names are same values will overwritten).So how do I append a set of values to this dictionary. Note: assume age, firstn, lastn and country are dynamically generated. Thanks.

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• python input UnicodeDecodeError:

  - by The man on the Clapham omnibus

  python 3.x >>> a = input() hope >>> a 'hope' >>> b = input() håpe >>> b 'håpe' >>> c = input() start typing hå... delete using backspace... and change to hope Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf8' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 1: invalid continuation byte >>> The situation is not terrible, I am working around it, but find it strange that when deleting, the bytes get messed up. Has anyone else experienced this? the terminal history shows that I thought that I entered h?ope any ideas? in the script that is using this, I do import readline to give command line history.

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• How to grab the lines AFTER a matched line in python

  - by toofly

  Hi All, I am an amateur using Python on and off for some time now. Sorry if this is a silly question, but I was wondering if anyone knew an easy way to grab a bunch of lines if the format in the input file is like this: " Heading 1 Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Heading 2 Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 " I won't know how many lines are after each heading, but I want to grab them all. All I know is the name, or a regular expression pattern for the heading. The only way I know to read a file is the "for line in file:" way, but I don't know how to grab the lines AFTER the line I'm currently on. Hope this makes sense, and thanks for the help!

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• User control attributes at design-time

  - by ciscoheat

  I'm testing a simple User Control in Visual Studio 2008: A Panel named Wrapper with some controls inside. Can Visual Studio handle this at design time? public partial class TestControl : System.Web.UI.UserControl { [Description("Css class of the div around the control.")] [CssClassProperty] public string CssClass { get { return Wrapper.CssClass; } set { Wrapper.CssClass = value; } } } When setting the CssClass property, it doesn't update the css of the Panel at design time. Am I hoping for too much?

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• Python BeautifulSoup Print Info in CSV

  - by Codin

  I can print the information I am pulling from a site with no problem. But when I try to place the street names in one column and the zipcodes into another column into a CSV file that is when I run into problems. All I get in the CSV is the two column names and every thing in its own column across the page. Here is my code. Also I am using Python 2.7.5 and Beautiful soup 4 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import csv import urllib2 url="http://www.conakat.com/states/ohio/cities/defiance/road_maps/" page=urllib2.urlopen(url) soup = BeautifulSoup(page.read()) f = csv.writer(open("Defiance Steets1.csv", "w")) f.writerow(["Name", "ZipCodes"]) # Write column headers as the first line links = soup.find_all(['i','a']) for link in links: names = link.contents[0] print unicode(names) f.writerow(names)

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• How to display and change an icon inside a python Tk Frame

  - by codingJoe

  I have a python Tkinter Frame that displays several fields. I want to also add an red/yellow/green icon that will display the status of an external device. The icon is loaded from a file called ICON_LED_RED.ico. How do I display the icon in my frame? How do I change the icon at runtime? for example replace BitmapImage('RED.ico') with BitmapImage('GREEN.ico') class Application(Frame): def init(self, master=None): Frame.__init__(self, master) self.pack() self.createWidgets() def createWidgets(self): # ...other frame code.. works just fine. self.OKBTN = Button(self) self.OKBTN["text"] = "OK" self.OKBTN["fg"] = "red" self.OKBTN["command"] = self.ok_btn_func self.OKBTN.pack({"side": "left"}) # when I add the following the frame window is not visible # The process is locked up such that I have to do a kill -9 self.statusFrame = Frame(self, bd=2, relief=RIDGE) Label(self.statusFrame, text='Status:').pack(side=LEFT, padx=5) self.statIcon = BitmapImage('data/ICON_LED_RED.ico') Label (self.statusFrame, image=self.statIcon ).grid() self.statusFrame.pack(expand=1, fill=X, pady=10, padx=5)

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• What are "named tuples" in Python?

  - by Denilson Sá

  Reading the changes in Python 3.1, I found something... unexpected: The sys.version_info tuple is now a named tuple: I never heard about named tuples before, and I thought elements could either be indexed by numbers (like in tuples and lists) or by keys (like in dicts). I never expected they could be indexed both ways. Thus, my questions are: What are named tuples? How to use them? Why/when should I use named tuples instead of normal tuples? Why/when should I use normal tuples instead of named tuples? Is there any kind of "named list" (a mutable version of the named tuple)?

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• Python CSV file processing

  - by kingwarchief

  I just got introduced to python, the first language I get to learn, and I have this question below: I have an excel based CSV file with two columns (or rows, Pythonically) that I am working on. What I need to do is to perform some operations so that I can compare the two data entries in each 'row'. To be more precise, one column has constant numbers all the way down, whereas the other column varies. So I need to count the number of times the varying column data entry values crosses the constant value on the other column. For example: Varying Column; Constant Column 24 25 26 25 crosses 27 25 26 25 25.5 25 23 25 crossed 26 25 crossed So in this case the number of times there is a cross

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• Proper way to reload a python module from the console

  - by ensnare

  I'm debugging from the python console and would like to reload a module every time I make a change so I don't have to exit the console and re-enter it. I'm doing: >>> from project.model.user import * >>> reload(user) but I receive: >>>NameError: name 'user' is not defined What is the proper way to reload the entire user class? Is there a better way to do this, perhaps auto-updating while debugging? Thanks.

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