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• SQL SERVER – What is SSAS Tabular Data model and Why to use it – Part 2

  - by Pinal Dave

  In my last article, I talked about the basics of tabular data model and why use it. Then I demonstrated step by step creation of a basic tabular model project. In this part I’m going to throw some light on how to create measures and analyses in excel. If you look at the tabular project closely, you will notice that we have not defined any measure yet. So, in the first step we will define the measure first.  Open the solution and select the column you want to define as a measure. Then, click on the summation icon on the toolbar. You will see the aggregated results at the bottom of that column. You have also other choices as well like average, min, max, count and distinct count. After creating the required measures, we need to analyze our data in excel. To do this, click on the excel icon in the upper left corner of the toolbar. This will open your analysis in excel. Notice the pivot table field list here. I have highlighted the measures that we created in the earlier step. Now, we can use these measures in our analysis Now, we have to put the required fields in their respective places as column labels, row labels, Values and Report filter for analysis. See below snapshot for details, it shows region wise sales on a yearly basis You can even apply filters on the above analysis by placing the slicer field in report filter. In our example, we will take an English product name as a filter. You can use the filter as depicted in the below snapshot. Optionally, you can also use the slider to filter data more interactively. Further to improve our analysis, we can insert pivot charts That’s all for this time, in my next post I’m going to show in detail about how to create hierarchies, perspectives, KPI’s  and many more features. Author: Namita Sharma, Senior Corporate Trainer at Koenig Solutions. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com)Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL Tagged: SSAS

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• Is there a language or design pattern that allows the *removal* of object behavior or properties in a class hierarchy?

  - by Sebastien Diot

  A well-know shortcoming of traditional class hierarchies is that they are bad when it comes to model the real world. As an example, trying to represent animals species with classes. There are actually several problems when doing that, but one that I never saw a solution to is when a sub-class "looses" a behavior or properties that was defined in a super-class, like a penguin not being able to fly (there are probably better examples, but that's the first one that comes to my mind, having seen "Madagascar 2" recently). On the one hand, you don't want to define for every property and behavior some flag that specifies if it is at all present, and check it every time before accessing that behavior or property. You would just like to say that birds can fly, simply and clearly, in the Bird class. But then it would be nice if one could define "exceptions" afterward, without having to use some horrible hacks everywhere. This often happens when a system has been productive for a while. You suddenly find an "exception" that doesn't fit in the original design at all, and you don't want to change a large portion of your code to accommodate it. So, is there some language or design patterns that can cleanly handle this problem, without requiring major changes to the "super-class", and all the code that uses it? Even if a solution only handle a specific case, several solutions might together form a complete strategy. [EDIT] Forgot about the Liskov Substitution Principle. That is why you can't do it. Assuming you define "traits/interfaces" for all major "feature groups", you can freely implement traits in different branches of the hierarchy, like the Flying trait could be implemented by Birds, and some special kind of squirrels and fish. So my question could amount to "How could I un-implement a trait?" If your super-class is a Java Serializable, you have to be one too, even if there is no way for you to serialize your state, for example if you contained a "Socket". So one way to do it is to always define all your traits in pair from the start: Flying and NotFlying (which would throw UnsupportedOperationExceiption, if not checked against). The Not-trait would not define any new interface, and could be simply checked for. Sounds like a "cheap" solution, in particular if used from the start.

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• Maven Integrated View for NetBeans IDE

  - by Geertjan

  Started working on an oft-heard request from Kirk Pepperdine for an integrated view for multimodule builds for Maven projects in NetBeans IDE, as explained here. I suddenly had some kind of brainwave and solved all the remaining problems I had, by delegating to the LogicalViewProvider's node, instead of the project's node, which means I inherit all the icons, actions, package nodes, and anything else that was originally defined within the original project, in this case for the open source JAnnocessor project: Above, you can see that the Maven submodules can either be edited in-line, i.e., within the parent project, or separately, by opening them in the traditional NetBeans way. Get the module here: http://plugins.netbeans.org/plugin/45180/?show=true Some people out there might be interested in how this is achieved. First, hide the original ModulesNodeFactory in the layer. Then create the following class, which creates what you see in the screenshot above: import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import javax.swing.event.ChangeListener; import org.netbeans.api.project.Project; import org.netbeans.spi.project.SubprojectProvider; import org.netbeans.spi.project.ui.LogicalViewProvider; import org.netbeans.spi.project.ui.support.NodeFactory; import org.netbeans.spi.project.ui.support.NodeList; import org.openide.nodes.FilterNode; import org.openide.nodes.Node; @NodeFactory.Registration(projectType = "org-netbeans-modules-maven", position = 400) public class ModulesNodeFactory2 implements NodeFactory { @Override public NodeList<?> createNodes(Project prjct) { return new MavenModulesNodeList(prjct); } private class MavenModulesNodeList implements NodeList<Project> { private final Project project; public MavenModulesNodeList(Project prjct) { this.project = prjct; } @Override public List<Project> keys() { return new ArrayList<Project>( project.getLookup(). lookup(SubprojectProvider.class).getSubprojects()); } @Override public Node node(final Project project) { Node node = project.getLookup().lookup(LogicalViewProvider.class).createLogicalView(); return new FilterNode(node, new FilterNode.Children(node)); } @Override public void addChangeListener(ChangeListener cl) { } @Override public void removeChangeListener(ChangeListener cl) { } @Override public void addNotify() { } @Override public void removeNotify() { } } } Considering that there's only about 5 actual statements above, it's pretty amazing how much can be achieved with so little code. The NetBeans APIs really are very cool. Hope you like it, Kirk!

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• Business Strategy - Google Case Study

  Business strategy defined by SMBTN.com is a term used in business planning that implies a careful selection and application of resources to obtain a competitive advantage in anticipation of future events or trends. In more general terms business strategy is positioning a company so that it has the greatest competitive advantage over others in the markets and industries that they participate in. This process involves making corporate decisions regarding which markets to provide goods and services, pricing, acceptable quality levels, and how to interact with others in the marketplace. The primary objective of business strategy is to create and increase value for all of its shareholders and stakeholders through the creation of customer value. According to InformationWeek.com, Google has a distinctive technology advantage over its competitors like Microsoft, eBay, Amazon, Yahoo. Google utilizes custom high-performance systems which are cost efficient because they can scale to extreme workloads. This hardware allows for a huge cost advantage over its competitors. In addition, InformationWeek.com interviewed Stephen Arnold who stated that Google’s programmers are 50%-100% more productive compared to programmers working for their competitors.  He based this theory on Google’s competitors having to spend up to four times as much just to keep up. In addition to Google’s technological advantage, they also have developed a decentralized management schema where employees report directly to multiple managers and team project leaders. This allows for the responsibility of the technology department to be shared amongst multiple senior level engineers and removes the need for a singular department head to oversee the activities of the department.  This is a unique approach from the standard management style. Typically a department head like a CIO or CTO would oversee the department’s global initiatives and business functionality.  This would then be passed down and administered through middle management and implemented by programmers, business analyst, network administrators and Database administrators. It goes without saying that an IT professional’s responsibilities would be directed by Google’s technological advantage and management strategy.  Simply because they work within the department, and would have to design, develop, and support the high-performance systems and would have to report multiple managers and project leaders on a regular basis. Since Google was established and driven by new and immerging technology, all other departments would be directly impacted by the technology department.  In fact, they would have to cater to the technology department since it is a huge driving for in the success of Google. Reference: http://www.smbtn.com/smallbusinessdictionary/#b http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/linux/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=192300292&pgno=1&queryText=&isPrev=

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• Send raw data to USB parallel port after upgrading to 11.10

  - by zaphod

  I have a laser cutter connected via a generic USB to parallel adapter. The laser cutter speaks HPGL, as it happens, but since this is a laser cutter and not a plotter, I usually want to generate the HPGL myself, since I care about the ordering, speed, and direction of cuts and so on. In previous versions of Ubuntu, I was able to print to the cutter by copying an HPGL file directly to the corresponding USB "lp" device. For example: cp foo.plt /dev/usblp1 Well, I just upgraded to Ubuntu 11.10 oneiric, and I can't find any "lp" devices in /dev anymore. D'oh! What's the preferred way to send raw data to a parallel port in Ubuntu? I've tried System Settings Printing + Add, hoping that I might be able to associate my device with some kind of "raw printer" driver and print to it with a command like lp -d LaserCutter foo.plt But my USB to parallel adapter doesn't seem to show up in the list. What I do see are my HP Color LaserJet, two USB-to-serial adapters, "Enter URI", and "Network Printer". Meanwhile, over in /dev, I do see /dev/ttyUSB0 and /dev/ttyUSB1 devices for the 2 USB-to-serial adapters. I don't see anything obvious corresponding to the HP printer (which was /dev/usblp0 prior to the upgrade), except for generic USB stuff. For example, sudo find /dev | grep lp produces no output. I do seem to be able to print to the HP printer just fine, though. The printer setup GUI gives it a device URI starting with "hp:" which isn't much help for the parallel adapter. The CUPS administrator's guide makes it sound like I might need to feed it a device URI of the form parallel:/dev/SOMETHING, but of course if I had a /dev/SOMETHING I'd probably just go on writing to it directly. Here's what dmesg says after I disconnect and reconnect the device from the USB port: [ 924.722906] usb 1-1.1.4: USB disconnect, device number 7 [ 959.993002] usb 1-1.1.4: new full speed USB device number 8 using ehci_hcd And here's how it shows up in lsusb -v: Bus 001 Device 008: ID 1a86:7584 QinHeng Electronics CH340S Device Descriptor: bLength 18 bDescriptorType 1 bcdUSB 1.10 bDeviceClass 0 (Defined at Interface level) bDeviceSubClass 0 bDeviceProtocol 0 bMaxPacketSize0 8 idVendor 0x1a86 QinHeng Electronics idProduct 0x7584 CH340S bcdDevice 2.52 iManufacturer 0 iProduct 2 USB2.0-Print iSerial 0 bNumConfigurations 1 Configuration Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 2 wTotalLength 32 bNumInterfaces 1 bConfigurationValue 1 iConfiguration 0 bmAttributes 0x80 (Bus Powered) MaxPower 96mA Interface Descriptor: bLength 9 bDescriptorType 4 bInterfaceNumber 0 bAlternateSetting 0 bNumEndpoints 2 bInterfaceClass 7 Printer bInterfaceSubClass 1 Printer bInterfaceProtocol 2 Bidirectional iInterface 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x82 EP 2 IN bmAttributes 2 Transfer Type Bulk Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0020 1x 32 bytes bInterval 0 Endpoint Descriptor: bLength 7 bDescriptorType 5 bEndpointAddress 0x02 EP 2 OUT bmAttributes 2 Transfer Type Bulk Synch Type None Usage Type Data wMaxPacketSize 0x0020 1x 32 bytes bInterval 0 Device Status: 0x0000 (Bus Powered)

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• Designing for an algorithm that reports progress

  - by Stefano Borini

  I have an iterative algorithm and I want to print the progress. However, I may also want it not to print any information, or to print it in a different way, or do other logic. In an object oriented language, I would perform the following solutions: Solution 1: virtual method have the algorithm class MyAlgoClass which implements the algo. The class also implements a virtual reportIteration(iterInfo) method which is empty and can be reimplemented. Subclass the MyAlgoClass and override reportIteration so that it does what it needs to do. This solution allows you to carry additional information (for example, the file unit) in the reimplemented class. I don't like this method because it clumps together two functionalities that may be unrelated, but in GUI apps it may be ok. Solution 2: observer pattern the algorithm class has a register(Observer) method, keeps a list of the registered observers and takes care of calling notify() on each of them. Observer::notify() needs a way to get the information from the Subject, so it either has two parameters, one with the Subject and the other with the data the Subject may pass, or just the Subject and the Observer is now in charge of querying it to fetch the relevant information. Solution 3: callbacks I tend to see the callback method as a lightweight observer. Instead of passing an object, you pass a callback, which may be a plain function, but also an instance method in those languages that allow it (for example, in python you can because passing an instance method will remain bound to the instance). C++ however does not allow it, because if you pass a pointer to an instance method, this will not be defined. Please correct me on this regard, my C++ is quite old. The problem with callbacks is that generally you have to pass them together with the data you want the callback to be invoked with. Callbacks don't store state, so you have to pass both the callback and the state to the Subject in order to find it at callback execution, together with any additional data the Subject may provide about the event is reporting. Question My question is relative to the fact that I need to implement the opening problem in a language that is not object oriented, namely Fortran 95, and I am fighting with my usual reasoning which is based on python assumptions and style. I think that in Fortran the concept is similar to C, with the additional trouble that in C you can store a function pointer, while in Fortran 95 you can only pass it around. Do you have any comments, suggestions, tips, and quirks on this regard (in C, C++, Fortran and python, but also in any other language, so to have a comparison of language features that can be exploited on this regard) on how to design for an algorithm that must report progress to some external entity, using state from both the algorithm and the external entity ?

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• Installation issue after 4 attempts

  - by SixTen

  Have successfully installed Ubuntu 12.10 on 2 laptops, one running Vista & one running Windows8. Made 4 attempts (long downloads of WUBI.EXE) to different HD's & still NO GO. The machine is an older machine with Windows2000Professional installed & running. The system has 3 hard drives; C:(20.5 Gb with 7.26Gb Free), D: (74.5 Gb with 33.1 Gb Free), & E: (35.3 Gb with 24.8 Gb Free) which all have Gigabytes space available; also an A: 3 1/2floppy drive and a CD-drive burner. The CPU processor is older but seems sufficient: AMD Athlon XP 1700+ and the task manager of Windows2000 shows the processor works fine.. The flat-screen display works fine. Here is the error message I receive each time the 'installation configuration' is verified: "No root file system is defined" "Please correct this from partitioning menu" << The Ubuntu operating system is allowing me a couple of options at the very top right menu. I was able to establish a wireless connection but the MAIN homepage won't load with FIREFOX app or any other apps. I cannot access or even find any 'Partitioning Menu" from the displayed page. I cannot access files or Windows Explorer to view drives since I'm not using the Windows O/S. If I try to go back & re-install the UBUNTU 12.10 again, it always asks me to UNINSTALL the one found on the HD & then I run WUBI.EXE again which takes a long time for the download. Do I need to go back into Windows2000 & use Windows Explorer to look at the file structure & add a partition? On previous attempts I have tried loading the WUBI.EXE on all 3 HD's C: D: & E: Sure is frustrating?? Thanks for any suggestions. NEW UBUNTU user & what I've seen so far I like.. (J.R.)

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• View Link inConsistency

  - by Abhishek Dwivedi

  What is View Link Consistency? When multiple instances (say VO1, VO2, VO3 etc) of an EO-based VO are based on the same underlying EO, a new row created in one of these VO instances (say VO1)can be automatically added (without re-query) to the row sets of the others (VO2, VO3 etc ). This capability is known as the view link consistency. This feature works for any VO for which it is enabled, regardless of whether they are involved in a view link or not. What causes View Link inConsistency? Unless jbo.viewlink.consistent  is disabled for this VO (or globally), or setAssociationConsistent(false) is applied, any of the following can cause View Link inConsistency.  1. setWhereClause 2. Unreferenced secondary EO 3. findByViewCriteria() 4. Using view link accessor row set Why does this happen - View Link inConsistency? Well, there can be one of the following reasons. a. In case of 1 & 2, the view link consistency flag is disabled on that view object. b. As far as 3 is concerned, findByViewCriteria is used to retrieve a new row set to process programmatically without changing the contents of the default row set. In this case, unlike previous cases, the view link consistency flag is not disabled, meaning that the changes in the default row set would be reflected in the new row set.  However, the opposite doesn't hold true. For instance, if a row is deleted from this new row set, the corresponding row in the default row set does not get deleted. In one of my features, which involved deletion of row(s), I resolved the view link inconsistency issue by replacing findByViewCriteria by applyViewCriteria. b. For 4, it's similar to 3 - whenever a view link accessor row set is retrieved, a new row set is created. Now, creating new row set does not mean re-executing the query each time, only creating a new instance of a RowSet object with its default iterator reset to the "slot" before the first row. Also, please note that this new row set always originates from an internally created view object instance, not one you that added to the data model. This internal view object instance is created as needed and added with a system-defined name to the root application module. Anyway, the very reason a distinct, internally-created view object instance is used is to guarantee that it remains unaffected by developer-related changes to their own view objects instances in the data model.

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• User connection management in Reporting Services configuration

  - by Testas

  IT professionals will use Reporting Services Configuration Manager to perform post installation tasks for SQL Server Reporting Services. Introduced in SQL Server 2005, Reporting Services Configuration Manager provides an intuitive interface to perform tasks including specifying the report server database, report manager url, and indeed one of the first post installation tasks that should be performed is backing up the encryption keys that are used to protect the sensitive information within the rdl files.  Many of the options that are selected within Reporting Services Configuration Manager are written to a number of configuration files including the rsreportserver.config file located in C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\Report Server InstanceName\Reporting Services\ReportServer folder.When opening this file you will notice that there are more configuration settings within the rsreportserver.config file than is available through the Reporting Services Configuration Manager Interface. As a result there are additional configuration options that can be defined within this file.  A customer was having a problem performing stress tests against a new Report Server that would be going live for an enterprise reporting system. One aspect of the stress test was to fire 50 connections from a single user account. When performing the stress test an error described that the maximum active request had been exceeded. Within the rsreportserver.config, there is a key that is added to the file:  <Add Key=”MaxActiveReqForOneUser” Value=”20”/>  Changing the value from 20 to 50 accommodated the needs of the stress test, however, a wider question should be asked pertaining to this setting when implementing Reporting Services to a production environment. Within an intranet environment, the default setting is appropriate when network bandwidth is high, users are known and demand for reports is particularly high from a group of users.  However, when deploying a Reporting Server solution to an extranet, or the internet, you may want to consider reducing this setting to reduce to scope of connections that can be acquired by a single user and placing unnecessary pressure on the report server. I do hope that Reporting Services Configuration Manager evolves to include an advanced page that includes an intuitive interface to change configuration settings such as the MaxActiveReqForOneUser, and also configure rendering and data extensions and define secure connection levels to the report server. All these options can be configured within the rsreportserver.config file, and these are setting that customers would like to see in Reporting Services Configuration Manager in the future.   If you think that the SQL community would benefit from this addition, you can vote on it at Microsoft Connect  https://connect.microsoft.com/SQLServer/feedback/details/565575/extending-reporting-services-configuration-manager-rscm    

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• SQL SERVER – SSAS – Multidimensional Space Terms and Explanation

  - by pinaldave

  I was presenting on SQL Server session at one of the Tech Ed On Road event in India. I was asked very interesting question during ‘Stump the Speaker‘ session. I am sharing the same with all of you over here. Question: Can you tell me in simple words what is dimension, member and other terms of multidimensional space? There is no simple example for it. This is extreme fundamental question if you know Analysis Service. Those who have no exposure to the same and have not yet started on this subject, may find it a bit difficult. I really liked his question so I decided to answer him there as well blog about the same over here. Answer: Here are the most important terms of multidimensional space – dimension, member, value, attribute and size. Dimension – It describes the point of interests for analysis. Member – It is one of the point of interests in the dimension. Value – It uniquely describes the member. Attribute – It is collection of multiple members. Size – It is total numbers for any dimension. Let us understand this further detail taking example of any space. I am going to take example of distance as a space in our example. Dimension – Distance is a dimension for us. Member – Kilometer – We can measure distance in Kilometer. Value – 4 – We can measure distance in the kilometer unit and the value of the unit can be 4. Attribute – Kilometer, Miles, Meter – The complete set of members is called attribute. Size – 100 KM – The maximum size decided for the dimension is called size. The same example can be also defined by using time space. Here is the example using time space. Dimension – Time Member – Date Value – 25 Attribute – 1, 2, 3…31 Size – 31 I hope it is clear enough that what are various multidimensional space and its terms. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: Business Intelligence, PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• Segmentation fault 11 in MacOS X- C++ [migrated]

  - by Marcos Cesar Vargas Magana

  all. I have a "segmentation fault 11" error when I run the following code. The code actually compiles but I get the error at run time. //** Terror.h ** #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <map> using std::map; using std::pair; using std::string; template<typename Tsize> class Terror { public: //Inserts a message in the map. static Tsize insertMessage(const string& message) { mErrorMessages.insert( pair<Tsize, string>(mErrorMessages.size()+1, message) ); return mErrorMessages.size(); } private: static map<Tsize, string> mErrorMessages; } template<typename Tsize> map<Tsize,string> Terror<Tsize>::mErrorMessages; //** error.h ** #include <iostream> #include "Terror.h" typedef unsigned short errorType; typedef Terror<errorType> error; errorType memoryAllocationError=error::insertMessage("ERROR: out of memory."); //** main.cpp ** #include <iostream> #include "error.h" using namespace std; int main() { try { throw error(memoryAllocationError); } catch(error& err) { } } I have kind of debugging the code and the error happens when the message is being inserted in the static map member. An observation is that if I put the line: errorType memoryAllocationError=error::insertMessage("ERROR: out of memory."); inside the "main()" function instead of at global scope, then everything works fine. But I would like to extend the error messages at global scope, not at local scope. The map is defined static so that all instances of "error" share the same error codes and messages. Do you know how can I get this or something similar. Thank you very much.

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• Architecture for a template-building, WYSIWIG application

  - by Sam Selikoff

  I'm building a WYSIWYG designer in Ember.js. The designer will allow users to create campaigns - think MailChimp. To build a campaign, users will choose an existing template. The template will have a defined layout. The user will then be taken to the designer, where he will be able to edit the text and style, and additionally change some layout options. I've been thinking about how best to go about structuring this app, and there are a few hurdles. Specifically, the output of the campaign will be dynamic: eventually, it will be published somewhere, and when the consumers (not my users, but the people clicking on the campaign that my user created) visit the campaign, certain pieces of data will change, depending on the type of consumer viewing the campaign. That means the ultimate output of the designer will be a dynamic site. The data that is dynamic for this site - the end product - will not be manipulated by the user in the designer. However, the data that will be manipulated by the user in the designer are things like copy, styles, layout options, etc. I'll call the first set of variables server-side data, and the second client-side data. It seems, then, that the process will go something like this: I'll need to create templates for this designer that have two dynamic segments. For instance, the server-side data could be Liquid expressions, and the client-side data Handlebars expressions. When the user creates a campaign, I would compile the template on the back end using some dummy data for the server-side variables, and serve up a handlebars template to the Ember app. The user would then edit the template, and the Ember app would save all his edits to the JS variables that were powering the template. This way he'd be able to preview the template. When he saves, he'll send back the selected template, along with all the data and options he's made. When it comes time to publish, the back-end system will have to do two things: compile the template with Handlebars using the campaign data, and then compile the template with Liquid using the server-side data Is my thinking roughly accurate about this, or is there a simpler way?

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• Diving into Scala with Cay Horstmann

  - by Janice J. Heiss

  A new interview with Java Champion Cay Horstmann, now up on otn/java, titled  "Diving into Scala: A Conversation with Java Champion Cay Horstmann," explores Horstmann's ideas about Scala as reflected in his much lauded new book,  Scala for the Impatient.  None other than Martin Odersky, the inventor of Scala, called it "a joy to read" and the "best introduction to Scala". Odersky was so enthused by the book that he asked Horstmann if the first section could be made available as a free download on the Typesafe Website, something Horstmann graciously assented to. Horstmann acknowledges that some aspects of Scala are very complex, but he encourages developers to simply stay away from those parts of the language. He points to several ways Java developers can benefit from Scala: "For example," he says, " you can write classes with less boilerplate, file and XML handling is more concise, and you can replace tedious loops over collections with more elegant constructs. Typically, programmers at this level report that they write about half the number of lines of code in Scala that they would in Java, and that's nothing to sneeze at. Another entry point can be if you want to use a Scala-based framework such as Akka or Play; you can use these with Java, but the Scala API is more enjoyable. " Horstmann observes that developers can do fine with Scala without grasping the theory behind it. He argues that most of us learn best through examples and not through trying to comprehend abstract theories. He also believes that Scala is the most attractive choice for developers who want to move beyond Java and C++.  When asked about other choices, he comments: "Clojure is pretty nice, but I found its Lisp syntax a bit off-putting, and it seems very focused on software transactional memory, which isn't all that useful to me. And it's not statically typed. I wanted to like Groovy, but it really bothers me that the semantics seems under-defined and in flux. And it's not statically typed. Yes, there is Groovy++, but that's in even sketchier shape. There are a couple of contenders such as Kotlin and Ceylon, but so far they aren't real. So, if you want to do work with a statically typed language on the JVM that exists today, Scala is simply the pragmatic choice. It's a good thing that it's such a nice choice." Learn more about Scala by going to the interview here.

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• Managing Matrix Relationships: Organization Visualization and Navigation

  - by Nancy Estell Zoder

  v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} Normal 0 false false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Oracle is pleased to announce the posting of our latest feature, Matrix Relationship Administration. Our continued investment in our Organization Visualization and Navigation solution is demonstrated with the release of Matrix Relationship Administration as well as the enhancements made to our Org Viewer capabilities. Some of those enhancements include the ability to export to Excel and Visio, Search, Zoom, as well as the addition of Manager Self Service transactions. Matrix relationships are relationships defined by rules or ad hoc. These relationships can include, but are not limited to, product or project affiliations, functional groups including multi dimensional relationships such as when the product, region or even the customer is the profit center. The PeopleSoft solution will enable you to configure how you work in this multi dimensional world to ensure you have the tools to be productive……. For more information, please check out the datasheet available on oracle.com, video on the feature on YouTube or contact your sales representative.

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• SQL Community – stronger than ever

  - by Rob Farley

  I posted a few hours ago about a reflection of the Summit, but I wanted to write another one for this month’s T-SQL Tuesday, hosted by Chris Yates. In January of this year, Adam Jorgensen and I joked around in a video that was used for the SQL Server 2012 launch. We were asked about SQLFamily, and we said how we were like brothers – how we could drive each other crazy (the look he gave me as I patted his stomach was priceless), but that we’d still look out for each other, just like in a real family. And this is really true. Last week at the PASS Summit, there was a lot going on. I was busy as always, as were many others. People told me their good news, their awful news, and some whinged to me about other people who were driving them crazy. But throughout this, people in the SQL Server community genuinely want the best for each other. I’m sure there are exceptions, but I don’t see much of this. Australians aren’t big on cheering for each other. Neither are the English. I think we see it as an American thing. It could be easy for me to consider that the SQL Community that I see at the PASS Summit is mainly there because it’s a primarily American organisation. But when you speak to people like sponsors, or people involved in several types of communities, you quickly hear that it’s not just about that – that PASS has something special. It goes beyond cheering, it’s a strong desire to see each other succeed. I see MVPs feel disappointed for those people who don’t get awarded. I see Summit speakers concerned for those who missed out on the chance to speak. I see chapter leaders excited about the opportunity to help other chapters. And throughout, I see a gentleness and love for people that you rarely see outside the church (and sadly, many churches don’t have it either). Chris points out that the M-W dictionary defined community as “a unified body of individuals”, and I feel like this is true of the SQL Server community. It goes deeper though. It’s not just unity – and we’re most definitely different to each other – it’s more than that. We all want to see each other grow. We all want to pull ourselves up, to serve each other, and to grow PASS into something more than it is today. In that other post of mine I wrote a bit about Paul White’s experience at his first Summit. His missus wrote to me on Facebook saying that she welled up over it. But that emotion was nothing about what I wrote – it was about the reaction that the SQL Community had had to Paul. Be proud of it, my SQL brothers and sisters, and never lose it.

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• How to join two collections with LINQ

  - by JustinGreenwood

  Here is a simple and complete example of how to perform joins on two collections with LINQ. I wrote it for a friend to show him, in one simple file, the power of LINQ queries and anonymous objects. In the file below, there are two simple data classes defined: Person and Item. In the beginning of the main method, two collections are created. Note that the Item's OwnerId field reference the PersonId of a Person object. The effect of the LINQ query below is equivalent to a SQL statement looking like this: select Person.PersonName as OwnerName, Item.ItemName as OwnedItem from Person inner join Item on Item.OwnerId = Person.PersonId order by Item.ItemName desc; using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; namespace LinqJoinAnonymousObjects { class Program { class Person { public int PersonId { get; set; } public string PersonName { get; set; } } class Item { public string ItemName { get; set; } public int OwnerId { get; set; } } static void Main(string[] args) { // Create two collections: one of people, and another with their possessions. var people = new List<Person> { new Person { PersonId=1, PersonName="Justin" }, new Person { PersonId=2, PersonName="Arthur" }, new Person { PersonId=3, PersonName="Bob" } }; var items = new List<Item> { new Item { OwnerId=1, ItemName="Armor" }, new Item { OwnerId=1, ItemName="Book" }, new Item { OwnerId=2, ItemName="Chain Mail" }, new Item { OwnerId=2, ItemName="Excalibur" }, new Item { OwnerId=3, ItemName="Bubbles" }, new Item { OwnerId=3, ItemName="Gold" } }; // Create a new, anonymous composite result for person id=2. var compositeResult = from p in people join i in items on p.PersonId equals i.OwnerId where p.PersonId == 2 orderby i.ItemName descending select new { OwnerName = p.PersonName, OwnedItem = i.ItemName }; // The query doesn't evaluate until you iterate through the query or convert it to a list Console.WriteLine("[" + compositeResult.GetType().Name + "]"); // Convert to a list and loop through it. var compositeList = compositeResult.ToList(); Console.WriteLine("[" + compositeList.GetType().Name + "]"); foreach (var o in compositeList) { Console.WriteLine("\t[" + o.GetType().Name + "] " + o.OwnerName + " - " + o.OwnedItem); } Console.ReadKey(); } } } The output of the program is below: [WhereSelectEnumerableIterator`2] [List`1] [<>f__AnonymousType1`2] Arthur - Excalibur [<>f__AnonymousType1`2] Arthur - Chain Mail

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• CIO's Corner: Achieving a Balance

  - by Michelle Kimihira

  Author: Rick Beers Senior Director, Product Management, Oracle Fusion Middleware All too often, a CIO is unfairly characterized as either technology-focused or business-focused; as more concerned with either infrastructure performance or business excellence. It seems to me that this completely misses the point. I have long thought that a CIO has probably the most complex C-level position in an enterprise, one that requires an artful balance among four entirely different constituencies, often with competing values and needs. How a CIO balances these is the single largest determinant of success. I was reminded of this while reading the excellent interview of Mark Hurd by CNBC’s Maria Bartiromo in a recent issue of USATODAY (Bartiromo: Oracle's Hurd is in tech sweet spot). The interview covers topics such as Big Data, Leadership and Oracle’s growth strategy. But the topic that really got my interest, and reminded me of the need for balance, was on IT spending trends, in which Mark Hurd observed, “…budgets are tight. What most of our customers have today is both an austerity plan to save money and at the same time a plan to reapply that money to innovation. There isn't a customer we have that doesn't have an austerity plan and an innovation plan.” In an era of economic uncertainty, and an accelerating pace of business change, this is probably the toughest balance a CIO must achieve. Yet for far too many IT organizations, operating costs consume over 75% of their budgets, leaving precious little for innovation and investment in business-critical technology programs. I have found that many CIO’s are trapped by their enterprise systems platforms, which were originally architected for Standardization, Compliance and tightly integrated linear Workflows. Yes, these traits are still required for specific reasons and cannot be compromised. But they are no longer enough. New demands are emerging: the explosion in the volume and diversity of Data, the Consumerization of IT, the rise of Social Media, and the need for continual Business Process Reengineering. These were simply not the design criteria for Enterprise 1.0 and attempting to leverage them with current systems platforms results in an escalation in complexity and a resulting increase in operating costs for many IT organizations. This is the cost vs investment trap and what most constrains CIO’s from achieving the balance they need. But there is a way out of this trap. Enterprise 2.0 represents an entirely new enterprise systems architecture, one that is ‘Business-Centric’ rather than ‘ERP Centric’, which defined the architecture of Enterprise 1.0. Oracle’s best in class suite of Fusion Middleware Products enables a layered approach to enterprise systems architectures that provides the balance that an enterprise needs. The most exciting part of all this? The bottom two layers are focused upon reducing costs and the upper two layers provide business value and innovation. Finally, the Balance a CIO needs.  Additional Information Product Information on Oracle.com: Oracle Fusion Middleware Follow us on Twitter and Facebook Subscribe to our regular Fusion Middleware Newsletter

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• Coordinate based travel through multi-line path over elapsed time

  - by Chris

  I have implemented A* Path finding to decide the course of a sprite through multiple waypoints. I have done this for point A to point B locations but am having trouble with multiple waypoints, because on slower devices when the FPS slows and the sprite travels PAST a waypoint I am lost as to the math to switch directions at the proper place. EDIT: To clarify my path finding code is separate in a game thread, this onUpdate method lives in a sprite like class which happens in the UI thread for sprite updating. To be even more clear the path is only updated when objects block the map, at any given point the current path could change but that should not affect the design of the algorithm if I am not mistaken. I do believe all components involved are well designed and accurate, aside from this piece :- ) Here is the scenario: public void onUpdate(float pSecondsElapsed) { // this could be 4x speed, so on slow devices the travel moved between // frames could be very large. What happens with my original algorithm // is it will start actually doing circles around the next waypoint.. pSecondsElapsed *= SomeSpeedModificationValue; final int spriteCurrentX = this.getX(); final int spriteCurrentY = this.getY(); // getCoords contains a large array of the coordinates to each waypoint. // A waypoint is a destination on the map, defined by tile column/row. The // path finder converts these waypoints to X,Y coords. // // I.E: // Given a set of waypoints of 0,0 to 12,23 to 23, 0 on a 23x23 tile map, each tile // being 32x32 pixels. This would translate in the path finder to this: // -> 0,0 to 12,23 // Coord : x=16 y=16 // Coord : x=16 y=48 // Coord : x=16 y=80 // ... // Coord : x=336 y=688 // Coord : x=336 y=720 // Coord : x=368 y=720 // // -> 12,23 to 23,0 -NOTE This direction change gives me trouble specifically // Coord : x=400 y=752 // Coord : x=400 y=720 // Coord : x=400 y=688 // ... // Coord : x=688 y=16 // Coord : x=688 y=0 // Coord : x=720 y=0 // // The current update index, the index specifies the coordinate that you see above // I.E. final int[] coords = getCoords( 2 ); -> x=16 y=80 final int[] coords = getCoords( ... ); // now I have the coords, how do I detect where to set the position? The tricky part // for me is when a direction changes, how do I calculate based on the elapsed time // how far to go up the new direction... I just can't wrap my head around this. this.setPosition(newX, newY); }

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• One Week To Go: OTN Architect Day: Cloud Computing

  - by Bob Rhubart

  One week remains until OTN Architect Day: Cloud Computing kicks of at the spectacular Oracle HQ campus in Redwood Shores, CA. The event is free, and there is still time to register. When: Tuesday July 9, 2013 8:30am - 12:30pm Where: Oracle Conference Center350 Oracle Pkwy Redwood City, CA 94065 Register now. It's free! Here's the latest update to the event agenda: 8:30am - 9:00am Registration and Continental Breakfast 9:00am - 9:45am Keynote 21st Century IT | Dr. James Baty VP, Global Enterprise Architecture Program, Oracle Imagine a time long, long ago. A time when servers were certified and dedicated to specific applications, when anything posted on an enterprise web site was from restricted, approved channels, and when we tried to limit the growth of 'dirty' data and storage. Today, applications are services running in the muti-tenant hybrid cloud. Companies beg their customers to tweet them, friend them, and publicly rate their products. And constantly analyzing a deluge of Internet, social and sensor data is the key to creating the next super-successful product, or capturing an evil terrorist. The old IT architecture was planned, dedicated, stable, controlled, with separate and well-defined roles. The new architecture is shared, dynamic, continuous, XaaS, DevOps. This keynote session describes the challenges and opportunities that the new business / IT paradigms present to the IT architecture and architects. 9:45am - 10:30am Technical Session Oracle Cloud: A Case Study in Building a Cloud | Anbu Krishnaswami Enterprise Architect, Oracle Building a Cloud can be challenging thanks to the complex requirements unique to Cloud computing and the massive scale typically associated with Cloud. Cloud providers can take an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) approach and build a cloud on virtualized commodity hardware, or they can take the Platform as a Service (PaaS) path, a service-oriented approach based on pre-configured, integrated, engineered systems. This presentation uses the Oracle Cloud itself as a case study in the use of engineered systems, demonstrating how the technical design of engineered systems is leveraged for building PaaS and SaaS Cloud services and a Cloud management infrastructure. The presentation will also explore the principles, patterns, best practices, and architecture views provided in Oracle's Cloud reference architecture. 10:30 am -10:45 am Break 10:45am-11:30am Technical Session Database as a Service | Markus Michalewicz Senior Principal Product Manager Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) New applications are now commonly built in a Cloud model, where the database is consumed as a service, and many established business processes are beginning to migrate to database as a service (DBaaS). This adoption of DBaaS is made possible by the availability of new capabilities in the database that enable resource pooling, dynamic resource management, model-based provisioning, metered use, and effective quality-of-service controls. This session will examine the catalog of database services at a large commercial bank to understand how these capabilities are enabling DBaaS for a wide range of needs within the enterprise. 11:30 am - 12:00 pm Panel Q&A Dr. James Baty, Anbu Krishnaswami, and Markus Michalewicz respond to audience questions. Registration is free, but seating is limited, so register now.

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• One Week To Go: OTN Architect Day: Cloud Computing

  - by Bob Rhubart

  One week remains until OTN Architect Day: Cloud Computing kicks of at the spectacular Oracle HQ campus in Redwood Shores, CA. The event is free, and there is still time to register. When: Tuesday July 9, 2013 8:30am - 12:30pm Where: Oracle Conference Center350 Oracle Pkwy Redwood City, CA 94065 Register now. It's free! Here's the latest update to the event agenda: 8:30am - 9:00am Registration and Continental Breakfast 9:00am - 9:45am Keynote 21st Century IT | Dr. James Baty VP, Global Enterprise Architecture Program, Oracle Imagine a time long, long ago. A time when servers were certified and dedicated to specific applications, when anything posted on an enterprise web site was from restricted, approved channels, and when we tried to limit the growth of 'dirty' data and storage. Today, applications are services running in the muti-tenant hybrid cloud. Companies beg their customers to tweet them, friend them, and publicly rate their products. And constantly analyzing a deluge of Internet, social and sensor data is the key to creating the next super-successful product, or capturing an evil terrorist. The old IT architecture was planned, dedicated, stable, controlled, with separate and well-defined roles. The new architecture is shared, dynamic, continuous, XaaS, DevOps. This keynote session describes the challenges and opportunities that the new business / IT paradigms present to the IT architecture and architects. 9:45am - 10:30am Technical Session Oracle Cloud: A Case Study in Building a Cloud | Anbu Krishnaswami Enterprise Architect, Oracle Building a Cloud can be challenging thanks to the complex requirements unique to Cloud computing and the massive scale typically associated with Cloud. Cloud providers can take an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) approach and build a cloud on virtualized commodity hardware, or they can take the Platform as a Service (PaaS) path, a service-oriented approach based on pre-configured, integrated, engineered systems. This presentation uses the Oracle Cloud itself as a case study in the use of engineered systems, demonstrating how the technical design of engineered systems is leveraged for building PaaS and SaaS Cloud services and a Cloud management infrastructure. The presentation will also explore the principles, patterns, best practices, and architecture views provided in Oracle's Cloud reference architecture. 10:30 am -10:45 am Break 10:45am-11:30am Technical Session Database as a Service | Markus Michalewicz Senior Principal Product Manager Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) New applications are now commonly built in a Cloud model, where the database is consumed as a service, and many established business processes are beginning to migrate to database as a service (DBaaS). This adoption of DBaaS is made possible by the availability of new capabilities in the database that enable resource pooling, dynamic resource management, model-based provisioning, metered use, and effective quality-of-service controls. This session will examine the catalog of database services at a large commercial bank to understand how these capabilities are enabling DBaaS for a wide range of needs within the enterprise. 11:30 am - 12:00 pm Panel Q&A Dr. James Baty, Anbu Krishnaswami, and Markus Michalewicz respond to audience questions. Registration is free, but seating is limited, so register now.

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• Set Covering : Runtime hang\error at function call in c

  - by EnthuCrazy

  I am implementing a set covering application which uses cover function int cover(set *skill_list,set *player_list,set *covering) Suppose skill_set={a,b,c,d,e}, player_list={s1,s2,s3} then output coverin ={s1,s3} where say s1={a,b,c}, s3={d,e} and s2={b,d}. Now when I am calling this function it's hanging at run (set_cover.exe stopped working). Here is my cover function: typedef struct Spst_{ void *key; set *st; }Spst; int cover(set *skill_list,set *player_list,set *covering) { Liste *member,*max_member; Spst *subset; set *intersection; void **data; int max_size; set_init(covering); //to initialize set covering initially while(skill_list->size>0&&player_list->size>0) { max_size=0; for(member=player_list->head;member!=NULL;member=member->next) { if(set_intersection(intersection,((Spst *)(member->data))->st,skill_list)!=0) return -1; if(intersection->size>max_size) { max_member=member; max_size=intersection->size; } set_destroy(intersection); //at the end of iteration } if(max_size==0) //to check for no covering return -1; subset=(Spst *)max_member->data; //to insert max subset from play list to covering set set_inselem(covering,subset); for(member=(((Spst *)max_member->data)->st->head);member!=NULL;member=member->next) //to rem elem from skill list { data=(void **)member->data; set_remelem(skill_list,data); } set_remelem(player_list,(void **)subset); //to rem subset from set of subsets play list } if(skill_list->size>0) return -1; return 0; } Now assuming I have defined three set type sets(as stated above) and calling from main as cover(skills,subsets,covering);=> runtime hang Here Please give inputs on the missing link in this or the prerequisites for a proper call to this function type required. EDIT: Assume other functions used in cover are tested and working fine.

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• Forms&Reports upgrade characterset issues

  - by Lukasz Romaszewski

  Hello,This quick post is based on my findings during recent IMC workshops, especially those related to upgrading the Forms 6i/9i/10g applications to Forms 11g platform. The upgrade process itself is pretty straightforward and it basically requires recompiling your Forms application with a latest version of frmcmp tool. For some cases though, especially when you migrate from Forms 6i which is a client-server architecture to a 3-tier web solution (Forms 11g), you need to rewrite some parts of your code to make it run on new platform. The things you need to change range from reimplementing (using webutil library) typical client-site functionality like local IO operation, access to WinAPI, invoking DLLs etc. to changing deprecated or obsolete APIs like RUN_PRODUCT to RUN_REPORT_OBJECT. To automate those changes Oracle provides complete Java API  which allows you to manipulate the code and structure of you modules (JDAPI). To make it even easier we can use Forms Migration Assistant tool (written in Java using JDAPI) which is able to replace all occurrences of old API entries with their 11g equivalents or warn you when the replacement is not possible. You can also add your own replacement definitions in the search_replace.properties file. But you need to be aware of some issues that can be encountered using this tool. First of all if you are using some hard-coded text inside your triggers you may notice that after processing them by the Migration Assistant tool the national characters may be lost. This is due to the fact that you need to explicitly tell Java application (which MA really is) what kind of characterset it should use to read those text properly. In order to do that just add to a script calling MA the following line:  export JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS=-Dfile.encoding=<JAVA_ISO_ENCODING>  when the particular encoding must match the NLS_LANG in your Forms Builder environment (for example for Polish characterset you need to use ISO-8859-2).Second issue you can encounter related to national charactersets is lack of national symbols in you reports after migration. This can be solved by adding appropriate NLS_LANG entry in your reports environment. Sometimes instead of particular characterset you see "Greek characters" in your reports. This is just default font used by reports engine instead of the one defined in your report. To solve it you must copy fonts definitions from your old environment (e.g. Forms 10g installation) to appropriate directory in new installation (usually AFM folder). For more information about this and other issues please refer to https://support.oracle.com/CSP/main/article?cmd=show&type=NOT&doctype=BULLETIN&id=1297012.1at My Oracle Support site. That's all for today, stay tuned for more posts on this topic! Lukasz

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• RemoveAll Dictionary Extension Method

  - by João Angelo

  Removing from a dictionary all the elements where the keys satisfy a set of conditions is something I needed to do more than once so I implemented it as an extension method to the IDictionary<TKey, TValue> interface. Here’s the code: public static class DictionaryExtensions { /// <summary> /// Removes all the elements where the key match the conditions defined by the specified predicate. /// </summary> /// <typeparam name="TKey"> /// The type of the dictionary key. /// </typeparam> /// <typeparam name="TValue"> /// The type of the dictionary value. /// </typeparam> /// <param name="dictionary"> /// A dictionary from which to remove the matched keys. /// </param> /// <param name="match"> /// The <see cref="Predicate{T}"/> delegate that defines the conditions of the keys to remove. /// </param> /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"> /// dictionary is null /// <br />-or-<br /> /// match is null. /// </exception> /// <returns> /// The number of elements removed from the <see cref="IDictionary{TKey, TValue}"/>. /// </returns> public static int RemoveAll<TKey, TValue>( this IDictionary<TKey, TValue> dictionary, Predicate<TKey> match) { if (dictionary == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("dictionary"); if (match == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("match"); var keysToRemove = dictionary.Keys.Where(k => match(k)).ToList(); if (keysToRemove.Count == 0) return 0; foreach (var key in keysToRemove) { dictionary.Remove(key); } return keysToRemove.Count; } }

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• Common Areas For Securing Web Services

  The only way to truly keep a web service secure is to host it on a web server and then turn off the server. In real life no web service is 100% secure but there are methodologies for increasing the security around web services. In order for consumers of a web service they must adhere to the service’s Service-Level Agreement (SLA).  An SLA is a digital contract between a web service and its consumer. This contract defines what methods and protocols must be used to access the web service along with the defined data formats for sending and receiving data through the service. If either part does not abide by the contract then the service will not be accessible for consumption. Common areas for securing web services: Universal Discovery Description Integration  (UDDI) Web Service Description Language  (WSDL) Application Level Network Level “UDDI is a specification for maintaining standardized directories of information about web services, recording their capabilities, location and requirements in a universally recognized format.” (UDDI, 2010) WSDL on the other hand is a standardized format for defining a web service. A WSDL describes the allowable methods for accessing the web service along with what operations it performs. Web services in the Application Level can control access to what data is available by implementing its own security through various methodologies but the most common method is to have a consumer pass in a token along with a system identifier so that they system can validate the users access to any data or actions that they may be requesting. Security restrictions can also be applied to the host web server of the service by restricting access to the site by IP address or login credentials. Furthermore, companies can also block access to a service by using firewall rules and only allowing access to specific services on certain ports coming from specific IP addresses. This last methodology may require consumers to obtain a static IP address and then register it with the web service host so that they will be provide access to the information they wish to obtain. It is important to note that these areas can be secured in any combination based on the security level tolerance dictated by the publisher of the web service. This being said, the bare minimum security implantation must be in the Application Level within the web service itself. Typically I create a security layer within a web services exposed Internet that requires a consumer identifier and a consumer token. This information is then used to authenticate the requesting consumer before the actual request is performed. Refernece:UDDI. (2010). Retrieved 11 13, 2011, from LooselyCoupled.com: http://www.looselycoupled.com/glossary/UDDIService-Level Agreement (SLA). (n.d.). Retrieved 11 13, 2011, from SearchITChannel: http://searchitchannel.techtarget.com/definition/service-level-agreement

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• Difference between the terms Material & Effect

  - by codey

  I'm making an effect system right now (I think, because it may be a material system... or both!). The effects system follows the common (e.g. COLLADA, DirectX) effect framework abstraction of Effects have Techniques, Techniques have Passes, Passes have States & Shader Programs. An effect, according to COLLADA, defines the equations necessary for the visual appearance of geometry and screen-space image processing. Keeping with the abstraction, effects contain techniques. Each effect can contain one or many techniques (i.e. ways to generate the effect), each of which describes a different method for rendering that effect. The technique could be relate to quality (e.g. high precision, high LOD, etc.), or in-game-situation (e.g. night/day, power-up-mode, etc.). Techniques hold a description of the textures, samplers, shaders, parameters, & passes necessary for rendering this effect using one method. Some algorithms require several passes to render the effect. Pipeline descriptions are broken into an ordered collection of Pass objects. A pass provides a static declaration of all the render states, shaders, & settings for "one rendering pipeline" (i.e. one pass). Meshes usually contain a series of materials that define the model. According to the COLLADA spec (again), a material instantiates an effect, fills its parameters with values, & selects a technique. But I see material defined differently in other places, such as just the Lambert, Blinn, Phong "material types/shaded surfaces", or as Metal, Plastic, Wood, etc. In game dev forums, people often talk about implementing a "material/effect system". Is the material not an instance of an effect? Ergo, if I had effect objects, stored in a collection, & each effect instance object with there own parameter setting, then there is no need for the concept of a material... Or am I interpreting it wrong? Please help by contributing your interpretations as I want to be clear on a distinction (if any), & don't want to miss out on the concept of a material if it should be implemented to follow the abstraction of the DirectX FX framework & COLLADA definitions closely.

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