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• Archiving old, outdated hard drives

  - by Calvin

  I have a number of old hard drives. I've decided to throw them out. But before I do that, I'd like to keep the contents of hard drives, intact. I tried to use the ISO file format to archive but the major problem is that it loses file attributes and can't create directories with exceeding depth of 8 levels. I do have drives over a variety of file systems; FAT, NTFS, ext2, ext3 and HFS and I'd like to archive them without any loss of information.

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• Best alternatives to recover lost directories in FAT32 external hard drive?

  - by Sergio

  Hi: I have an 320 GB ADATA CH91 external hard drive. I guess it has some problems with the connector of the USB jack. The point is that in certain occasions it fails in write operations generating data losses. Right now I lost a directory with several GB's of very useful information. Since then I have not attempted to write to the disk any more. What tool would you recommend to recover the lost data? The disk is FAT32 formatted (only one partition) and I use both Linux and Windows. What filesystem format would you recommend to avoid future data losses? I currently only use this external hard drive in Linux so there are several available choices (FAT, NTFS, ext3, ext4, reiser, etc.). Regards, Sergio

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• zfs rename/move root filesystem into child

  - by Anton

  Similar question exists but the solution (using mv) is awful because in this case it works as "copy, then remove" rather than pure "move". So, I created a pool: zpool create tank /dev/loop0 and rsynced my data from another storage in there directly so that my data is now in /tank. zfs list NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT tank 591G 2.10T 591G /tank Now I've realized that I need my data to be in a child filesystem, not in /tank filesystem directly. So how do I move or rename the existing root filesystem so that it becomes a child within the pool? Simple rename won't work: zfs rename tank tank/mydata cannot rename to 'tank/mydata': datasets must be within same pool (Btw, why does it complain the datasets are not within same pool when if fact I only have one pool?) I know there are solutions that involve copying all the data (mv, or sending the whole dataset to another device and back), but shouldn't there be a simple elegant way? Just noting that I do not care of snapshots at this stage (there are none yet to care of).

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• Maximum number of files in one ext3 directory while still getting acceptable performance?

  - by knorv

  I have an application writing to an ext3 directory which over time has grown to roughly three million files. Needless to say, reading the file listing of this directory is unbearably slow. I don't blame ext3. The proper solution would have been to let the application code write to sub-directories such as ./a/b/c/abc.ext rather than using only ./abc.ext. I'm changing to such a sub-directory structure and my question is simply: roughly how many files should I expect to store in one ext3 directory while still getting acceptable performance? What's your experience? Or in other words; assuming that I need to store three million files in the structure, how many levels deep should the ./a/b/c/abc.ext structure be? Obviously this is a question that cannot be answered exactly, but I'm looking for a ball park estimate.

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• How can I tell whether an interrupted rm -r removed any files?

  - by Jake Petroules

  I installed sshfs a Linux box and then mounted my Mac home directory. In the middle of troubleshooting a configuration issue, I did an ls -l on the mount directory (as normal user), receiving: total 0 d????????? ? ? ? ? ? sl I then ran sudo rm -r on that directory but pressed Ctrl+C to terminate it immediately before it (looks) like the command did anything. I notice no files missing but I want to be sure - is there a way I can somehow inspect the filesystem log on my Mac to see if any files were actually removed?

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• How to convert ext3 partition to use encrypted file system without loosing data?

  - by User1

  My embedded Linux device have 2 partitions: small root partition containing OS. big data partition which uses ext3 I want to encrypt the data partition by using encrypted file system. I don't want loose any data of the partition. Size of the root partition is too small to hold all data of the data partition. It is not possible to use any external data storage. Is there any tools that can convert filesystem of the data partition from ext3 to encrypted fs without copying all files to other place?

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• How can you make a Windows USB HDD Modify All for All Users

  - by David Allan Finch

  Hi, I use a USB HDD a lot between lots of different Windows Boxes. What I find after a while is that there get to be lots of different Permission on the files in some cases stopping me looking at files or removing them. They want Admin rights or even sometimes you need to put the disk back into the original machine with the original user. This is a right pain. Is there away of making the disk have Modify All for All Users and making this the default for all files on the disk. Thanks

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• Only show hidden files in certain directories

  - by Joseph Silvashy

  On a Unix system (or more specifically on OS X) is it possible to show hidden files in only some directories? For example as a developer I want to see the hidden files in my Rails projects but not on my desktop as well. I guess I'm just tired of seeing all these .DS_Store and .trashes files swimming around, any remedies not directly related are welcome too!

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• Fixing corrupt files or corrupt file table on a USB drive?

  - by Kelsey

  I was doing a virus scan on an external USB drive while copying data over to it. While AVG was scanning my system got locked up I think due to the USB drive running out of space and it required a reboot. Since that time all data on the external drive is no longer accessible. I can see all the files in the root and directories but I cannot browse into any of them as Windows 7 gives an error stating they are corrupt. I think the file table or whatever it uses to store the index of what exists on the drive has been corrupted since it still shows the the drive as being almost full but everything I do a properties check on says it is 0 bytes. Does anyone know how to 'unlock' or recover this data? Is there a way to rebuild the file table somehow? Luckily I can recover this data from other sources as a last resort but I would like to fix this if possible. Any help would be appreciated. Thanks.

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• zram trimming by writing zero pages

  - by qdot

  I'm using ZRAM as a backing block device for /tmp filesystem in the following manner: echo 8000000000 > /sys/block/zram0/disksize mkfs.ext4 -O dir_nlink,extent,extra_isize,flex_bg,^has_journal,uninit_bg -m0 \ -b 4096 -L "zram0" /dev/zram0 mount -o barrier=0,commit=240,noatime,nodev,nosuid /dev/zram0 /tmp chmod aogu+rwx /tmp It works out reasonably well for me - however, there is an issue here - when files are removed, they are not zero'ed, so the ZRAM does not remote the compressed pages. Obviously running dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/ZERO bs=1M count={free-space-some-rest}; rm /tmp/ZERO clears it up in the ZRAM - it gets notified of zero-pages and shrinks the store. How can I get ext4 to zero used pages on delete? Also, any other suggestions on how to optimize it?

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• How to mount an encrypted ext3 filesystem under OS X?

  - by Török Gábor

  I know how to mount an ext3 filesystem in OS X with MacFUSE and fuse-ext2. But how can I mount an encrypted ext3 volume? I have Mac OS X 10.6 "Snow Leopard" running.

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• Refresh file access time under Linux / Discard disk read cache

  - by calandoa

  I am making use of the access time to analyse some build process, but it is not working the way I want: the access time is updated the first time I read the file, then it stays the same for a long while, or until the next reboot. For instance: $ ll -u some_file -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.3M 2010-04-07 10:03 some_file $ grep abcdef some_file $ ll -u some_file -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.3M 2010-04-07 11:24 some_file # The access time is updated # waiting a few minutes... $ grep abcdef some_file $ ll -u some_file -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.3M 2010-04-07 11:24 some_file # The access time has not been updated :( I suppose that the file is buffered by Linux in the free memory, the only this copy is accessed the subsequent times for speed reasons. A solution would be to discard the buffers in memory. After searching some forums, I found: sync echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches But it is not working, it seems that it only sync up the write buffers, not the read ones. May be it is due to some custom kernel configuration on my distro (fedora 9)? Or I am missing something here? Is there a way to achieve this access time refresh? Note also that I do not want to simulate some writes on my entire file tree. Because I am using some makefile based build system, this will cause the entire project to be build again.

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• running automated fsck on remote server

  - by GriffinHeart

  I had another question about df, and now i came to conclusion i need to run fsck my partition, i've been reading about it and would like some advice, if possible. The situation is like this, no physical access to the server and i want to run fsck. from what i read i just need to touch /forcefsck and when i reboot it will run fsck. My question is, at its basis, with what arguments will the fsck run? Will it need user input to correct errors, etc? and after running will it save a log of what happened? if this was how it ran it would be perfect, anyway of enforcing that on reboot? fsck -v -p /machine/disk/p1 2>&1 > fscklog.txt Also here they describe this: it's also a good idea on debian and debian-derivatives like ubuntu to edit /etc/default/rcS on remote servers and set "FSCKFIX=yes" that adds "-y" to the boot time fsck, so it doesn't risk the remote server being stuck waiting for someone to login at the console and run fsck. But on Centos that doesn't seem to exist I only have ssh access at the moment so that is why i'm being so picky with it. here's some info about disks and mounted volumes on the server: http://pastebin.centos.org/33314 Thanks.

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• Folder/File permission transfer between alike file structure

  - by Tyler Benson

  So my company has recently upgraded to a new SAN but the person who copied all the data over must have done a drag n' drop or basic copy to move everything. Apparently Xcopy is not something he cared to use. So now I am left with the task of duplicating all the permissions over. The structure has changed a bit ( as in more files/folders have been added) but for the most part has been stayed unchanged. I'm looking for suggestions to help automate this process. Can I use XCopy to transfer ONLY permissions to one tree from another? Would i just ignore any folders/permissions that don't line up correctly? Thanks a ton in advance, Tyler

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• Program complains not enough disk space even if the disk space exists

  - by user1189899

  I have an EXT3 partition mounted in ordered data mode. If a power failure occurs when a program is creating files on that partition, I see that space usage reported is normal and I don't see any partial written files. But when I try to run the same program again after the system comes back up it complains that there is not enough disk space. Even though the free space reported is far more than required. The program always succeeds in normal conditions. Also the problem seems to disappear when the partition is remounted. I was wondering what could be the right way to handle the situation other than unmounting and remounting.

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• scp No such file or directory

  - by Joe

  I've a confusing question for which superuser doesn't seem to have a good answer, and neither google. I'm trying to scp a file from a remote server to my local machine. The command is this scp user@server:/path/to/source/file.gz /path/to/destination The error I get is: scp: /path/to/source/file.gz: No such file or directory user is my username on the server. The command syntax appears fine to me. ssh works fine and I can cd to the file and it doesn't seem to be an access control issue? Thanks; Edit: Thank you John. I spotted the issue. ls returned this: -r--r--r-- 1 nobody users 168967171 Mar 10 2009 /path/to/source/file.gz So, the file was on a read-only file system and user is able to read it but not scp. I just copied the file to a different directory and chown it and worked fine. It would be good if someone can explain why this is the case though.

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• Dealing with different usernames when mounting removable media in Linux

  - by dimatura

  I have a laptop in which my username is, say, "foo". I have an external drive, formatted with Ext4, for which all files are owned by "foo" (at a filesystem level). Now, I have a desktop in which my username is, say, "bar". If I mount this external drive in this computer the files are considered to not be owned by "bar". This makes sense, but it is annoying because their bits mode are set so that only the owner can modify/delete them. What's the cleanest way to deal with this? Create a group with "foo" and "bar" and add group modification permissions?

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• On Windows 7, the last access date is not changed even after reading the file?

  - by Jian Lin

  I have some files on Windows 7, and want to see what time it was that I read it this morning (February 27 morning), but when I right click on the file and choose Properties, I see Accessed: Yesterday, Feb 26, 2011, 2:12:37PM so I open the file to read the content again, and then open up the Properties again, and still the Accessed (date) is the same (Feb 26). Even if I add a column to the folder for "Date Accessed", it still shows Feb 26. But today is Feb 27 and clearly I have "accessed" it... so how can I see the true last accessed date?

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• Using USB drive in Windows and Linux properly

  - by sashkello

  What is the proper way of using a USB hard drive or stick between Linux and Windows? (I'm using Linux Mint 14 and Windows XP on different machines) Should I set it up somehow so that all the files are shared and reused safely between Linux and Windows? The question comes from the recent problem I had. I've created and edited a few folders through Linux and they are not working on Windows now (folder is not accessible. The file or directory is corrupt). While I dealt with that problem, what would be the way of ensuring this doesn't happen again?

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• /home used on Mac OS X?

  - by Ben Alpert

  Is /home used for anything on Mac OS X ever? It's just an empty directory on my machine.

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• External hard drive FAT32 to NTFS conversion fails

  - by Pieter

  I'm trying to convert the FAT32 file system of an external hard drive to NTFS. Here's what happened: C:\Windows\system32>chkdsk G: The type of the file system is FAT32. Volume PIETEREXT created 3/19/2008 12:43 Volume Serial Number is 1806-2E30 Windows is verifying files and folders... File and folder verification is complete. Windows has scanned the file system and found no problems. No further action is required. 488,264,768 KB total disk space. 72,192 KB in 1,503 hidden files. 1,281,792 KB in 40,029 folders. 309,235,168 KB in 199,915 files. 177,675,584 KB are available. 32,768 bytes in each allocation unit. 15,258,274 total allocation units on disk. 5,552,362 allocation units available on disk. C:\Windows\system32>cd \ C:\>convert g: /fs:ntfs The type of the file system is FAT32. Enter current volume label for drive G: PIETEREXT Volume PIETEREXT created 3/19/2008 12:43 Volume Serial Number is 1806-2E30 Windows is verifying files and folders... File and folder verification is complete. Windows has scanned the file system and found no problems. No further action is required. 488,264,768 KB total disk space. 72,192 KB in 1,503 hidden files. 1,281,792 KB in 40,029 folders. 309,235,168 KB in 199,915 files. 177,675,584 KB are available. 32,768 bytes in each allocation unit. 15,258,274 total allocation units on disk. 5,552,362 allocation units available on disk. Determining disk space required for file system conversion... Total disk space: 488384001 KB Free space on volume: 177675584 KB Space required for conversion: 975155 KB Converting file system The conversion failed. G: was not converted to NTFS I looked at the TechNet page for my error, but after closing every app the conversion was still failing halfway through. Why does it keep failing? I kept an eye on Task Manager but it didn't look like my system resources were near depletion. I'm using Windows 8.

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• How can I tell if ZFS (zfs-fuse) dedup/compression is applied to a particular file?

  - by asari

  I have a zfs formatted partition using zfs-fuse for linux (Ubuntu). I had used it for a while, and then enabled dedup and compression on it (zfs set compression=on/dedup=on). Now I think I have some files that are dedup'ed and compressed, and file that are not yet. It was OK, but sometimes I was confused. Let's see, following command would consume almost 4GB of my zfs storage: cp oldfile.4GB newfile.4GB .. and this would consume almost zero: cp newfile.4GB newfile.4GB.2 This is because the old file is not yet compressed, so dedup not happened, I think. My idea is -- if I can find old files that are not yet dedup/compressed, I can perform batch copy/rename/remove them to eliminate duplicity and redundancy. But how I can check that? I know I can re-copy whole contents of my storage should work (even better with checking the time stamp of each file), but I'd be happier if I have zfsstat-like tool that shows some file properties.

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• Out of disk space on 4GB partiton yet it's only using 2GB

  - by Camsoft

  I'm running Ubuntu and have had a problem where the root partition has run out of disk space. When I perform df -h I get the following: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda6 4.6G 4.5G 0 100% / Yet there are only 2GB of files actually using up this partition. I then ran the following df -i and I get the following: Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on /dev/sda6 305824 118885 186939 39% / I have no idea what the -i flag does but it clearly shows that only 39% is used. Can anyone explain where my disk space has gone?

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• PowerPC boot CD that can read NTFS partitions

  - by Justin Dearing

  I am looking for a boot CD that will boot a power PC (linux, bsd, OSX) and allow read/write access to HFS+ and NTFS partitions. What is the best option?

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• CentOS 5.5 installation on disk image

  - by Dima

  Today, in order to install CentOS 5.5 I'm using kickstart script. I would like to install CentOS on different way: Create disk image (using dd command) Create filesystem on this disk image using mkfs.ext3 Install CentOS on this filesystem Make this disk image bootable (using grub-install) Copy the disk image to the physical hard disk (using dd command) I know to do all these items except 3. Is it possible to do it? If yes, how can I install CentOS on the disk image?

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