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  • How do functional languages handle a mocking situation when using Interface based design?

    - by Programmin Tool
    Typically in C# I use dependency injection to help with mocking; public void UserService { public UserService(IUserQuery userQuery, IUserCommunicator userCommunicator, IUserValidator userValidator) { UserQuery = userQuery; UserValidator = userValidator; UserCommunicator = userCommunicator; } ... public UserResponseModel UpdateAUserName(int userId, string userName) { var result = UserValidator.ValidateUserName(userName) if(result.Success) { var user = UserQuery.GetUserById(userId); if(user == null) { throw new ArgumentException(); user.UserName = userName; UserCommunicator.UpdateUser(user); } } ... } ... } public class WhenGettingAUser { public void AndTheUserDoesNotExistThrowAnException() { var userQuery = Substitute.For<IUserQuery>(); userQuery.GetUserById(Arg.Any<int>).Returns(null); var userService = new UserService(userQuery); AssertionExtensions.ShouldThrow<ArgumentException>(() => userService.GetUserById(-121)); } } Now in something like F#: if I don't go down the hybrid path, how would I test workflow situations like above that normally would touch the persistence layer without using Interfaces/Mocks? I realize that every step above would be tested on its own and would be kept as atomic as possible. Problem is that at some point they all have to be called in line, and I'll want to make sure everything is called correctly.

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  • OpenGL depth texture wrong

    - by CoffeeandCode
    I have been writing a game engine for a while now and have decided to reconstruct my positions from depth... but how I read the depth seems to be wrong :/ What is wrong in my rendering? How I init my depth texture in the FBO gl::BindTexture(gl::TEXTURE_2D, this->textures[0]); // Depth gl::TexImage2D( gl::TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl::DEPTH32F_STENCIL8, width, height, 0, gl::DEPTH_STENCIL, gl::FLOAT_32_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8_REV, nullptr ); gl::TexParameterf(gl::TEXTURE_2D, gl::TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl::NEAREST); gl::TexParameterf(gl::TEXTURE_2D, gl::TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl::NEAREST); gl::TexParameterf(gl::TEXTURE_2D, gl::TEXTURE_WRAP_S, gl::CLAMP_TO_EDGE); gl::TexParameterf(gl::TEXTURE_2D, gl::TEXTURE_WRAP_T, gl::CLAMP_TO_EDGE); gl::FramebufferTexture2D( gl::FRAMEBUFFER, gl::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, gl::TEXTURE_2D, this->textures[0], 0 ); Linear depth readings in my shader Vertex #version 150 layout(location = 0) in vec3 position; layout(location = 1) in vec2 uv; out vec2 uv_f; void main(){ uv_f = uv; gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0); } Fragment (where the issue probably is) #version 150\n uniform sampler2D depth_texture; in vec2 uv_f; out vec4 Screen; void main(){ float n = 0.00001; float f = 100.0; float z = texture(depth_texture, uv_f).x; float linear_depth = (n * z)/(f - z * (f - n)); Screen = vec4(linear_depth); // It ISN'T because I don't separate alpha } When Rendered so gamedev.stackexchange, what's wrong with my rendering/glsl?

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  • How do I drag my widgets without dragging other widgets?

    - by Cypher
    I have a bunch of drag-able widgets on screen. When I am dragging one of the widgets around, if I drag the mouse over another widget, that widget then gets "snagged" and is also dragged around. While this is kind of a neat thing and I can think of a few game ideas based on that alone, that was not intended. :-P Background Info I have a Widget class that is the basis for my user interface controls. It has a bunch of properties that define it's size, position, image information, etc. It also defines some events, OnMouseOver, OnMouseOut, OnMouseClick, etc. All of the event handler functions are virtual, so that child objects can override them and make use of their implementation without duplicating code. Widgets are not aware of each other. They cannot tell each other, "Hey, I'm dragging so bugger off!" Source Code Here's where the widget gets updated (every frame): public virtual void Update( MouseComponent mouse, KeyboardComponent keyboard ) { // update position if the widget is being dragged if ( this.IsDragging ) { this.Left -= (int)( mouse.LastPosition.X - mouse.Position.X ); this.Top -= (int)( mouse.LastPosition.Y - mouse.Position.Y ); } ... // define and throw other events if ( !this.WasMouseOver && this.IsMouseOver && mouse.IsButtonDown( MouseButton.Left ) ) { this.IsMouseDown = true; this.MouseDown( mouse, new EventArgs() ); } ... // define and throw other events } And here's the OnMouseDown event where the IsDraggable property gets set: public virtual void OnMouseDown( object sender, EventArgs args ) { if ( this.IsDraggable ) { this.IsDragging = true; } } Problem Looking at the source code, it's obvious why this is happening. The OnMouseDown event gets fired whenever the mouse is hovered over the Widget and when the left mouse button is "down" (but not necessarily in that order!). That means that even if I hold the mouse down somewhere else on screen, and simply move it over anything that IsDraggable, it will "hook" onto the mouse and go for a ride. So, now that it's obvious that I'm Doing It Wrong™, how do I do this correctly?

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  • Should I care about Junit redundancy when using setUp() with @Before annotation?

    - by c_maker
    Even though developers have switched from junit 3.x to 4.x I still see the following 99% of the time: @Before public void setUp(){/*some setup code*/} @After public void tearDown(){/*some clean up code*/} Just to clarify my point... in Junit 4.x, when the runners are set up correctly, the framework will pick up the @Before and @After annotations no matter the method name. So why do developers keep using the same conventional junit 3.x names? Is there any harm keeping the old names while also using the annotations (other than it makes me feel like devs do not know how this really works and just in case, use the same name AND annotate as well)? Is there any harm in changing the names to something maybe more meaningful, like eachTestMethod() (which looks great with @Before since it reads 'before each test method') or initializeEachTestMethod()? What do you do and why? I know this is a tiny thing (and may probably be even unimportant to some), but it is always in the back of my mind when I write a test and see this. I want to either follow this pattern or not but I want to know why I am doing it and not just because 99% of my fellow developers do it as well.

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  • How to remove the last character from Stringbuilder

    - by hmloo
    We usually use StringBuilder to append string in loops and make a string of each data separated by a delimiter. but you always end up with an extra delimiter at the end. This code sample shows how to remove the last delimiter from a StringBuilder. using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using System.Linq; class Program { static void Main() { var list =Enumerable.Range(0, 10).ToArray(); StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); foreach(var item in list) { sb.Append(item).Append(","); } sb.Length--;//Just reduce the length of StringBuilder, it's so easy Console.WriteLine(sb); } } //Output : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Alternatively,  we can use string.Join for the same results, please refer to blow code sample. using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; using System.Linq; class Program { static void Main() { var list = Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Select(n => n.ToString()).ToArray(); string str = string.Join(",", list); Console.WriteLine(str); } }

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  • Recursion in F#

    - by MarkPearl
    Things are slowly coming together – I was able to look at a bit of F# code and intuitively know what it was going to do (yay)… So today I saw a blog post by Bob Palmer on Fibonacci numbers in F# which inspired me to look at bit into recursion. First the C# example… class Program { public static void CountDown(int n) { switch (n) { case 0: Console.WriteLine("End of Count"); break; default: Console.WriteLine(n); CountDown(n-1); break; } } static void Main(string[] args) { CountDown(10); Console.ReadLine(); } }   In F#, the equivalent would look something like this… open System let rec CountDown n = match n with | 0 -> Console.WriteLine("End of Count"); | n -> Console.WriteLine(n); CountDown (n-1); CountDown 10 Console.ReadLine()   Pretty simple stuff. With F# you when making recursive calls you need to explicitly declare that the function is recursive with the “rec” keyword. Otherwise the code is pretty easy to read and self explanatory.

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  • Calculating distance from viewer to object in a shader

    - by Jay
    Good morning, I'm working through creating the spherical billboards technique outlined in this paper. I'm trying to create a shader that calculates the distance from the camera to all objects in the scene and stores the results in a texture. I keep getting either a completely black or white texture. Here are my questions: I assume the position that's automatically sent to the vertex shader from ogre is in object space? The gpu interpolates the output position from the vertex shader when it sends it to the fragment shader. Does it do the same for my depth calculation or do I need to move that calculation to the fragment shader? Is there a way to debug shaders? I have no errors but I'm not sure I'm getting my parameters passed into the shaders correctly. Here's my shader code: void DepthVertexShader( float4 position : POSITION, uniform float4x4 worldViewProjMatrix, uniform float3 eyePosition, out float4 outPosition : POSITION, out float Depth ) { // position is in object space // outPosition is in camera space outPosition = mul( worldViewProjMatrix, position ); // calculate distance from camera to vertex Depth = length( eyePosition - position ); } void DepthFragmentShader( float Depth : TEXCOORD0, uniform float fNear, uniform float fFar, out float4 outColor : COLOR ) { // clamp output using clip planes float fColor = 1.0 - smoothstep( fNear, fFar, Depth ); outColor = float4( fColor, fColor, fColor, 1.0 ); } fNear is the near clip plane for the scene fFar is the far clip plane for the scene

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  • Loading images in XNA 4.0; "Cannot Open File" Problems

    - by user32623
    Okay, I'm writing a game in C#/XNA 4.0 and am utterly stumped at my current juncture: Sprite animation. I understand how it works and have all the code in place, but my ContentLoader won't open my file... Basically, my directory looks like this: //WindowsGame1 - "Game1.cs" - //Classes - "NPC.cs" - Content Reference - //Images - "Monster.png" Inside my NPC class, I have all the essential drawing functions, i.e. LoadContent, Draw, Update. And I can get the game to find the correct file and attempt to open it, but when it tries, it throws an exception and tells me it can't open the file. This is how my code in my NPC class looks: Texture2D NPCImage; Vector2 NPCPosition; Animation NPCAnimation = new Animation(); public void Initialize() { NPCAnimation.Initialize(NPCPosition, new Vector2(4, 4)); } public void LoadContent(ContentManager Content) { NPCImage = Content.Load<Texture2D>("_InsertImageFilePathHere_"); NPCAnimation.AnimationImage = NPCImage; } The rest of the code is irrelevant at this point because I can't even get the image to load. I think it might have to do with a directory problem, but I also know little to nothing about spriting or working with images or animations in my code. Any help is appreciated. Not sure if I provided enough information here, so let me know if more is needed! Also, what would be the correct way to direct that Content.Load to Monster.png given the current directory situation? Right now I just have it using the full path from the C:// drive. Thanks in advance!

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  • HTML Tidy in NetBeans IDE

    - by Geertjan
    First step in integrating HTML Tidy (via its JTidy implementation) into NetBeans IDE: The reason why I started doing this is because I want to integrate this into the pluggable analyzer functionality of NetBeans IDE that I recently blogged about, i.e., where the FindBugs functionality is found. So a logical first step is to get it working in an Action class, after which I can port it into the analyzer infrastructure: import java.awt.event.ActionEvent; import java.awt.event.ActionListener; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.PrintWriter; import java.io.StringWriter; import org.openide.awt.ActionID; import org.openide.awt.ActionReference; import org.openide.awt.ActionReferences; import org.openide.awt.ActionRegistration; import org.openide.cookies.EditorCookie; import org.openide.cookies.LineCookie; import org.openide.loaders.DataObject; import org.openide.text.Line; import org.openide.text.Line.ShowOpenType; import org.openide.util.Exceptions; import org.openide.util.NbBundle.Messages; import org.openide.windows.IOProvider; import org.openide.windows.InputOutput; import org.openide.windows.OutputEvent; import org.openide.windows.OutputListener; import org.openide.windows.OutputWriter; import org.w3c.tidy.Tidy; @ActionID(     category = "Tools", id = "org.jtidy.TidyAction") @ActionRegistration(     displayName = "#CTL_TidyAction") @ActionReferences({     @ActionReference(path = "Loaders/text/html/Actions", position = 150),     @ActionReference(path = "Editors/text/html/Popup", position = 750) }) @Messages("CTL_TidyAction=Run HTML Tidy") public final class TidyAction implements ActionListener {     private final DataObject context;     private final OutputWriter writer;     private EditorCookie ec = null;     public TidyAction(DataObject context) {         this.context = context;         ec = context.getLookup().lookup(org.openide.cookies.EditorCookie.class);         InputOutput io = IOProvider.getDefault().getIO("HTML Tidy", false);         io.select();         writer = io.getOut();     }     @Override     public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ev) {         Tidy tidy = new Tidy();         try {             writer.reset();             StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();             PrintWriter errorWriter = new PrintWriter(stringWriter);             tidy.setErrout(errorWriter);             tidy.parse(context.getPrimaryFile().getInputStream(), System.out);             String[] split = stringWriter.toString().split("\n");             for (final String string : split) {                 final int end = string.indexOf(" c");                 if (string.startsWith("line")) {                     writer.println(string, new OutputListener() {                         @Override                         public void outputLineAction(OutputEvent oe) {                             LineCookie lc = context.getLookup().lookup(LineCookie.class);                             int lineNumber = Integer.parseInt(string.substring(0, end).replace("line ", ""));                             Line line = lc.getLineSet().getOriginal(lineNumber - 1);                             line.show(ShowOpenType.OPEN, Line.ShowVisibilityType.FOCUS);                         }                         @Override                         public void outputLineSelected(OutputEvent oe) {}                         @Override                         public void outputLineCleared(OutputEvent oe) {}                     });                 }             }         } catch (IOException ex) {             Exceptions.printStackTrace(ex);         }     } } The string parsing above is ugly but gets the job done for now. A problem integrating this into the pluggable analyzer functionality is the limitation of its scope. The analyzer lets you select one or more projects, or individual files, but not a folder. So it doesn't work on folders in the Favorites window, for example, which is where I'd like to apply HTML Tidy, across multiple folders via the analyzer functionality. That's a bit of a bummer that I'm hoping to get around somehow.

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  • Get to No as fast as possible

    - by Tim Hibbard
    There is a sales technique where the strategy is to get the customer to say “No deal” as soon as possible.  The idea being that by establishing terms that your customer is not comfortable with with, the sooner you can figure out what they will be willing to agree to.  The same principal can be applied to code design.  Instead of nested if…then statements, a code block should quickly eliminate the cases it is not equipped to handle and just focus on what it is meant to handle. This is code that will quickly become maintainable as requirements change: private void SaveClient(Client c) { if (c != null) { if (c.BirthDate != DateTime.MinValue) { foreach (Sale s in c.Sales) { if (s.IsProcessed) { SaveSaleToDatabase(s); } } SaveClientToDatabase(c); } } }   If an additional requirement comes along that requires the Client to have Manager approval or for a Sale to be under $20K, this code will get messy and unreadable. A better way to meet the same requirements would be: private void SaveClient(Client c) { if (c == null) { return; } if (c.BirthDate == DateTime.MinValue) { return; }   foreach (Sale s in c.Save) { if (!s.IsProcessed) { continue; } SaveSaleToDatabase(s); } SaveClientToDatabase(c); } This technique moves on quickly when it finds something it doesn’t like.  This makes it much easier to add a Manager approval constraint.  We would just insert the new requirement before the action takes place.

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  • Transparent JPanel, Canvas background in JFrame

    - by Andy Tyurin
    I wanna make canvas background and add some elements on top of it. For this goal I made JPanel as transparent container with setOpaque(false) and added it as first of JFrame container, then I added canvas with black background (in future I wanna set animation) to JFrame as second element. But I can't undestand why i see grey background, not a black. Any suggestions? public class Game extends JFrame { public Container container; //Game container with components public Canvas backgroundLayer; //Background layer of a game public JPanel elementsLayer; //elements panel (top of backgroundLayer), holds different elements private Dimension startGameDimension = new Dimension(800,600); //start game dimension public Game() { //init main window super("Astra LaserForces"); setSize(startGameDimension); setBackground(Color.CYAN); container=getContentPane(); container.setLayout(null); setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); //init jpanel elements layer elementsLayer=new JPanel(); elementsLayer.setSize(startGameDimension); elementsLayer.setBackground(Color.BLUE); elementsLayer.setOpaque(false); container.add(elementsLayer); //init canvas background layer backgroundLayer = new Canvas(); backgroundLayer.setSize(startGameDimension); backgroundLayer.setBackground(Color.BLACK); //set default black color container.add(backgroundLayer); } //start game public void start() { setVisible(true); } //create new instance of game and start it public static void main(String[] args) { new Game().start(); } }

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  • Navigate to a virtual member from the member that overrides it

    - by axrwkr
    Using visual studio, in the editor window, I am able to navigate from the usage of a member to the line and file where it is declared by pressing F12 while the cursor is over that member by or right clicking on the member and selecting "Go To Definition". I would like to find a way to navigate from an override member to the base class member that it overrides. For example, if I have the following class with one method public class SomeClass { public virtual void TheMethod() { // do something } } An I override that method somewhere else in the project or solution similar to the following public OtherClass : SomeClass { public override void TheMethod() { // do something else } } I want to navigate from the declaration of TheMethod in OtherClass to the declaration of TheMethod in SomeClass Is there a way to do this? I've found that I can find the definition of the member in the base class by pressing Shift + F12 (Find all References) and then looking through the list occurances, this works fine most of the time, since the list isn't usually that long but it would be much better to have a way to go there directly.

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  • GTK app: How do I create a working indicator with Qt/C++?

    - by hakermania
    I've tried in 2 forums, but I had no luck so far. So, I am using Qt IDE in order to build my application so as to participate to the Ubuntu Showdown contest. In my application, I've done the following: void show_app(MainWindow *data) { //this works fine: app_indicator_set_status(appindicator, APP_INDICATOR_STATUS_PASSIVE); //this crashes the application: data->show(); } void MainWindow::make_indicator() { if(appindicator){ //appindicator has already been created return; } appindicator = app_indicator_new("Format Junkie Indicator", "formatjunkie", APP_INDICATOR_CATEGORY_APPLICATION_STATUS); GtkWidget* showapp_option; GtkWidget* indicatormenu = gtk_menu_new(); GtkWidget* item = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label("Format Junkie main menu"); gtk_menu_item_set_submenu(GTK_MENU_ITEM(item), indicatormenu); showapp_option = gtk_menu_item_new_with_label("Show App!"); g_signal_connect(showapp_option, "activate", G_CALLBACK(show_app), this); gtk_menu_shell_append(GTK_MENU_SHELL(indicatormenu), showapp_option); gtk_widget_show_all(indicatormenu); app_indicator_set_status(appindicator, APP_INDICATOR_STATUS_ACTIVE); app_indicator_set_attention_icon(appindicator, "dialog-warning"); app_indicator_set_menu(appindicator, GTK_MENU (indicatormenu)); } So, basically I am trying to make a simple indicator entry, which, on click, it will hide the indicator and display the application. The indicator can be successfully hidden using the PASSIVE thingy over there, but, during the call data-show();, the application crashes. Any help on what I am doing wrong would be appreciated! Also, please help me to correct this problem I'm facing (alternatively, I will migrate to the old and good tray icon (it works fine in 12.04, anyway) which I can handle very easily and efficiently)

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  • Brief pause after keypress

    - by user36324
    After i press and hold the key it goes forward once then pauses for a second or less then goes forward on forever. My problem is the brief pause I cant locate the issue. Thanks for your help. while(game){ while (SDL_PollEvent(&e)){ mainChar.manageEvents(e); } background.renderChar(); mainChar.renderChar(); SDL_RenderPresent(ren); } void Character::manageEvents(SDL_Event event) { switch(event.type){ case SDL_KEYDOWN: KEYS[event.key.keysym.sym] = true; printf("true"); handleInput(); break; case SDL_KEYUP: KEYS[event.key.keysym.sym] = false; printf("false"); break; default: break; } } void Character::handleInput() { if(KEYS[SDLK_a]) { dst.x--; } if(KEYS[SDLK_d]) { dst.x++; } if(KEYS[SDLK_w]) { dst.y++; } if(KEYS[SDLK_s]) { dst.y--; } }

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  • Is it a good programming practice to have a class with several .h files?

    - by Jim Thio
    I suppose the class have several different interfaces. Some it shows to some class, some it shows to other classes. Are there any good reason for that? One thing I can think of is with one .h per class, interface would either be public or private. What about if I want some interface to be available to some friends' class and some interface to be truly public? Sample: @interface listNewController:BadgerStandardViewViewController <UITableViewDelegate,UITableViewDataSource,UITextFieldDelegate,NSFetchedResultsControllerDelegate,UIScrollViewDelegate,UIGestureRecognizerDelegate> { } @property (nonatomic) IBOutlet NSFetchedResultsController *FetchController; @property (nonatomic) IBOutlet UITextField *searchBar1; @property (nonatomic) IBOutlet UITableView *tableViewA; + (listNewController *) singleton; //For Easier Access -(void)collapseAll; -(void)TitleViewClicked:(TitleView *) theTitleView; -(NSUInteger) countOfEachSection:(NSInteger)section; @end Many of those public properties and function are only ever called by just one other classes. I wonder why I need to make them available to many classes. It's in Objective-c by the way

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  • Resource Acquisition is Initialization in C#

    - by codeWithoutFear
    Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII) is a pattern I grew to love when working in C++.  It is perfectly suited for resource management such as matching all those pesky new's and delete's.  One of my goals was to limit the explicit deallocation statements I had to write.  Often these statements became victims of run-time control flow changes (i.e. exceptions, unhappy path) or development-time code refactoring. The beauty of RAII is realized by tying your resource creation (acquisition) to the construction (initialization) of a class instance.  Then bind the resource deallocation to the destruction of that instance.  That is well and good in a language with strong destructor semantics like C++, but languages like C# that run on garbage-collecting runtimes don't provide the same instance lifetime guarantees. Here is a class and sample that combines a few features of C# to provide an RAII-like solution: using System; namespace RAII { public class DisposableDelegate : IDisposable { private Action dispose; public DisposableDelegate(Action dispose) { if (dispose == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("dispose"); } this.dispose = dispose; } public void Dispose() { if (this.dispose != null) { Action d = this.dispose; this.dispose = null; d(); } } } class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.Out.WriteLine("Some resource allocated here."); using (new DisposableDelegate(() => Console.Out.WriteLine("Resource deallocated here."))) { Console.Out.WriteLine("Resource used here."); throw new InvalidOperationException("Test for resource leaks."); } } } } The output of this program is: Some resource allocated here. Resource used here. Unhandled Exception: System.InvalidOperationException: Test for resource leaks. at RAII.Program.Main(String[] args) in c:\Dev\RAII\RAII\Program.cs:line 40 Resource deallocated here. Code without fear! --Don

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  • XNA - Inconsistent accessibility: parameter type is less accessible than method

    - by DijkeMark
    I have a level class in which I make a new turret. I give the turret the level class as parameter. So far so good. Then in the Update function of the Turret I call a function Shoot(), which has that level parameter it got at the moment I created it. But from that moment it gives the following error: Inconsistent accessibility: parameter type 'Space_Game.Level' is less accessible than method 'Space_Game.GameObject.Shoot(Space_Game.Level, string)' All I know it has something to do with not thr right protection level or something like that. The level class: public Level(Game game, Viewport viewport) { _game = game; _viewport = viewport; _turret = new Turret(_game, "blue", this); _turret.SetPosition((_viewport.Width / 2).ToString(), (_viewport.Height / 2).ToString()); } The Turret Class: public Turret(Game game, String team, Level level) :base(game) { _team = team; _level = level; switch (_team) { case "blue": _texture = LoadResources._blue_turret.Texture; _rows = LoadResources._blue_turret.Rows; _columns = LoadResources._blue_turret.Columns; _maxFrameCounter = 10; break; default: break; } _frameCounter = 0; _currentFrame = 0; _currentFrameMultiplier = 1; } public override void Update() { base.Update(); SetRotation(); Shoot(_level, "turret"); } The Shoot Function (Which is in GameObject class. The Turret Class inherited the GameObject Class. (Am I saying that right?)): protected void Shoot(Level level, String type) { MouseState mouse = Mouse.GetState(); if (mouse.LeftButton == ButtonState.Pressed) { switch (_team) { case "blue": switch (type) { case "turret": TurretBullet _turretBullet = new TurretBullet(_game, _team); level.AddProjectile(_turretBullet); break; default: break; } break; default: break; } } } Thanks in Advance, Mark Dijkema

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  • AI agents with FSM: a question regarding this

    - by Prog
    Finite State Machines implemented with the State design pattern are a common way to design AI agents. I am familiar with the State design pattern and know how to implement it. However I have a question regarding how this is used in games to design AI agents. Please consider a class Monster that represents an AI agent. Simplified it looks like this: class Monster{ State state; // other fields omitted public void update(){ // called every game-loop cycle state.execute(this); } public void setState(State state){ this.state = state; } // irrelevant stuff omitted } There are several State subclasses that implement execute() differently. So far classic State pattern. Here's my question: AI agents are subject to environmental effects and other objects communicating with them. For example an AI agent might tell another AI agent to attack (i.e. agent.attack()). Or a fireball might tell an AI agent to fall down. This means that the agent must have methods such as attack() and fallDown(), or commonly some message receiving mechanism to understand such messages. My question is divided to two parts: 1- Please say if this is correct: With an FSM, the current State of the agent should be the one taking care of such method calls - i.e. the agent delegates to the current state upon every event. Correct? Or wrong? 2- If correct, than how is this done? Are all states obligated by their superclass) to implement methods such as attack(), fallDown() etc., so the agent can always delegate to them on almost every event? Or is it done in some other way?

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  • How can I render a semi transparent model with OpenGL correctly?

    - by phobitor
    I'm using OpenGL ES 2 and I want to render a simple model with some level of transparency. I'm just starting out with shaders, and I wrote a simple diffuse shader for the model without any issues but I don't know how to add transparency to it. I tried to set my fragment shader's output (gl_FragColor) to a non opaque alpha value but the results weren't too great. It sort of works, but it looks like certain model triangles are only rendered based on the camera position... It's really hard to describe what's wrong so please watch this short video I recorded: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0JqA0rZabE I thought this was a depth testing issue so I tried playing around with enabling/disabling depth testing and back face culling. Enabling back face culling changes the output slightly but the problem in the video is still there. Enabling/disabling depth testing doesn't seem to do anything. Could anyone explain what I'm seeing and how I can add some simple transparency to my model with the shader? I'm not looking for advanced order independent transparency implementations. edit: Vertex Shader: // color varying for fragment shader varying mediump vec3 LightIntensity; varying highp vec3 VertexInModelSpace; void main() { // vec4 LightPosition = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); vec3 LightColor = vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0); vec3 DiffuseColor = vec3(1.0, 0.25, 0.0); // find the vector from the given vertex to the light source vec4 vertexInWorldSpace = gl_ModelViewMatrix * vec4(gl_Vertex); vec3 normalInWorldSpace = normalize(gl_NormalMatrix * gl_Normal); vec3 lightDirn = normalize(vec3(LightPosition-vertexInWorldSpace)); // save vertexInWorldSpace VertexInModelSpace = vec3(gl_Vertex); // calculate light intensity LightIntensity = LightColor * DiffuseColor * max(dot(lightDirn,normalInWorldSpace),0.0); // calculate projected vertex position gl_Position = gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * gl_Vertex; } Fragment Shader: // varying to define color varying vec3 LightIntensity; varying vec3 VertexInModelSpace; void main() { gl_FragColor = vec4(LightIntensity,0.5); }

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  • android shut-down errors / thread problems

    - by iQue
    Im starting to deal with some stuff in my game that I thought were "minor problems" and one of these are that I get an error every time I shut down my game that looks like this: 09-05 21:40:58.320: E/AndroidRuntime(30401): FATAL EXCEPTION: Thread-4898 09-05 21:40:58.320: E/AndroidRuntime(30401): java.lang.NullPointerException 09-05 21:40:58.320: E/AndroidRuntime(30401): at nielsen.happy.shooter.MainGamePanel.render(MainGamePanel.java:94) 09-05 21:40:58.320: E/AndroidRuntime(30401): at nielsen.happy.shooter.MainThread.run(MainThread.java:101) on these lines is my GameViews rendering-method and the line in my Thread that calls my GameViews rendering-method. Im guessing Something in my surfaceDestroyed(SurfaceHolder holder) is wrong, or maybe Im not ending the tread in the right place. My surfaceDestroyed-method: public void surfaceDestroyed(SurfaceHolder holder) { Log.d(TAG, "Surface is being destroyed"); boolean retry = true; ((MainThread)thread).setRunning(false); while (retry) { try { ((MainThread)thread).join(); retry = false; } catch (InterruptedException e) { } } Log.d(TAG, "Thread was shut down cleanly"); } Also, In my activity for this View my onPaus, onDestoy and onStop are empty, do I maybe need to add something there? The crash occurs when I press my home-button on the phone, or any other button that makes the game stop. But as I understand it the onPaus is called when you press the Home-button.. This is really new territory for me so Im sorry if im missing something obvious or something really big. adding my surfaceCreated method asweel since that is where I start this thread: public void surfaceCreated(SurfaceHolder holder) { controls = new GameControls(this); setOnTouchListener(controls); timer1.schedule(new Task(this), 0, delay1); thread.setRunning(true); thread.start(); } and aslong as this is running, my game is rendering and updating.

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  • Is there any way to optimize my search blob program?

    - by Vicky
    I written this code to search the blob items (text files) on the basis of there content. For ex : if I search for "Good", then the files that contains "Good or good" word the name of that files should appear in search result. My code is working but i want to optimize it. class BlobSearch { public static int num = 1; static void Main(string[] args) { string accountName = "accountName"; string accessKey = "accesskey"; string azureConString = "DefaultEndpointsProtocol=https;AccountName=" + accountName + ";AccountKey=" + accessKey; string blob = "MyBlobContainer"; string searchText = string.Empty; Console.WriteLine("Type and enter to search : "); searchText = Console.ReadLine(); CloudStorageAccount account = CloudStorageAccount.Parse(azureConString); CloudBlobClient blobClient = account.CreateCloudBlobClient(); CloudBlobContainer blobContainer = blobClient.GetContainerReference(blob); blobContainer.FetchAttributes(); var blobItemList = blobContainer.ListBlobs(); GetBlobList(searchText, blobContainer, blobItemList); Console.ReadLine(); } private static async void GetBlobList(string searchText, CloudBlobContainer blobContainer, IEnumerable<IListBlobItem> blobItemList) { foreach (var item in blobItemList) { string line = string.Empty; CloudBlockBlob blockBlob = blobContainer.GetBlockBlobReference(item.Uri.ToString()); if (blockBlob.Name.Contains(".txt")) { await Search(searchText, blockBlob); } } } private async static Task Search(string searchText, CloudBlockBlob blockBlob) { string text = await blockBlob.DownloadTextAsync(); if (text.ToLower().IndexOf(searchText.ToLower()) != -1) { Console.WriteLine("Result : " + num + " => " + blockBlob.Name.Substring(blockBlob.Name.LastIndexOf('/') + 1)); num++; } } } I think blobContainer.ListBlobs(); is blocking code because search will not work until all the blob items loaded. Is there anyway to optimize it or anywhere else in my code. Thanks

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  • Creating a steady rhythm for music-based game in XNA

    - by A-Type
    I'm looking to develop a game for Windows Phone to explore an idea I had which involves the user building notes into a sequencer while playing a puzzle game. The issue I'm running into is that, while my implementation is very close to being on-beat, there is the occasional pause between beats which makes the whole thing sound sloppy. I'm just not sure how to get around this inside XNA's infrastructure. Currently I'm running this code in the Update method of my GameBoard: public void Update(GameTime gameTime) { onBeat = IsOnBeat(gameTime); [...] if (onBeat) BeatUpdate(); } private bool IsOnBeat(GameTime gameTime) { beatTime += gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds; if (Math.Abs(beatTime - beatLength) < 0.0166666) { beatTime -= beatLength; return true; } return false; } private void BeatUpdate() { cursor.BeatUpdate(); board.CursorPass((int)cursor.CursorPosition % Board.GRID_WIDTH); } Update checks to see if the time is on beat, and if it is, it calls the BeatUpdate method which moves the cursor over the board (sequencer). The cursor reports its X position to the board, which then plays any notes which are in that position on the sequencer. Notes are SoundEffectInstances, preloaded and ready to play. Oh, and TargetElapsedTime is set to 166666, or 60FPS target. Obviously totaling up the time and then subtracting isn't the most accurate way to go but I can't figure out a way to work within XNA's system in order to overcome this issue. This current system is just horribly unstable. Beats lag and fire too early and it's obvious. I thought about perhaps some sort of threaded solution but I'm not familiar enough with multithreading to figure out how that would work. Any ideas?

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  • Facing a character towards the mouse

    - by ratata
    I'm trying to port a simple 2d top down shooter game from C++(Allegro) to Java and i'm having problems with rotating my character. Here's the code i used in c++ if (keys[A]) RotateRight(player, degree); if (keys[D]) RotateLeft(player, degree); void RotateLeft(Player& player, float& degree) { degree += player.rotatingSpeed; if ( degree >= 360 ) degree = 0; } void RotateRight(Player& player, float& degree) { degree -= player.rotatingSpeed; if ( degree <= 0) degree = 360; } And this is what i have in render section: al_draw_rotated_bitmap(player.image, player.frameWidth / 2, player.frameHeight / 2, player.x, player.y, degree * 3.14159 / 180, 0); Instead of using A-D keys i want to use mouse this time. I've been searching since last night and came up to few sample codes however noone of them worked. For example this just made my character to circle around the map: int centerX = width / 2; int centerY = height / 2; double angle = Math.atan2(centerY - mouseY, centerX - mouseX) - Math.PI / 2; ((Graphics2D)g).rotate(angle, centerX, centerY); g.fillRect(...); // draw your rectangle Any help is much appreciated.

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  • How do I make my character slide down high-angled slopes?

    - by keinabel
    I am currently working on my character's movement in Unity3D. I managed to make him move relatively to the mouse cursor. I set a slope limit of 45°, which does not allow the character to walk up the mountains with higher degrees. But he can still jump them up. How do I manage to make him slide down again when he jumped at places with too high slope? Thanks in advance. edit: Code snippet of my basic movement. using UnityEngine; using System.Collections; public class BasicMovement : MonoBehaviour { private float speed; private float jumpSpeed; private float gravity; private float slopeLimit; private Vector3 moveDirection = Vector3.zero; void Start() { PlayerSettings settings = GetComponent<PlayerSettings>(); speed = settings.GetSpeed(); jumpSpeed = settings.GetJumpSpeed(); gravity = settings.GetGravity(); slopeLimit = settings.GetSlopeLimit(); } void Update() { CharacterController controller = GetComponent<CharacterController>(); controller.slopeLimit = slopeLimit; if (controller.isGrounded) { moveDirection = new Vector3(Input.GetAxis("Horizontal"), 0, Input.GetAxis("Vertical")); moveDirection = transform.TransformDirection(moveDirection); moveDirection *= speed; if (Input.GetButton("Jump")) { moveDirection.y = jumpSpeed; } } moveDirection.y -= gravity * Time.deltaTime; controller.Move(moveDirection * Time.deltaTime); } }

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  • I don't understand why one of my vbo is overwritten by another

    - by Alays
    to create a vbo I use this function: public void loadVBO(){ vboID = GL15.glGenBuffers(); GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboID); GL15.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buf, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW); // Put the position coordinates in attribute list 0 GL20.glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false,4*4+4*4+4*4+2*4 , 0); // Put the color components in attribute list 1 GL20.glVertexAttribPointer(1, 4, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false,4*4+4*4+4*4+2*4 , 4*4); GL20.glVertexAttribPointer(2, 4, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false,4*4+4*4+4*4+2*4 , 4*4+4*4); // Put the texture coordinates in attribute list 2 GL20.glVertexAttribPointer(3, 4, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false,4*4+4*4+4*4+2*4 , 4*4+4*4+4*4); GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0); } to display a vbo I use this function: public void displayVBO(){ GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboID); GL20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); GL20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(1); GL20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(2); GL20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(3); GL11.glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, buf.capacity()); GL20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(0); GL20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(1); GL20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(2); GL20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(3); GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0); } So when I call map.loadVBO() and then ocean.loadVBO(), I think the second call overwrite the first vbo I don't know how ... When I call map.display() and ocean.display(), I have the ocean draw 2 times .... Thanks.

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