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• Top causes of slow ssh logins

  - by Peter Lyons

  I'd love for one of you smart and helpful folks to post a list of common causes of delays during an ssh login. Specifically, there are 2 spots where I see a range from instantaneous to multi-second delays. Between issuing the ssh command and getting a login prompt and between entering the passphrase and having the shell load Now, specifically I'm looking at ssh details only here. Obviously network latency, speed of the hardware and OSes involved, complex login scripts, etc can cause delays. For context I ssh to a vast multitude of linux distributions and some Solaris hosts using mostly Ubuntu, CentOS, and MacOS X as my client systems. Almost all of the time, the ssh server configuration is unchanged from the OS's default settings. What ssh server configurations should I be interested in? Are there OS/kernel parameters that can be tuned? Login shell tricks? Etc?

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• Can I split one RAID1 partition in two?

  - by Prosys

  I have a linux box with CentOS 6.2 and a RAID1 (2x 2Tb) configuration: /dev/md1 -> / (10G) /dev/md2 -> /home (1.9T) I want to split the md2 in two different partitions, so I can get the following configuration: /dev/md1 -> / (10G) /dev/md2 -> /home (1T) /dev/md3 -> /example (900G) How can I achieve this? I already know that I can resize the partition, but that doesn't alter the real partition table (only the md device), so how can I do this?

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• asymetric encryption of directory

  - by ftiaronsem

  Hello alltogether Currently I am wondering whether it is possible to apply asymetric encryption of a directory in Linux. I would like to achieve the following: Write log files to /var/log/secret Everything written to /var/log/secret is instantly encrypted by a public RSA key (or something similar) The encryption programms I know, i.e. ecryptfs do not support asymetric encryption of files, at least as far as I know. (Correct me if I am wrong). Therefore I am asking here whether you know of any possibility to implement this. Thanks in advance

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• Iptables to lock down compromised server to a single ip

  - by ollybee

  I have a Linux server which is compromised, I can see nasty looking perl scripts executing with root privileges. I want to get some data off it before I wipe it. How can I block all inbound and outbound traffic except for my ip? It's a Centos server I assume i can do this with iptables? I'm aware a the server is rooted there is a possibility that attackers could have made changes on the server that would prevent this from working. Ill be testing to make sure and only have the server online for a couple of hours before it is nuked.

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• How can I use rsync with a FAT file system?

  - by Kim

  I would like to write a simple backup script that saves some data to a FAT drive. Should I reformat the drive and use a better file system or is it possible to use rsync with FAT? If so, what problems might I run into? Would performance be a lot worse? EDIT: This is on linux, didn't even know there was a rsync for windows. The sources are various file systems (it's a mess), and the destination is currently formatted with FAT32. Thank you for your answers, I'll probably go for a reformat, since I'm not completely sure about the file sizes we'll have.

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• Hylafax with serial over IP modem

  - by zero_r

  I'm looking into virtualizing a Hylafax server which currently runs on a dedicated hardware running CentOS with a Divalogic card. The main issue obviously is, how to connect the modem to the VM. There are serial over IP devices available at digi.com. Maybe there are others? Regarding digi.com devices, as far as I understood one can install the RealPort software and then have a /dev/ttySx device presented to the Linux server. This device then can be used as serial connection to the modem. Does someone have such a configuration in place? Or does someone have another idea to virtualize a Hylafax server (outbound faxes only). Thank you in advance

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• Don't run cron job if already running

  - by webnoob

  Hi All, I know this question has been asked already but I either didn't understand the answer or it didn't apply to me. I have a php script that I am calling every 1 minute using CPanel to set up the Cron Job. The nature of the script means that it could overrun for just over the minute so I need to know how to stop the next one running if the first one hasn't completed. I have a VPS running CENTOS 5.5 and have access to WHM and CPanel. I have never used Linux before (only just got the server yesterday) so I have no idea what I am doing and would appreciate some help if possible. If I need to provide more information please let me know (I don't know what info you would need at the moment). Thanks.

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• debian installation without internet connection

  - by Gobliins

  Hi i want to install some Debian distributions (Grip, Crush, Lenny...) for arm / armel architectures. www.emdebian.org/ i refer to this guide www.aurel32.net/info/debian_arm_qemu.php The Problem i have is that i dont have internet connection with My Linux VM or Qemu i am behind a Proxy. I want to know is there a way where i can dl all the needed files and save them to disk that i don´t need an i.c. during the installation? I am working under Windows now. my regards

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• Is there any diff tool for XML files?

  - by qedi

  Are there any good (Linux) tools for diffing two XML files? Ideally, I would like to be able configure it to some things strict, or loosen some things, like whitespace, or attribute order. I'll often care that the files are functionally the same, but diff by itself, would be annoying to use, especially if the XML file doesn't have a lot of linebreaks. For example, the following should really be okay to me: <tag att1="one" att2="two"> content </tag> <tag att2="two" att1="one"> content </tag>

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• Cannot find grldr in all devices

  - by blockhead

  I'm running wubi on XP machine. Started out originally with 8.04, and gradually upgraded to 10.04. Recently, I was creating linux bootable USB drive, and put it in my system to see if it would work. After booting the LiveOS, and rebooting my machine, I know get the error Cannot find grldr in all devices when booting Ubuntu. I don't know what grldr is, but I assume it is the GRUB Loader. Did booting the LiveOS screw with my MBR perhaps? How can I fix this, and if not, is it possible to reinstall wubi, without losing anything of what I have now?

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• How do I bridge connections in Debian?

  - by Josh

  In windows I can select Local Area Connection and Wireless Network Connection, right click and select Bridge Connections How can I achieve the same effect in Linux? (Debian to be exact) Pretty much I want Computer B to connect to Computer A via ethernet cable. Well Computer A is connected wirelessly. Allowing Computer B to get on the internet. == UPDATE == I've enabled IP forwarding and used the following iptables command: iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o wlan0 -j MASQUERADE I'm still unable to access the internet from Computer B though.

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• Updating and deleting java (red hat / centos)

  - by JochemTheSchoolKid

  I am a total noob with linux. So please explain clearly if you have a solution for me. I have an VPS and I want to update JAVA. I found a guide on the Java site which says: rpm -e < package_name I searched for the packages: [root@srv1 ~]# rpm -qa | grep java java_cup-0.10k-5.el6.x86_64 java-1.5.0-gcj-1.5.0.0-29.1.el6.x86_64 Than I tried to do the delete command [root@srv1 ~]# rpm -e java-1.5.0-gcj-1.5.0.0-29.1.el6.x86_64 error: Failed dependencies: java-gcj-compat is needed by (installed) java_cup-1:0.10k-5.el6.x86_64 java-gcj-compat >= 1.0.70 is needed by (installed) sinjdoc-0.5-9.1.el6.x86_64 What should I do now?

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• Invalid user names when creating a LDAP account

  - by h1d

  I'm trying to set up a system where a visitor can enter any user name in a form to create a new user and in the end it gets built on LDAP directory and I'm planning that to be mapped as a UNIX account as well (on Ubuntu Linux) by making the system look up for system accounts on the LDAP. Doing so is fine, but I feel that many user names should be avoided, one of the obvious being 'root' and all the other user names taken for daemons etc. How do you tackle at this problem? Do you make up a list of disallowed user names by checking /etc/passwd? I was thinking that if, internally, the user names could be prepended as 'ldap_' or something, it will avoid any naming conflicts but that seems hard when the LDAP entry name is 'joe' but the system account will look like 'ldap_joe'. Not even sure how that can be achieved.

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• phpmyadmin or other mysql gui - edit whole table from one screen

  - by lorem

  Let's say I have table in database. I'd like to be able to view all data from this table and be able to edit every field from single screen. I tried to do this in phpmyadmin but I'm not sure how... I can see all data but I have to click edit on single field and then I'm sent to next screen, can't really edit everything at once. How do I do this in phpmyadmin or other mysql gui? I'm on Linux, my server too. I'd like each field in table to be editable text field - maybe this will show better what I'm searching for.

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• What is shrink_slab, and why is it showing up in /var/log/messages?

  - by Steve Kehlet

  I'm investigating some application issues on a Linux system and noticed this around the time of the most recent problem, but not close enough to be definitively related: Jun 7 17:51:49 localhost kernel: shrink_slab: nr=-155456000 Jun 7 17:51:49 localhost kernel: shrink_slab: nr=-157859400 Jun 7 17:51:49 localhost kernel: shrink_slab: nr=-157833400 Jun 8 06:20:23 localhost kernel: shrink_slab: nr=-284172800 What is this? Googling isn't helping, I get that it's something with VM, but why is it suddenly showing up in /var/log/messages? Edit: I take it it's showing this because the number of pages it could free ("nr") is negative. Which is presumably a bad thing. I found patches for newer kernels that display a more useful message to this effect. Still not sure what this means though, or what I need to do about it.

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• Pointing a subdomain at a file

  - by Seva Alekseyev

  Switched hosting recently (Linux, CPanel, WHM). At the old host, there was a subdomain that had a file (instead of a directory) as a root. The file was a CGI script. The said subdomain was created via CPanel by me a while ago. At the new host, I'm trying to recreate this subdomain. And I get the following error: The directory, /home/(...)/cgi-bin/guest.cgi could not be created. Is there a tweak somewhere that enables this functionality? EDIT: tried to repeat the trick on the old site, and I could not. CPanel update broke it, maybe?

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• How to make a secure MongoDB server?

  - by Earlz

  Hello, I'm wanting my website to use MongoDB as it's datastore. I've used MongoDB in my development environment with no worries, but I'm worried about security with a public server. My server is a VPS running Arch Linux. The web application will also be running on it, so it only needs to accept connections from localhost. And no other users(by ssh or otherwise) will have direct access to my server. What should I do to secure my instance of MongoDB?

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• Hide the ports in the url of a tomcat application

  - by S.M.09

  I have setup tomcat 6 on a server with several different instances which run on different ports For Eg: http://10.XXX.XXX.XXX:8080/myAPP1 http://10.XXX.XXX.XXX:8088/myAPP2 http://10.XXX.XXX.XXX:8082/myAPP3 and so on... These urls are available two the users using these and other applications Now I want to hide the ports on which each of the applications are running... So that the user could see only something like this http://10.XXX.XXX.XXX/myAPP1 http://10.XXX.XXX.XXX/myAPP2 http://10.XXX.XXX.XXX/myAPP3 What is needed to be done for this I have achieved this for one url (i.e. one port) using the firewall rules and redirect the request on HTTP 80 port to the port that tomcat is listening.. But I want such patter to appear for all the urls... How can I go about this? Specs HOST M/C : 64 bit OS: Linux Redhat Tomcat : 6.0

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• Moving a file using PuTTY

  - by Paul Trotter

  I am newbie struggling to move a file on a Linux VPS using PuTTY. I can log in with a user in PuTTY at this point I can navigate to see the file I wish to move (~/servers/apache-solr-3.6.2/example/webapps/solr.war). By using cd .. a couple of times from the directory I begin at when I first log in to PuTTY I can then navigate to the location I wish to move the file to: usr/local/jakarta/apache-tomcat-5.5.36/webapps/ I know that I need to use cp to copy the file and have tried variations on: cp ~/servers/apache-solr-3.6.2/example/webapps/solr.war usr/local/jakarta/apache-tomcat-5.5.36/webapps However each time I get 'No such file or directory' I have tried excluding the ~/ and the start and I have tried specifying solr.war at the end of the command. Please excuse the newbie question, but I would really appreciate some advice on what I am doing wrong here.

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• Manually forcing TCP connection to retry

  - by Vi

  I have a TCP connection (SSH session to some computer for example) Network suddenly goes down and drops all packets (disconnected cable, out of range). TCP resends packets again and again, retrying with increasing delays. I see the problem and plug the cable back (or restore network somehow). TCP connection finally successfully resends some packet and continues. The problem is that I need to wait for a some timeout on point 5. I want to use my opened SSH session now and not wait for 5-10 seconds until it finds out that connection is working again. How to force all TCP connections to resend data without now in GNU/Linux?

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• Is there a difference in page fault rates between CPU bound and I/O bound processes?

  - by user198864

  I was thinking, should there be any difference in expectation of the page fault rate on CPU-bound vs I/O bound processes? At first I thought maybe we could, since CPU-bound processes would likely be using more memory accesses per time quantum, so I expect it would move from locality to locality faster. At the same time, the CPU-bound process is probably given a larger working set... but this doesn't affect the fault overhead as it hits a new locality IF this wasn't pre-paged in. Is there actually any real difference in the page fault rates or am I just musing about something nonexistent? And if there is, how would it impact a real-world OS like linux?

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• Splitting an archive on multiple media

  - by Robert Munteanu

  I'm generating archives which are larger than my current physical media ( DVD ). I'd like to split those archives: automatically - instead of generating mini-archives by hand; consistently - so that an archive can be extracted independently of another. For instance for a tree of 24GB which would be archived into 10GB I would get 3 archives, all of them < 4.7 GB and each of them being able to be extracted without the other 2. I'm using dirvish so I'm archiving a filesystem tree. Update: I'm using Linux.

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• Can't access to a iSCSI volume

  - by jmiguel.rodriguez

  I have a iSCSI target on a customer place I'm using from an old Fedora (Core6) server. I configured it and formatted as ext3 (mistake, now I know) and I've been working with it for some time. Now I need to access this volume from other machine. As far as I've read, I can't do it safely from two machines at the same time (yep, that's the first thing I tried). So I've umount it from original server and tried to mount it on the new server (I did it at first with Ubuntu 10 LTS but when I was unable to do it I installed another Fedora with the same configuration) with no success. The problem: I can see all target on NAS but when I do a "fdisk -l" to see all devices and know which mount I see all targets as SFS filesystem. From the original server I see all SFS (after all, they belong to my customer and don't know what he have in) except the one I manage which I see as 'Linux'. What can I do? Thank you in advanced, regards, jmiguel

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• Critical (Unixlike) Distros for Sysadmin Hopefuls to Have Experience With

  - by Interwebs

  Hi All, I'm trying to learn to be a Unix/Linux Sysadmin, and am hoping to get some hands-on experience by setting up a few installs (VMs, old comps, and the like) at home and practicing administering them. I was wondering, in the experience of those on this site, which distros are critical to be comfortable with. Obviously, to a certain extent, they're all similar, but there are substantial enough differences between administering, say, Debian, OpenSolaris, FreeBSD, and CentOS. So, which distros are most important to practice with in your opinion? Which have had most demand/come up most often in actual work situations? Thanks!

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• Where's my tab completion and up-arrow behavior? (Ubuntu 10.04)

  - by pastorius

  I'm new to Linux, trying Ubuntu 10.04, preconfigured by host. When I log in (SSH) using the preconfigured account, the shell prompt is: user@hostname:~$ The up arrow scrolls through the list of recent shell commands, and tab-completion works as expected. However, when I create an account and log in (SSH) using that account, the shell prompt is simply "$", and the up arrow just prints a control character (^[[A). Can anyone tell me how to get my prompt, tab-completion, and up-arrow behavior set up? The fact that I'm getting control characters when I up-arrow makes me think that my account (or session) is in some mode I'm unfamiliar with. I know there is tab-completion code stored in bashrc that I can uncomment, but that doesn't seem to have any effect, even after logging out and logging back in. Am I in some strange mode when I SSH in with the new account, or are there just some session/account settings I need to set up, and can find information for anywhere on the Internet if I just knew what to look for?

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