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  • Using UDF on a USB flash drive

    - by CesarB
    After failing to copy a file bigger than 4G to my 8G USB flash drive, I formatted it as ext3. While this is working fine for me so far, it will cause problems if I want to use it to copy files to someone which does not use Linux. I am thinking of formatting it as UDF instead, which I hope would allow it to be read (and possibly even written) on the three most popular operating systems (Windows, MacOS, and Linux), without having to install any extra drivers. However, from what I found on the web already, there seem to be several small gotchas related to which parameters are used to create the filesystem, which can reduce the compability (but most of the pages I found are about optical media, not USB flash drives). I would like to know: Which utility should I use to create the filesystem? (So far I have found mkudffs and genisoimage, and mkudffs seems the best option.) Which parameters should I use with the chosen utility for maximum compability? How compatible with the most common versions of these three operating systems UDF actually is? Is using UDF actually the best idea? Is there another filesystem which would have better compatibility, with no problematic restrictions like the FAT32 4G file size limit, and without having to install special drivers in every single computer which touches it?

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  • Re-sizing disk partition linux/vm

    - by Tiffany Walker
    I VM Player running a linux guest and I was wanting to know how do I expand the disk? In the VM player I gave more disk space but I am not sure how to mount/expand/connect the new disk space to the system. My old disk space was 14GB [root@localhost ~]# df -h / Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 14G 4.5G 8.2G 36% / Then I expanded it and now I see sda2 which is the new space? [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15665 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000cd44d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 2611 20458496 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root: 14.5 GB, 14537457664 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1767 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap: 6408 MB, 6408896512 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 779 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Do I need to mount the new space first? resize2fs -p /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 108849018880 resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) The containing partition (or device) is only 3549184 (4k) blocks. You requested a new size of 1474836480 blocks. resize2fs -p /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 128849018880 resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) resize2fs: Invalid new size: 128849018880 [root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L+90GB /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root Extending logical volume lv_root to 103.54 GiB Insufficient free space: 23040 extents needed, but only 0 available [root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L90GB /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root Extending logical volume lv_root to 90.00 GiB Insufficient free space: 19574 extents needed, but only 0 available EDIT: So after trying pvcreate/vgextend nothing has so far worked. I'm guessing the new disk space added from VM Player is not showing up? pvscan PV /dev/sda2 VG VolGroup lvm2 [19.51 GiB / 0 free] Total: 1 [19.51 GiB] / in use: 1 [19.51 GiB] / in no VG: 0 [0 ]

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  • Tool to maintain/keep track of filesystem content integrity?

    - by Jesse
    I'm looking for a tool to maintain the integrity of a filesystem and it's contents using checksums. Effectively storing a list of checksums/filename pairs somewhere on the filesystem in a way that can be verified later if files are somehow damaged or lost. Git does what I want, but because it stores the contents of every file in it's object database, the disk usage will at least double. And the fact that it does not provide a progress bar when scanning files tells me it was not designed for the multi-terabyte filesystem I have in mind. I can do this crudely by storing the output of md5deep, but is there a tool specifically designed for this purpose, using whatever smarts possible to make the process efficient?

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  • How does NFS read cache work on Debian?

    - by Ztyx
    I am planning to use NFS to serve out many small files. They will be read very often so client side caching is crucial. Does NFS handle this? Is there a way to increase the client side caching in some way? ...or should I look at another solution? Syncing using rsync or unison periodically is not an option since the files are modified on the client side from time to time.

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  • Unable to delete a directory from NTFS drive: "Access is denied"

    - by Evgeny
    I'm running Windows XP Pro x64 SP2. I have a directory on an NTFS drive that was created by a Maven build. A subsequent build attempted to delete this directory and failed. I now get the error "Access is denied" whenever I try to do anything with that directory: change to it, delete it, rename it. This happens both in Windows Explorer and from a command prompt. The properties dialog in Windows Explorer doesn't even contain the Security tab. I created the directory, so I don't think this is truly a permissions issue. I've occasionally had this error happen in the past is well. I believe the error is misleading, but the question is: what is the real problem and how do I fix it?

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  • What are the best options for a root filesystem hosted on SSD under Linux

    - by stsquad
    I'm working on an embedded system which is going to be booting and hosting it's rootfs on an SSD disk. We are currently looking at using Intel X-18M SSDs. The file system structure will have a fairly static /usr section (modulo software upgrades) and an active /var and /var/log for maintaining state and logging. Given the wear-levelling done by the underlying flash does having separate partitions help or hinder? As modern SSDs appear as straight block devices and hide their mapping magic behind their firmware is there any point trying to optimise the choice of file-system that sits on-top of the SSD? Finally does enable SMART monitoring make any sense in this context or are their SSD specific ways of determining the underlying health of the storage hardware?

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  • Building a Social Networking website, should I have separate servers for certain parts of the site? [closed]

    - by Dylan Cross
    I have been working on building a social networking website, I'm pretty committed to this and I think I have something that could work out. I hope to be launching it January 1st, and so I have a question for server setup and such. Facebook has separate domain names/servers for their photos (and I don't know what else), so I would assume that by doing this it would help spread the server loads out. So I am wondering if it would make a very big difference in speed if I had my main server for basically everything, but had another server and such that the photos would be stored on and access them the same way that facebook does.

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  • Dedicated server automatic backup solution

    - by Luigi
    I have a dedicated Ubuntu web server in a cloud environment, and I am looking for a nice way to do automated backups. I would like to backup some directories with web apps, and all my MySql databases. As for destination: make snapshots every two hours localy, and every six hours to a remote ftp server. Also delete backup archives older than seven days(localy + ftp), and notify on any problems by email. Now to achieve some of this functionality I use cron + shell script, and http://www.mysqldumper.net/, but really that doesn't answer my needs. Mysqldumper doesn't know automaticly about new databases, and shell script does not notify on problems. It's something I have to check out from time to time, and i don't have trust for. I googled a while, and seems like most people solve this stuff with shell scripts. Is this a method you can trust? Are there any web-gui tools, I'm missing? Maybe there is a smarter startegy for doing this? I'm a little bit confused.

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  • fsck: FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED after each check with -c, why?

    - by Chris
    Hi I use a script to partition and format CF cards (connected with a USB card writer) in an automated way. After the main process I check the card again with fsck. To check bad blocks I also tried the '-c' switch, but I always get a return value != 0 and the message "FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED" (see below). I get the same result when checking the very same drive several times... Does anyone know why a) the file system is modified at all and b) why this seems to happen every time I check and not only in case of an error (like bad blocks)? Here's the output: linux-box# fsck.ext3 -c /dev/sdx1 e2fsck 1.40.2 (12-Jul-2007) Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information Volume (/dev/sdx1): ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED ***** Volume (/dev/sdx1): 5132/245760 files (1.2% non-contiguous), 178910/1959896 blocks Thanks, Chris

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  • Is real-time or synchronous replication possible over WAN link?

    - by johnnyb10
    The company I work for is looking to implement truly real-time file replication with file locking over a WAN link that spans over 2000 miles. We currently have a 16-drive SAN setup in our east coast office. We also have an office out in Colorado that will have the same exact SAN setup. The idea is to have those two SANs contain the same exact data at all times, which will allow us to work with the same data pool, and which will also provide use with an offsite backup solution, should a failure occur on either end. We're running Server 2008. The objective is to enable users in the east coast office to work on files and have those changes be instantly updated on the Colorado SAN as well. We also need there to be file locking so that there will be no conflicts or overwritten changes if users attempt to work on the same file. Is this scenario even possible, at speeds that would make the files usable? And if so, what software would we need to pull this off? As I understand it, DFS-R does not provide file locking, so if we used that, we would need to go with a third-party product like Peerlock. But I don't even know if DFS-R is an option. Can it replicate quickly enough over a WAN link? Can any product? It seems that if we were to use synchronous replication, the programs would be unacceptably slow, as every write would have to wait for confirmation from the other end of the link. But if we used asynchronous replication, what kind of latency would we be looking at? There is a product from GlobalScape called WAFS that claims to provide "File coherence with real-time file locking, file release, and synchronization" and says that "As files are modified, changes are mirrored instantly using intelligent byte-level differencing to minimize the impact on network bandwidth". So this sounds like synchronous replication, but that doesn't even seem possible, given physical limitations such as the speed of light. If anyone has any experience with this kind of setup, or knows whether it's even possible, I'd appreciate your input and suggestions, including recommendations for software that we should check out.

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  • How can I format a USB "thumb drive" so it will be readable on OS X and Windows?

    - by Ethan
    I have an OS X system. I want to use it to put some files on a USB drive and then be able to loan the drive to Mac and XP and Vista users so they can get the files off it. I also need to wipe the drive clean first to make sure there's nothing sensitive on it by accident because I'm going to be passing it around. What the name of the filesystem format I want? What's the procedure? Command line operations are fine.

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  • What is the best file system and allocation size for a USB flash drive?

    - by e-t172
    I'm considering using my 4 GB Kingston DataTraveler USB stick to store my Firefox and Thunderbird profiles for my laptop and desktop PCs. I want to maximize performance when using Firefox. The question is: what is the best file system and allocation size for the fastest Firefox profile operation on a USB flash drive? I'm using Windows 7 on both machines and I don't care about compatibility or the drive's lifetime. I just want to maximize performance. I could even use ext2 with the Ext2 IFS driver if that means it'll be faster. I'm assuming (perhaps I'm wrong) that putting a Firefox profile on a USB stick would be a "lots of small files" usage. In that case, it seems that NTFS would perform best, but I'm not sure. Besides I found nothing regarding the best allocation size to use. Considering that the default allocation size is designed for hard drives (which have different characteristics), I'm assuming that the default allocation size is not the best.

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  • Good Linux disaster-ready filesystem?

    - by Felipe Solís
    I'm working on this emergency open wi-fi network project and it includes a local website (nginx + MySQL). In order to eliminate SPOFs, we're going to setup at least two of everything (server, switch, router, etc.). This network is thought to work when an earthquake strikes and it's very likely to a server to go to down, if so, we need to be able to boot them up and be operating as soon as possible. Do any of you know if any linux filesystem would work better than others in this scenario?

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  • MacBook Pro (OSX Lion) - shutdown automatically before reaching login screen

    - by mkk
    When I try to lunch my MacBook Pro I can see a progress bar on loading screen. It goes to 1/15 or something like this and then it shut downs - I cannot reach even login screen. It happened to me 2 months ago, I have 'fixed' this by formatting my hard drive and installing OSX (Lion) again. This time I think that situation is a little bit different - I am able to enter single-user mode by pressing cmd + s. I then type /sbin/fsck -yf, I get the error: ** Checking Journaled HFS Plus volume. The volume name is Macintosh HD ** Checking extents overflow file. ** Checking catalog file. Invalid node structure (4, 24704) ** The volume Macintosh HD could not be verified completely. /dev/rdisk0s2 (hfs) EXITED WITH SIGNAL 8 but when I type exit, I can the login screen and I can log in. I tried a lot of things, booting from recovery partition and choosing disk utility to repair the disc, but I get error that it cannot be repaired. I have googled for hours and the only real solution I have found was to buy Disc warrior that might fix the issue. Any other suggestions? Secondary question is what causes this issue? I thought the reason are bad sectors, but Smart Utility haven't found any. I found suggestion that RAM could cause this kind of issue as well, so I downloaded rember and made memory test - all tests passed. Right now I have used my solution of entering single-mode user and then typing exit, however I am not sure how long it will 'work'. Of course I have back-uped what I considered important. Thanks for the help in advance! UPDATE: I guess Smart Utility was not very useful, I mnaged to get input/output error, which I believe is equivalent to bad sector.

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  • linux/unix filesystem permissions hack/feature

    - by selden
    Can linux or other unix create a file that no user, including root, can modify unless they have the secret key? By "have the secret key" I mean they are using some crypto scheme. Here's a scenario if you aren't already downvoting: Bob encrypts something about file /foo (maybe inode?) using secret key K Alice tries "sudo rm /foo" and gets permission denied, so she decrypts something about file /foo using secret key K and then "sudo rm /foo" succeeds.

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  • Effective backup and archive strategy for database and linked files

    - by busyspin
    I am using Postgres to store a variety of application data for a webapp. Part of the application involves storing and retrieving user uploaded files. I am storing the files in the filesystem with some associated metadata in the database. I am trying to come up with a backup and archive strategy so that I can effectively backup and archive/restore the database and the linked files. Here are the things I want to accomplish. Perform routine backups that can be used for recovery from failures and which include all DB data and the linked files. Ideally, this backup would be done while the app is running. Live backup is certainly possible with a DB but I am not sure how to keep the linked files consistent with the database during the backup process Archive chunks of data as they become "old". These chunks must includes the database data plus any linked files. It should be possible to put the archived data back into production again. It would be ideal if it were easy to determine which ranges of objects were stored in each chunk. Do you have any advice for how to accomplish these goals? If the files were in the database as BLOBS these tasks would be much easier since normal database backup and restore functionality would handle this. I am not sure how to accomplish the same thing when file data is linked to database rows.

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  • Can't delete a directory on external drive (OS X)

    - by Martin Tóth
    I have a brand new Transcend StoreJet 25M3 (external HDD) mounted to MacBook (Leopard 10.5.8) at /Volumes/Transcend. I copied some data from my old Windows (XP) machine on it, and now, after cleaning some stuff up, I wanted to delete some directories, but this is what happened: $ rmdir My\ Pictures/ rmdir: My Pictures/: Operation not permitted Using Finder just asks for password, but does not delete the directory (sound of "moved to Trash" is played). I thought it's some permission "thing", but: $ ls -l drwxrwxrwx 1 martin staff 32768 5 jan 16:11 My Pictures/ $ sudo rm -rf My\ Pictures rm: My Pictures: Operation not permitted I re-mounted, rebooted (thinking that there's some file lock), but that did not help. What might have happened here? How to delete it?

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  • File system concepts (df command)

    - by mkab
    I'm finding it difficult to understand some stuffs about the df command. Suppose I type df and I have the following output Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/da0s1 some number some number number percentage /win /dev/da0s2 some number some number number percentage /win/home /dev/da0s3a some number some number number percentage / devfs some number some number number percentage /dev /dev/da0s3g some number some number number percentage /local /dev/da0s3h some number some number -number 102% /reste /dev/da0s3d some number some number number percentage /tmp /dev/da1s3f some number some number number percentage /usr /dev/da1s3e some number some number number percentage /var /dev/da1s1a some number some number number percentage /public Are the answers to the following questions correct? How many physical drives do I have? Ans: 2. da0s1 and da1s1 How many physical partitions on each disk? Ans: 8 for da0s1 and 1 for da1s1 How many BSD partition on each physical partition Ans: Impossible to determine. We have to use the -T to determine its type How is it possible for the file system /dev/da0s3h filled at 102%? And where is this overflowed data written?Ans: I have no idea for this one Thanks.

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  • Optimal file system type and mount options for an rsnapshot dedicated drive

    - by Nimmy Lebby
    We have an external USB 2 drive that we are using as a backup drive for our configuration. We use rsnapshot for the backups. It uses a few standard commands for managing snapshots: rm -rf: deletes expired snapshots mv: moves older snapshots down a slot cp -al: duplicates last snapshot to new slot rsync -a --delete --numeric-ids --relative: synchronizes new snapshot As you could see by the log below, the majority of the time is spent on the rm -rf and the cp -al steps: [25/Dec/2010:14:00:02] rsnapshot hourly: started [25/Dec/2010:14:00:02] echo 21012 > /var/run/rsnapshot.pid [25/Dec/2010:14:00:02] rm -rf /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.5/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] mv /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.4/ /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.5/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] mv /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.3/ /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.4/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] mv /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.2/ /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.3/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] mv /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.1/ /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.2/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] cp -al /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.0 /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.1 [25/Dec/2010:14:23:32] rsync -a --delete --numeric-ids --relative /etc /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.0/sm4/ [25/Dec/2010:14:23:52] touch /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.0/ [25/Dec/2010:14:23:52] rm -f /var/run/rsnapshot.pid [25/Dec/2010:14:23:52] rsnapshot hourly: completed successfully My questions: I'm currently using ext4 for the filesystem. Maybe this is not the best choice from those available in Red Hat. Anyone have any recommendations that would speed up the process? The partition's mount options are sync,dirsync 1 2. Is there a way to optimize this since it's solely used for rsnapshot? Of course, reasoning would be greatly appreciated.

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  • Creating hard drive backup images efficiently

    - by Arrieta
    We are in the process of pruning our directories to recuperate some disk space. The 'algorithm' for the pruning/backup process consists of a list of directories and, for each one of them, a set of rules, e.g. 'compress *.bin', 'move *.blah', 'delete *.crap', 'leave *.important'; these rules change from directory to directory but are well known. The compressed and moved files are stored in a temporary file system, burned onto a blue ray, tested within the blue ray, and, finally, deleted from their original locations. I am doing this in Python (basically a walk statement with a dictionary with the rules for each extension in each folder). Do you recommend a better methodology for pruning file systems? How do you do it? We run on Linux.

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  • How to write to a Mac OSX read-only filesystem?

    - by marienbad
    I have DMG I need to mount and write a file to. When I mount it, finder shows the root and all as read-only. Then I discovered 'mount -w'. But when I run that, I get 'mount: unknown special file or file system.' How can I mount this disk image as writable, or force a file into it?

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  • kinit gives me a Kerberos ticket, but no AFS token

    - by Tomas Lycken
    I'm trying to setup access to my university's IT environment from my laptop running Ubuntu 12.04, by (mostly) following the IT-department's guides on AFS and Kerberos. I can get AFS working well enough so that I can navigate to my home folder (located in the nada.kth.se cell of AFS), and I can get Kerberos working well enough to forward tickets and authenticate me when I connect with ssh. However, I don't seem to get any AFS tokens locally, on my machine, so I can't just go to /afs/nada.kth.se/.../folder/file.txt on my machine and edit it. I can't even stand in /afs/nada.kth.se/.../folder and run ls without getting Permission denied errors. Why doesn't kinit -f [email protected] give me an AFS token? What do I need to do to get one?

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  • md5sum repeatedly gives different checksum for same file on same machine

    - by Joel
    I have a very small and quite old hard drive disk, about 32G. On to this disk I have copied a largish tar file, about 5G. When I run md5sum to generate a checksum on this file I repeatedly get different results (on the same machine and the same file). This obviously should not happen. If I repeat the experiment with a much smaller file, as expected the checksum is the same each time. I can only assume that because the large file is spanning most of the disk, and it is an old drive, I am experiencing a lot of read errors on the hard drive - and it needs replacing? Could there be any other good reason for this? Something I can do to fix the problem other than buying a new disk? Update: sha1sum also produces inconsistent results.

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