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• Convert color photos of documents to good black-and-white images?

  - by Norman Ramsey

  Since I don't have a copier or scanner, I'm using an 8 megapixel camera to copy documents. This works pretty well except they need a lot of processing afterward. I'd like to get from a photo to a bitmap, but using djpeg -grayscale -pnm photo.jpg | pgmtopbm -threshold -value XXX does not work so well, for two reasons: It's hard to guess what XXX should be, and XXX is different for different photos. Illumination varies, and sometimes a single threshold isn't what's right for the image. How can I do better? The ideal solution will be fully automatic command-line program that I can run on Linux. (I have already written a program to remove dark pixels from the edges of images.)

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• fail2ban on server with LXC Containers

  - by RoboTamer

  The issue is modprobe and iptables don't work inside an LXC Container. LXC is the userspace control package for Linux Containers, a lightweight virtual system mechanism sometimes described as “chroot on steroids”. iptables error inside the container is: # iptables -I INPUT -s 122.129.126.194 -j DROP > iptables v1.4.8: can't initialize iptables table `filter': Table does not exist (do you need to insmod?) Perhaps iptables or your kernel needs to be upgraded. I am guessing that it can't work because the LXC containers share one kernel, the main server kernel. How do I do fail2ban in this case. modprobe and iptables work in the main server so I could install it there and link to the logfiles somehow, my guess? Any suggestions?

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• Kernel appears to have no modules

  - by George Reith

  Useful info: OS: CentOS 5.8 final Kernel: 2.6.32-042stab056.8 My kernel came prebuilt with the server, I don't know anything about kernels and not a lot about linux however as far as I do know I should have some modules loaded by the kernel. I came across this problem because I am unable to run iscsi as it is expecting certain modules to be loaded. lsmod returns nothing. depmod -a returns: WARNING: Couldn't open directory /lib/modules/2.6.32-042stab056.8: No such file or directory FATAL: Could not open /lib/modules/2.6.32-042stab056.8/modules.dep.temp for writing: No such file or directory I have rebooted and nothing has changed. Does anyone know why this is happening?

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• Giving a permission to write and read from /var/www

  - by mako

  I need that directory, as I want to put my sites there, so that apache can run them.. It is my virtual directory path.. and I am new to linux.. I just want to read and write from that directory.. How do I enable creating/saving/reading files/folders from that directory? What command do I give? I tried a few, but I think I need to be a super user to make the folder writtable readable. Note that I dont care about security.

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• Howto maintain an EXT3 filesystem

  - by Reinoud van Santen

  Lately I had several servers which encountered a write error on an EXT3 filesystem and as a result of that remounted the filesystem read-only. Understandably on a production server this causes severe problems. On a reboot the filesystem where fixed but on large partitions this takes a lot of time. After the filesystem was fixed, correcting several errors, the server runs well again. What can I do to minimize the rate at which this happens? I can't seem to find much information on periodically checking the filesystem(s) on a running server. Is it possible to change the way in which EXT3 / the system handles write errors? What would be a sane solution. All servers which this is regarding to are running CentOS Linux 5.4 or 5.5.

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• Why does a redirect from a local IP address assume localhost?

  - by Jeremy

  I am developing a web application on my desktop and it is running on port 80. I am able to access the application from my laptop connected to the LAN by entering my desktop's LAN IP address 192.168.1.8. Now, my application sends a redirect after login, but my laptop assumes the final address is localhost/login. If I manually type in the IP address and URI for any page, it shows that I am logged in, so it works as expected. So, why does the redirect assume localhost? Both of my machines are linux-based. The laptop being Chrome OS. I am running nginx which proxies non-static file requests to jetty on port 8080.

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• Can't figure out how to make Slitaz USB persistent

  - by Dennis Hodapp

  I installed Slitaz on my USB. However I can't figure out how to make it persistent automatically. There are different sources telling me different ways to make it persistent. One told me to add "slitaz home=usb" to the syslinux.cfg file like this: append initrd=/boot/rootfs.gz rw root=/dev/null vga=normal autologin slitaz home=usb but it didn't work for me. http://www.slitaz.org/en/doc/handbook/liveusb.html gave an example of how to do it manually but I didn't try it and I also want it to happen automatically. custompc.co.uk/features/602451/make-any-pc-your-own-with-linux-on-a-usb-key.html is an older article that also explains how to make the USB persistent but I don't want to try it cause it looks outdated (from 2008) does anyone know the best way to make the USB automatically persistent?

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• monitor just what's going on -on a firewall

  - by bbutle01

  I have this little snapgear firewall. It's a little purpose built box running a custom linux, SH4 processor @240 Mhz, 64MB of ram. Basically how close we are to capacity is a mystery to me. I know I can run top and see the status of all the processes, but how can I see just how much of the processor is going to passing data... and how to estimate when I'm going to need to upgrade, and by tweaking iptables rules, how does that help/hurt the processor. suggestions?

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• What is fastest way to backup a disk image over LAN?

  - by David Balažic

  Sometimes I boot sysrescd or a similar live linux on a PC to backup the hardrive over local network to my server. I noticed many times, that the transfer speed is not optimal (slower than HDD and network speed). Any rules of thumb what to do and what to avoid? What I typically do is something like: dd bs=16M if=/dev/sda | nc ... # on client nc ... | dd bs=16M of=/destination/disk/backup1 # on server I also "throw" in lzop (other are way too slow) and sometimes on the fly md5sum calculation (both of uncompressed and compress source). I try to add (m)buffer (or other alternatives) to improve throughput (and get a progress indicator). I noticed that even with enough free CPU, adding commands to the pipeline slows things down. Typically the destination is on a NTFS volume (accessed via ntfs-3g, with the _big_writes_ option).

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• Is it possible to modify a color scheme and windows decorations in Xfce4?

  - by Juhele

  just testing PCLinuxOS Phoenix XFCE Edition 2011-07 which I would like to install on my grandpa's PC instead older PCLOS 2009 with KDE3 (which is almost impossible to upgrade). The PC is relatively older one (Sempron 2200+ CPU, MSI K7N2GM2 board with integrated GeForce 440MX series graphics, 1GB RAM and 80GB IDE HDD) and I thought that it is too weak for KDE4. I already used Xfce in the past (Sam Linux 2006 and 2007), but in new Xfce4 I am not able to somehow change the windows color scheme and the windows decorations - the settings manager offers me switching between preinstalled themes but it is possible to modify them with some GUI?

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• May the file size returned by stat be compromised?

  - by codeholic

  I want to make sure that nobody changed a file. In order to accomplish that, I want not only to check MD5 sum of the file, but also check its size, since as far as I understand this additional simple check can sophisticate falsification by several digits. May I trust the size that stat returns? I don't mean if changes were made to stat itself. I don't go that deep. But, for instance, may one compromise the file size that stat returns by hacking the directory file? Or by similar means, that do not require superuser privileges? It's Linux.

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• Browser-based Operating System

  - by Ross Peoples

  I have a bunch of touchscreen machines that I want to display a webpage on and have users interact with the webpage via the touchscreen. Right now, this is done with a full-blown OS with a browser set to run at startup. I think maybe the ideal solution is to use a Linux-based OS that boots up, starts X, then starts a web browser (Chrome, Firefox, or whatever) in full screen mode. What kind of options do I have? I really want to avoid using a full-blown OS like I do now. It looks unprofessional and takes a while to boot up. I was thinking maybe Chrome OS or something, but I wouldn't know how to set it up for my purposes, since it's still designed to be used as a desktop OS instead of a kiosk-type OS.

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• Conference Calling Meetme.conf PROBLEM - Astarisk

  - by Zafer

  I am facing problem in conference calling (OS ubuntu latest) ... I created a conference Room and an extension no .. when i dial from my softphone (3cx or X-Lite) it says "YOU ARE ENTERING CONFERENCE NO 1234. YOU ARE CURRENTLY THE ONLY PERSON IN THE CONFERENCE) and then a music for a second and then shows connected... Now when i dial form another soft phone the same extension it goes to second conference room and plays the same message .. if i create only one conference room .. the second no. didn't connect to it and says no conference room. CAN some one help me out .... I just want to create a conference room OR extension where 4-5 or 6 people can call and make a conference ... i am not very much expert in linux and asterisk so simple steps to achieve my goal .. Thanks

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• Enabling Compiz Viewport Switcher key bindings

  - by David Moles

  I'm running compiz 0.8.2 with compizconfig on Scientific Linux 6.2 with Gnome 2.28.2. In the compizconfig "General Options" I have "Desktop Size" set as follows: Horizontal Virtual Size: 6 Vertical Virtual Size: 1 Number of Desktops: 1 This gets me the layout I want, i.e. 6 workspaces in a horizontal layout. Ctrl-alt-cursor-keys work fine for switching between them. However, I can't figure out how to get key bindings for specific workspaces. I've tried enabling "Viewport Switcher" in compizconfig, and tried various combinations both in "Number-based viewport switching" and "Go to specific viewport", to no apparent effect. My first thought was that something else was eating the specific key bindings I chose, but I think I've tried every combination of shift, control, alt and super (i.e., the Windows key) by now. I tried setting 6 desktops under "General Options" instead of one desktop with horizontal virtual size 6, but that doesn't seem to make a difference either. What am I missing?

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• Gnome 3 - Unable to change date and time

  - by Chris Harris

  I am running Arch Linux with Gnome 3. Unfortunately, although my time and date settings in /etc/rc.conf show that HARDWARECLOCK='UTC' and TIMEZONE='America/LosAngeles'. I continue to get the timezone of Europe/London. If I try to change the date and time via the GUI. It requires root access. After authorizing root access, the date and time may be changed; however, after closing the GUI window, it automatically reverts back to the previous incorrect timezone. I am able to use pool.ntp.org in order to sync my time to the correct one; however, this works only for the current session and is not fixed. This solution is inconvenient since there is not always network access. What other solutions are available for this problem?

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• How to rename everything matching a certain string in a folder

  - by lostiniceland

  Hello Everyone I am running Linux and I have some basic console knowledge but my current problem is quite difficult and I dont know how to achieve this. I want/need to rename everything within a folder that matches a given string. By everything I mean folders/files content within a file content in hidden files Basically I want to refactor a Java-project. Sure, I could use Eclipse to handle the replacing, but this leaves out the folders or resources outside of my workspace. I was thinking of a script that could do the job for me but this seems rather tricky. For instance when it comes to folder-/file-rename I want to replace only the part of the name that matches my string, the rest should remain untouched. Maybe someone already has something like this in his/her script-collection :-) Thanks in advance Marc

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• Plesk directory structure problems

  - by johnnietheblack

  I have an entire website with the following directory structure: /example.com /html (public) /css /js index.php /lib session.php other_lib_files.php /views index.php /models /controllers As illustrated, the html is public, and anything above it is private. My site now needs to upgrade servers, and the new server (Linux w/ Plesk) has the following structure (reduced to the problematic parts below): /myplesksite.com /httpdocs /css /js index.php /private /lib /models /views What I would THINK is that I should be able to put my /lib, /views, /models, etc in the directory directly above /httpdocs, the same way I had it in my previous server. Is that possible? Or do I have to put it in private? I would really love not to have to adjust my internal paths throughout the site if not necessary...

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• Restrict VPN Clients to VPN Server

  - by Sprotty

  I've setup a VPN server using Debians pptpd. This all works, but I want to restrict incoming connections so they can only access ports on the VPN server and not get access to other machines on the VPN servers local network. I'm guessing this is a firewall rule? but i'm new to linux so am struggling a bit... ---- Additional info ----- The VPN Server is also hosting an SVN server, which is its real purpose, and the only service I want it to expose to incoming connections. I guess I could expose the SVN server directly, but I'm not confident that I could secure this correctly, so a VPN seemed to give an additional layer of security.

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• Routing application traffic through specific interface

  - by UnicornsAndRainbows

  Hello All! First question here, so please go easy: I have a debian linux 5.0 server with two public interfaces. I would like to route outbound traffic from one instance of an application via one interface and the second instance through the second interface. There are some challenges: both instances of the application use the same protocol both instances of the application can access the entire internet (can't route based on dest network) I can't change the code of the application I don't think a typical approach to load balancing all traffic is going to work well, because there are relatively few destination servers being accessed in the outbound traffic, and all traffic would really need to be distributed pretty evenly across these relatively few servers. I could probably run two virtualized servers on the box and bind each of them to a different external ip, but I'm looking for a simpler solution, maybe using iproute or iptables? Any ideas for me? Thanks in advance - and I'm happy to answer any questions.

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• tcp handshake failed.client send rst (after syn-ack). can any one advice?

  - by user1495181

  architecture: 2 linux computer connected . on the second (192.168.1.1) one run apache server . I have a small program that take tcp packets from nfqueue change the dst ip to 192.168.1.1 in case that the dst ip is 192.168.1.2 (i know that i can do it with iptables , but my program will do more things in the future), fix check sum and return to the queue. if i call to telnet 192.168.1.1 , means that my program dosnt need to do any manipulation, handshake is OK. If i call to telnet 192.168.1.2 , my program change the dest. server get the syn and return syn-ack, but right after getting the syn-ack the client send rst. Can anyone advice? wireshark of the telnet tcpdump of the telenet above

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• Webserver: Performance impact when storing session files on /dev/shm

  - by GetFree

  I have a website runing on a typical setup: Linux, Apache, PHP, MySQL. However, what's not typical about it, is that it's getting tons of traffic (400,000+ visits a day) and so, efficiency is becoming more and more important to me. I'm constantly looking for things I could optimize and, right now, my attention is focused on PHP's session files. There's a hell lot of session files constantly being read and created on the /tmp directory. So my question is: Is it a good idea to store the session files in /dev/shm (tmpfs) in order to speed things up a little bit??

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• Routing Traffic on Ubuntu to give Raspberry PI Internet Access

  - by Scruffers

  I'm hoping someone can point me in the right direction for setting up my Linux (Ubuntu 12.04) box to route traffic from eth0 to wlan0. I'll try and explain the problem I am trying to solve: I currently have two separate networks: [RaspberryPi/eth0] 192.168.2.2 / 255.255.255.0 ^ | v [Ubuntu/eth0] 192.168.2.1 / 255.255.255.0 And: [Ubuntu/wlan0] 192.168.1.100 / 255.255.255.0 ^ | v [ADSL router] 192.168.1.1 / 255.255.255.0 So currently if I want to access the RaspberryPI I can SSH from the Ubuntu box to the PI. And if I want to use the Internet, I have full access from the Ubuntu box, but nothing from the RaspberryPI - the two networks are partitioned. What I would like to do is configure things so that the RaspberryPI has Internet access via the Ubuntu box and out to the Internet. I tried to create a bridge, but got the message "wlan0: operation not supported" (wireless chipset is Ralink RT3062). I'm sure giving the Raspberry PI Internet access should be easy to do in this configuration, but I am a bit lost - can someone point me in the right direction please?

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• Which OS should I chose for my VPS?

  - by Camran

  I am about to order a virtual private server now, and have no experience in any Linux OS whatsoever. I am a fast learner however... My VPS provider provides these OS: Ubuntu 8.04 LTS Ubuntu 8.04 LTS 64-bit Ubuntu 9.10 Ubuntu 9.10 64-bit Debian 5.0 Gentoo Gentoo 64-bit Ubuntu 8.04 LTS + Ruby on rails I don't know what these are, however I have heard about Ubuntu alot, and know there is alot of information about it on the Internet. Will it make any difference which one I chose? I plan on running a classifieds website, which uses PHP, MySql, Java (for Solr) and the usual standard stuff (HTML, javascript...). Which should I chose? And what is the next step after chosing one? Thanks

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• What's more cost effective, Hosting your web startup on Foss or Windows?

  - by user37899

  Hi, Not coming from the windows world, I'm confused about licensing. I think my knowledge may be out of date. Before we gave up with windows web servers (IIS 2), we used to have to pay Client Access licence's. This worked out quite expensive. Is it cheaper to host 1000's of users on Windows than use Free open source software tools? http://serverfault.com/questions/124329/network-load-balancing-efficience-and-limits. This post suggests I can pay $15 a month, for unlimited users. I certainly hope that this is unbiased view, I am a professional and use the right technology for the right job. I hope i am not feeling the wrath of a windows (or linux for that matter) fanboy. Perhaps a Microsoft certified Licensing person can clear this up. Should i be recommending to startups windows servers and products over lamp? Cheers!

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• Is it my motherboard?

  - by jarodrussell

  Early this week my home server (a Linux machine) threw a kernel panic. Yesterday is happened a couple of times. Then all of a sudden, when I plugged a USB stick in to run a memory test, the monitor stopped coming on. Now whenever I turn it on, the system gets power...I heard the drives spin, I see the processor fan spin, and the hard drive light comes on...but nothing happens. I put a video card in the AGP slot, but still nothing. The light on the power button that usually comes on stopped coming on. I took the memory out to see if it would beep, but nothing beeped. It's like it's getting power, but it's not coming on. Does this sound like a motherboard problem to anyone else? I think it is, but a second opinion would be greatly appreciated. Thanks.

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