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• Cleaning an XML file in Python before parsing

  - by Sam

  I'm using minidom to parse an xml file and it threw an error indicating that the data is not well formed. I figured out that some of the pages have characters like ไอเฟล &, causing the parser to hiccup. Is there an easy way to clean the file before I start parsing it? Right now I'm using a regular expressing to throw away anything that isn't an alpha numeric character and the </> characters, but it isn't quite working.

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• Generate a table of contents from HTML with Python

  - by Oli

  I'm trying to generate a table of contents from a block of HTML (not a complete file - just content) based on its <h2> and <h3> tags. My plan so far was to: Extract a list of headers using beautifulsoup Use a regex on the content to place anchor links before/inside the header tags (so the user can click on the table of contents) -- There might be a method for replacing inside beautifulsoup? Output a nested list of links to the headers in a predefined spot. It sounds easy when I say it like that, but it's proving to be a bit of a pain in the rear. Is there something out there that does all this for me in one go so I don't waste the next couple of hours reinventing the wheel? A example: <p>This is an introduction</p> <h2>This is a sub-header</h2> <p>...</p> <h3>This is a sub-sub-header</h3> <p>...</p> <h2>This is a sub-header</h2> <p>...</p>

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• Python: date, time formatting

  - by TarGz

  I need to generate a local timestamp in a form of YYYYMMDDHHmmSSOHH'mm'. That OHH'mm' is one of +, -, Z and then there are hourhs and minutes followed by '. Please, how do I get such a timestamp, denoting both local time zone and possible daylight saving?

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• sending instant messages through python (msn)

  - by code_by_night

  ok I am well aware there are many other questions about this, but I have been searching and have yet to find a solid proper answer that doesnt revolve around jabber or something worse. (no offense to jabber users, just I don't want all the extras that come with it) I currently have msnp and twisted.words, I simply want to send and receive messages, have read many examples that have failed to work, and msnp is poorly documented. My preference is msnp as it requires much less code, I'm not looking for something complicated. Using this code I can login, and view my friends that are online (can't send them messages though.): import msnp import time, threading msn = msnp.Session() msn.login('[email protected]', 'XXXXXX') msn.sync_friend_list() class MSN_Thread(threading.Thread): def run(self): msn.start_chat("[email protected]") #this does not work while True: msn.process() time.sleep(1) start_msn = MSN_Thread() start_msn.start() I hope I have been clear enough, its pretty late and my head is not in a clear state after all this msn frustration. edit: since it seems msnp is extremely outdated could anyone recommend with simple examples on how I could achieve this? Don't need anything fancy that requires other accounts.

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• Python - Strange Behavior in re.sub

  - by Greg

  Here's the code I'm running: import re FIND_TERM = r'C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft SQL Server\\90\\DTS\\Binn\\DTExec\.exe' rfind_term = re.compile(FIND_TERM,re.I) REPLACE_TERM = 'C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft SQL Server\\100\\DTS\\Binn\\DTExec.exe' test = r'something C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\90\DTS\Binn\DTExec.exe something' print rfind_term.sub(REPLACE_TERM,test) And the result I get is: something C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server@\DTS\Binn\DTExec.exe something Why is there an @ sign?

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• Confusion Matrix with number of classified/misclassified instances on it (Python/Matplotlib)

  - by Pinkie

  I am plotting a confusion matrix with matplotlib with the following code: from numpy import * import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from pylab import * conf_arr = [[33,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3], [3,31,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0], [0,4,41,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1], [0,1,0,30,0,6,0,0,0,0,1], [0,0,0,0,38,10,0,0,0,0,0], [0,0,0,3,1,39,0,0,0,0,4], [0,2,2,0,4,1,31,0,0,0,2], [0,1,0,0,0,0,0,36,0,2,0], [0,0,0,0,0,0,1,5,37,5,1], [3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,39,0], [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,38] ] norm_conf = [] for i in conf_arr: a = 0 tmp_arr = [] a = sum(i,0) for j in i: tmp_arr.append(float(j)/float(a)) norm_conf.append(tmp_arr) plt.clf() fig = plt.figure() ax = fig.add_subplot(111) res = ax.imshow(array(norm_conf), cmap=cm.jet, interpolation='nearest') cb = fig.colorbar(res) savefig("confmat.png", format="png") But I want to the confusion matrix to show the numbers on it like this graphic (the right one): http://i48.tinypic.com/2e30kup.jpg How can I plot the conf_arr on the graphic?

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• In Python, urllib2 giving error

  - by pythBegin

  I tried running this, >>> urllib2.urlopen('http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl') But it is giving error like this, can anyone tell me a solution ? Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#11>", line 1, in <module> urllib2.urlopen('http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl') File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib2.py", line 126, in urlopen return _opener.open(url, data, timeout) File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib2.py", line 391, in open response = self._open(req, data) File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib2.py", line 409, in _open '_open', req) File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib2.py", line 369, in _call_chain result = func(*args) File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib2.py", line 1161, in http_open return self.do_open(httplib.HTTPConnection, req) File "C:\Python26\lib\urllib2.py", line 1136, in do_open raise URLError(err) URLError: <urlopen error [Errno 11001] getaddrinfo failed>

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• Python's preferred comparison operators

  - by ensnare

  Is it preferred to do: if x is y: return True or if x == y return True Same thing for "is not"

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• python decorator to modify variable in current scope

  - by AlexH

  Goal: Make a decorator which can modify the scope that it is used in. If it worked: class Blah(): # or perhaps class Blah(ParentClassWhichMakesThisPossible) def one(self): pass @decorated def two(self): pass Blah.decorated ["two"] Why? I essentially want to write classes which can maintain specific dictionaries of methods, so that I can retrieve lists of available methods of different types on a per class basis. errr..... I want to do this: class RuleClass(ParentClass): @rule def blah(self): pass @rule def kapow(self): pass def shazam(self): class OtherRuleClass(ParentClass): @rule def foo(self): pass def bar(self): pass RuleClass.rules.keys() ["blah", "kapow"] OtherRuleClass.rules.keys() ["foo"]

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• Importing files in Python from __init__.py

  - by Federico Builes

  Suppose I have the following structure: app/ __init__.py foo/ a.py b.py c.py __init__.py a.py, b.py and c.py share some common imports (logging, os, re, etc). Is it possible to import these three or four common modules from the __init__.py file so I don't have to import them in every one of the files? Edit: My goal is to avoid having to import 5-6 modules in each file and it's not related to performance reasons.

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• Reading Binary Plist files with Python

  - by Zeki Turedi

  I am currently using the Plistlib module to read Plist files but I am currently having an issue with it when it comes to Binary Plist files. I am wanting to read the data into a string to later to be analysed/printed etc. I am wondering if their is anyway of reading in a Binary Plist file without using the plutil function and converting the binary file into XML? Thank you for your help and time in advance.

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• Windows path in python

  - by Gareth

  Hi all. What is the best way to represent a windows directory, for example "C:\meshes\as"? I have been trying to modify a script but it never works because I can't seem to get the directory right, I assume because of the '\' acting as escape character? Thanks, Gareth

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• strange behavior in python

  - by fsm

  The tags might not be accurate since I am not sure where the problem is. I have a module where I am trying to read some data from a socket, and write the results into a file (append) It looks something like this, (only relevant parts included) if __name__ == "__main__": <some init code> for line in file: t = Thread(target=foo, args=(line,)) t.start() while nThreads > 0: time.sleep(1) Here are the other modules, def foo(text): global countLock, nThreads countLock.acquire() nThreads += 1 countLock.release() """connect to socket, send data, read response""" writeResults(text, result) countLock.acquire() nThreads -= 1 countLock.release() def writeResults(text, result): """acquire file lock""" """append to file""" """release file lock""" Now here's the problem. Initially, I had a typo in the function 'foo', where I was passing the variable 'line' to writeResults instead of 'text'. 'line' is not defined in the function foo, it's defined in the main block, so I should have seen an error, but instead, it worked fine, except that the data was appended to the file multiple times, instead of being written just once, which is the required behavior, which I got when I fixed the typo. My question is, 1) Why didn't I get an error? 2) Why was the writeResults function being called multiple times?

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• Python + PostgreSQL + strange ascii = UTF8 encoding error

  - by Claudiu

  I have ascii strings which contain the character "\x80" to represent the euro symbol: >>> print "\x80" € When inserting string data containing this character into my database, I get: psycopg2.DataError: invalid byte sequence for encoding "UTF8": 0x80 HINT: This error can also happen if the byte sequence does not match the encodi ng expected by the server, which is controlled by "client_encoding". I'm a unicode newbie. How can I convert my strings containing "\x80" to valid UTF-8 containing that same euro symbol? I've tried calling .encode and .decode on various strings, but run into errors: >>> "\x80".encode("utf-8") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#14>", line 1, in <module> "\x80".encode("utf-8") UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0x80 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)

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• writing header in csv python with DictWriter

  - by user248237

  assume I have a csv.DictReader object and I want to write it out as a csv file. How can I do this? I thought of the following: dr = csv.DictReader(open(f), delimiter='\t') # process my dr object # ... # write out object output = csv.DictWriter(open(f2, 'w'), delimiter='\t') for item in dr: output.writerow(item) Is that the best way? More importantly, how can I make it so a header is written out too, in this case the object "dr"s .fieldnames property? thanks.

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• how to use @ in python..

  - by zjm1126

  this is my code: def a(): print 'sss' @a() def b(): print 'aaa' b() and the Traceback is: sss Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\zjm_code\a.py", line 8, in <module> @a() TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable so how to use the '@' thanks

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• python, wrapping class returning the average of the wrapped members

  - by João Portela

  The title isn't very clear but I'll try to explain. Having this class: class Wrapped(object): def method_a(self): # do some operations return n def method_b(self): # also do some operations return n I wan't to have a class that performs the same way as this one: class Wrapper(object): def __init__(self): self.ws = [Wrapped(1),Wrapped(2),Wrapped(3)] def method_a(self): results=[Wrapped.method_a(w) for w in self.ws] sum_ = sum(results,0.0) average = sum_/len(self.ws) return average def method_b(self): results=[Wrapped.method_b(w) for w in self.ws] sum_ = sum(results,0.0) average = sum_/len(self.ws) return average obviously this is not the actual problem at hand (it is not only two methods), and this code is also incomplete (only included the minimum to explain the problem). So, what i am looking for is a way to obtain this behavior. Meaning, whichever method is called in the wrapper class, call that method for all the Wrapped class objects and return the average of their results. Can it be done? how? Thanks in advance. ps-didn't know which tags to include...

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• Proper way to assert type of variable in Python

  - by Morlock

  In using a function, I wish to ensure that the type of the variables are as expected. How to do it right? Here is an example fake function trying to do just this before going on with its role: def my_print(text, begin, end): """Print text in UPPER between 'begin' and 'end' in lower """ for i in (text, begin, end): assert type(i) == type("") out = begin.lower() + text.upper() + end.lower() print out Is this approach valid? Should I use something else than type(i) == type("") ? Should I use try/except instead? Thanks pythoneers

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• assign operator to variable in python?

  - by abhilashm86

  Usual method of applying mathematics to variables is a * b Is it able to calculate and manipulate two operands like this? a = input('enter a value') b = input('enter a value') op = raw_input('enter a operand') then how do i connect op and two variables a and b?? i know i can compare op to +, -, %, $ and then assign and compute.... but can i do something like a op b , how to tell compiler that op is an operator?? any tweaks possible?

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• how can i get 'sss' using python

  - by zjm1126

  a=['123','2',4] b=a[4] or 'sss' print b i want to get a defalt value when list index out of range.. how to do this .. thanks

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• Python halts while iteratively processing my 1GB csv file

  - by Dan

  I have two files: metadata.csv: contains an ID, followed by vendor name, a filename, etc hashes.csv: contains an ID, followed by a hash The ID is essentially a foreign key of sorts, relating file metadata to its hash. I wrote this script to quickly extract out all hashes associated with a particular vendor. It craps out before it finishes processing hashes.csv stored_ids = [] # this file is about 1 MB entries = csv.reader(open(options.entries, "rb")) for row in entries: # row[2] is the vendor if row[2] == options.vendor: # row[0] is the ID stored_ids.append(row[0]) # this file is 1 GB hashes = open(options.hashes, "rb") # I iteratively read the file here, # just in case the csv module doesn't do this. for line in hashes: # not sure if stored_ids contains strings or ints here... # this probably isn't the problem though if line.split(",")[0] in stored_ids: # if its one of the IDs we're looking for, print the file and hash to STDOUT print "%s,%s" % (line.split(",")[2], line.split(",")[4]) hashes.close() This script gets about 2000 entries through hashes.csv before it halts. What am I doing wrong? I thought I was processing it line by line. ps. the csv files are the popular HashKeeper format and the files I am parsing are the NSRL hash sets. http://www.nsrl.nist.gov/Downloads.htm#converter UPDATE: working solution below. Thanks everyone who commented! entries = csv.reader(open(options.entries, "rb")) stored_ids = dict((row[0],1) for row in entries if row[2] == options.vendor) hashes = csv.reader(open(options.hashes, "rb")) matches = dict((row[2], row[4]) for row in hashes if row[0] in stored_ids) for k, v in matches.iteritems(): print "%s,%s" % (k, v)

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• Reading numeric Excel data as text using xlrd in Python

  - by Brian

  Hi guys, I am trying to read in an Excel file using xlrd, and I am wondering if there is a way to ignore the cell formatting used in Excel file, and just import all data as text? Here is the code I am using for far: import xlrd xls_file = 'xltest.xls' xls_workbook = xlrd.open_workbook(xls_file) xls_sheet = xls_workbook.sheet_by_index(0) raw_data = [['']*xls_sheet.ncols for _ in range(xls_sheet.nrows)] raw_str = '' feild_delim = ',' text_delim = '"' for rnum in range(xls_sheet.nrows): for cnum in range(xls_sheet.ncols): raw_data[rnum][cnum] = str(xls_sheet.cell(rnum,cnum).value) for rnum in range(len(raw_data)): for cnum in range(len(raw_data[rnum])): if (cnum == len(raw_data[rnum]) - 1): feild_delim = '\n' else: feild_delim = ',' raw_str += text_delim + raw_data[rnum][cnum] + text_delim + feild_delim final_csv = open('FINAL.csv', 'w') final_csv.write(raw_str) final_csv.close() This code is functional, but there are certain fields, such as a zip code, that are imported as numbers, so they have the decimal zero suffix. For example, is there is a zip code of '79854' in the Excel file, it will be imported as '79854.0'. I have tried finding a solution in this xlrd spec, but was unsuccessful.

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• getting expat to use .dtd for entity replacement in python

  - by nicolas78

  I'm trying to read in an xml file which looks like this <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <!DOCTYPE dblp SYSTEM "dblp.dtd"> <dblp> <incollection> <author>Jos&eacute; A. Blakeley</author> </incollection> </dblp> The point that creates the problem looks is the Jos&eacute; A. Blakeley part: The parser calls its character handler twice, once with "Jos", once with " A. Blakeley". Now I understand this may be the correct behaviour if it doesn't know the eacute entity. However, this is defined in the dblp.dtd, which I have. I don't seem to be able to convince expat to use this file, though. All I can say is p = xml.parsers.expat.ParserCreate() # tried with and without following line p.SetParamEntityParsing(xml.parsers.expat.XML_PARAM_ENTITY_PARSING_ALWAYS) p.UseForeignDTD(True) f = open(dblp_file, "r") p.ParseFile(f) but expat still doesn't recognize my entity. Why is there no way to tell expat which DTD to use? I've tried putting the file into the same directory as the XML putting the file into the program's working directory replacing the reference in the xml file by an absolute path What am I missing? Thx.

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• FIFO dequeueing in python?

  - by Aaron Ramsey

  hello again everybody— I'm looking to make a functional (not necessarily optimally efficient, as I'm very new to programming) FIFO queue, and am having trouble with my dequeueing. My code looks like this: class QueueNode: def __init__(self, data): self.data = data self.next = None def __str__(self): return str(self.data) class Queue: def__init__(self): self.front = None self.rear = None self.size = 0 def enqueue(self, item) newnode = QueueNode(item) newnode.next = None if self.size == 0: self.front = self.rear = newnode else: self.rear = newnode self.rear.next = newnode.next self.size = self.size+1 def dequeue(self) dequeued = self.front.data del self.front self.size = self.size-1 if self.size == 0: self.rear = None print self.front #for testing if I do this, and dequeue an item, I get the error "AttributeError: Queue instance has no attribute 'front'." I guess my function doesn't properly assign the new front of the queue? I'm not sure how to fix it though. I don't really want to start from scratch, so if there's a tweak to my code that would work, I'd prefer that—I'm not trying to minimize runtime so much as just get a feel for classes and things of that nature. Thanks in advance for any help, you guys are the best.

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• Python to read wsdl not working

  - by Kundan Kumar

  I am trying this code to fetch data from wsdl. Querying the website for the zipid("60630") works fine but in my code it gives the error as "Invalid ZIP" wsdlFile = 'http://wsf.cdyne.com/WeatherWS/Weather.asmx?wsdl' wsdlObject = WSDL.Proxy(wsdlFile) wsdlObject.show_methods() zipid = "60630" result = wsdlObject.GetCityWeatherByZIP(ZIP=zipid) print result[1] Can someone please help whats wrong here and why the code is not working correctly. Thanks !!!

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