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• Backing up default windows installation with dd from linux running on another partition - is this fe

  - by Marek

  I am preparing to reinstall my system. I am thinking about creating a multi boot with a linux distro+Windows 7 to choose from when starting up. I would love to be able to skip all the hassle of reinstalling Windows and all programs when it starts becoming too slow in the future, thus I would like to mirror my fresh Windows system partition with some programs preinstalled. I am thinking about installing Ubuntu, making a partition for windows, installing windows with the basic environment (Visual Studio, Office, etc.) then booting into Linux and making an image of the windows partition with dd. I am not familiar with linux at all so I am a little afraid something may go wrong along the way. Is it possible to do it this way? Will I be able to partition my existing disk for multi boot easily after I install Ubuntu? Will I be able to recover the Windows partition easily using dd when I will need to re-create a fresh windows partition in the future? What other (better) approach can you recommend to achieve the goal of easy disk mirroring (for free)?

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• Is UPS worthwhile for home equipment?

  - by Jon Skeet

  Over the years, I've had to throw away a quite a few bits of computing equipment (and the like): Several ADSL routers with odd symptoms (losing wireless connections, losing wired connections, DHCP failures, DNS symptoms etc) Two PVRs spontaneously rebooting and corrupting themselves (despite the best efforts of the community to diagnose and help) One external hard disk still claiming to function, but corrupting data One hard disk as part of a NAS raid array "going bad" (as far as the NAS was concerned) (This is in addition to various laptops and printers dying in ways unrelated to this question.) Obviously it'll be impossible to tell for sure from such a small amount of information, but might these be related to power issues? I don't currently have a UPS for any of this equipment. Everything on surge-protected gang sockets, but there's nothing to smooth a power cut. Is home UPS really viable and useful? I know there are some reasonably cheap UPSes on the market, but I don't know how useful they really are. I'm not interested in keeping my home network actually running during a power cut, but I'd like it to power down a bit more gracefully if the current situation is putting my hardware in jeopardy.

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• Can't write to samba share

  - by Tiddo

  I try to setup a samba file server, but whatever I do I can't get write access to work (reading works fine). This is my current situation: I have a local fileserver with 3 harddisks mounted at /mnt/share/disk<nr>. 2 of these use the ext4 filesystem, the third one is ntfs. This file server runs Fedora 18 32-bit. The root folders of these harddisks are owned by superman:superman, and testparm outputs the following: [global] workgroup = WORKGROUP netbios name = FILE_SERVER server string = Samba Server Version %v interfaces = lo, eth0, 192.168.123.191/8 log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m max log size = 50 unix extensions = No load printers = No idmap config * : backend = tdb hosts allow = 192.168.123. cups options = raw wide links = Yes [share] comment = Home Directories path = /home/share/ write list = superman, @users force user = superman read only = No create mask = 0777 directory mask = 0777 inherit permissions = Yes guest ok = Yes I've tried a lot to get this to work: the disk are chmodded to 777, I've tried turning off selinux, I've added the samba_share_t label to the disks and as can be seen in the above output I tried to make the smb config as permissive as I could, but still I cannot write to the share (tried from Windows 7 and another Fedora installation). What can I try to be able to write to the shares? EDIT: The replies I got so far are mostly concerned with the smb.conf. I have however tried a lot of different setup, ready made configs, and solutions to similar problems for the smb.conf file, so I suspect that the real problem is somewhere else.

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• Ubuntu NBR karmic boot freezes at fsck from util-linux-ng 2.16

  - by Bluebill

  I have a netbook (emachine e250 - equivalent to an acer aspire one) and I have Ubunutu NBR 9.10 installed on it. Every other cold boot freezes at the following error message: fsck from util-linux-ng 2.16 There is no disk activity, no activity what so ever. I have left the machine sit for over an hour and nothing. It takes a couple of hard resets to be able to boot properly. Once it boots everything works great (wireless, suspend/resume, etc.)! I have spent the last couple of weeks researching the problem and the only thing that seems to work is setting nolapic in the boot string in grub - it boots every time. Unfortunately, nolapic disables the second core and causes problems with suspend resume. At first I thought it was an fsck problem with the first partition on the hard disk as it is a hidden ntfs partition containing the windows xp recover information. So in /etc/fstab I set the partition so that it would be ignored by fsck. This didn't seem to do anything. I have these partitions: /dev/sda1 - an ntfs recovery partition /dev/sda2 - /boot /dev/sda3 - swap /dev/sda5 - / /dev/sda6 - /home I am running kernel version 2.6.31-19-generic and have all the patches (as indicated by update manager). I also have no splash screen so I can see the boot progress. I have only been using NBR since January, I have been using Ubuntu on my desktop since last June (2009-06). What logs should I be looking at? Is there a log for failed boots?

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• SATA Driver for Acer Aspire One D257

  - by Robert Niestroj

  i have a Acer Aspire One D257. In this netbook the hard disk is defect so i bought a new one. Now i want to reinstall Windows 7. Im using an external DVD Drive plugged into USB. The Windows 7 DVD is staring, Win7 setup is starting and when it comes to Hard Drive options it says that no drive was detected and i should try search for drivers. It shows me this window: Screenshot from web Now i cant find the right drivers for this netbook to continue with the installation. The laptop has the newest BIOS - 1.15, it is reset to factory default settings except that i enabled the Boot Menu prompt with F12. From the Acer Support Website i've downloaded the SATA AHCI Driver and the Chipset Driver. I unpacked both to a USB flashdrive in seperate folders. When i select the SATA AHCI Driver it does not find any drivers. When i uncheck the checkbox "Hide drivers that are not compatible with hardware on this computer" it shows one driver: Acer HWID (path_to\1.inf). When i continue with this driver i got an error message that says something like: No new devices found. Check if the driver files are on the installation disk. When i show him the Chipset Driver it sees a lot more driver. When i uncheck the checkbox "Hide drivers that are not compatible with hardware on this computer" it show some drivers: Intel N10 Family DMI Bridge Intel N10/ICH7 Family PCI Express Root Port Intel N10/ICH7 SMBUS Controller Intel N10/ICH7 Family USB Universal Host Controller Intel N10/ICH7 Family USB2 Enhanced Host Controller Intel N10/ICH7 Family Interface LPC Controller When i uncheck this checkbox i get a lot more drivers, and some SATA Drivers but the also do not work. I get the same error message as before. Can someone help me find a driver that should work or am i doing anything else wrong?

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• Can enabling a RAID controller's writeback cache harm overall performance?

  - by Nathan O'Sullivan

  I have an 8 drive RAID 10 setup connected to an Adaptec 5805Z, running Centos 5.5 and deadline scheduler. A basic dd read test shows 400mb/sec, and a basic dd write test shows about the same. When I run the two simultaneously, I see the read speed drop to ~5mb/sec while the write speed stays at more or less the same 400mb/sec. The output of iostat -x as you would expect, shows that very few read transactions are being executed while the disk is bombarded with writes. If i turn the controller's writeback cache off, I dont see a 50:50 split but I do see a marked improvement, somewhere around 100mb/s reads and 300mb/s writes. I've also found if I lower the nr_requests setting on the drive's queue (somewhere around 8 seems optimal) I can end up with 150mb/sec reads and 150mb/sec writes; ie. a reduction in total throughput but certainly more suitable for my workload. Is this a real phenomenon? Or is my synthetic test too simplistic? The reason this could happen seems clear enough, when the scheduler switches from reads to writes, it can run heaps of write requests because they all just land in the controllers cache but must be carried out at some point. I would guess the actual disk writes are occuring when the scheduler starts trying to perform reads again, resulting in very few read requests being executed. This seems a reasonable explanation, but it also seems like a massive drawback to using writeback cache on an system with non-trivial write loads. I've been searching for discussions around this all afternoon and found nothing. What am I missing?

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• How To Replace Laptop HDD Without Losing Data?

  - by Ishan

  Hello, I recently went to Dell Service center and they tell that HDD is faulty and needs to be replaced. I have a Studio 1457 laptop with 500 GB HDD and don't want to lose the data(purchased in May 2010, still under warranty). I have searched a bit and I think it may be best to use a disk imaging software for this task. However, I don't know about a good software. I have following steps in mind: Get a 1 TB External HDD. Make an image of existing 500 GB HDD and store data on external disk. Install new HDD and install a brand new Windows copy and then install the software on it. Using the same software I used to make image, restore the old HDD image on new one. However, I have some questions in mind. First, is this possible? Second, I live in a country where piracy is a big issue and I am sure the support executive who will come to change HDD will have a pirated copy. But I have genuine Windows 7 Pro and don't want to lose it. Now, Dell does not supply and OS disks, so I can't install it on new HDD! If I follow above steps, which version of Windows 7 will be retained? One in the image(authentic) or one in the new HDD(pirated). I am ready to purchase a good software for this task and my budget is $50-60. Since laptop is under warranty, new HDD will be free. One last thing, I have created a Windows Migration file whose size is 70 GB. Can it be used to move from Windows 7 Pro to Windows 7 Pro?(In case I get a genuine copy of Windows 7!) Any other method to save all the data? Thanks in advance.

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• VMWare Raw Device Mapping Not Working

  - by George H. Lenzer

  While I'm waiting for VMWare support to get back to me, I thought I'd ask here. I have a 400 gig LUN presented from a fiber channel SAN to my VMWare host. It's legacy from another virtualization platform and I need to keep it as is to avoid a long period of downtime. I formatted my VMFS3 datastore with 4 meg blocks to allow up to 1 TB disks. Then I tried adding my 400 gig disk as a raw device in physical compatibility mode. I get the error: "File is larger than the maximum size supported by datastore 'Base Test'. [Base Test]VMTEST01/VMTEST01_2.vmdk Originally I had the VMFS datastore formatted with 1 meg blocks which was the cause of this problem since the largest disk allowed would be 256 gigs. But I deleted the data store and then reformatted with 4 megs blocks. I've also tried using virtual compatibility mode for the raw device but it still fails. Does anyone have any suggestions? I've been waiting for a little over a week for VMWare, but that's fine because I'm not yet a paying customer. I'm still in the eval phase.

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• trouble shooting ntfs-loop-xen combination in wubi based grub of Ubuntu

  - by Registered User

  Here is a situation I installed Ubuntu on a laptop using Wubi in Windows 7 drive.*The laptop is not mine.*I have installed and things worked by now perfectly without any problem.We are trying to set up a Xen (virtualization)environment in this laptop. After setting up every thing cleanly.When I needed to boot with following grub entries menuentry "Xen Linux 2.6.32.27" { insmod ntfs set root='(hd0,2)' loopback loop0 /ubuntu/disks/root.disk set root=(loop0) multiboot /boot/xen.gz module /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32.27 dummy=dummy root=/dev/sda2 loop=/ubuntu/disks/root.disk ro console=tty0 module /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32.27 } I got error file not found error unknown command 'multiboot' error unknown command 'module' error unknown command 'module' Now to dig this issue further I reboot the machine and go to grub command prompt and manually pass on each of the above parameters which you see in the grub entry when I reached grub> insmod multiboot then I got following message on screen error:file not found. It looks like this wubi+ grub setup has just enough modules to use loopback file on ntfs, but the ACTUAL /boot directory is on the loopback NOT ntfs (hd0,2). Therefore any attempt to read any files from (hd0,2) simply wont work, cause there's no file there.I need to use insmod multiboot and command multiboot and module which are available in grub on a normal install without Wubi.But since the laptop is not mine so I am not allowed to partition it and have to make it work in this situation only. While a normal Kernel is still booting? How can I get module multiboot in this Wubi based install.

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• Allignment of ext3 partition on LVM RAID volume group

  - by John P

  I'm trying to add a partition on a LVM that resides on a RAID6 volume group and fdisk is complaining about the partition not residing on a physical sector boundry. My question is, how do you calculate the correct starting sector for a partition on a LVM? This partition will be formated ext3. Would it be better to just format the LVM directly instead of creating a new partition? Disk /dev/dedvol/backup: 2199.0 GB, 2199023255552 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 267349 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 1048576 bytes / 8388608 bytes Disk identifier: 0x4e428f49 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/dedvol/backup1 63 267349 2146982827+ 83 Linux Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary. lvdisplay /dev/dedvol/backup --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/dedvol/backup VG Name dedvol LV UUID OV2n5j-7LHb-exJL-t8dI-dU8A-2vxf-uIicCt LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 2.00 TiB Current LE 524288 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 32768 Block device 253:1 vgdisplay dedvol --- Volume group --- VG Name dedvol System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No 3 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 2 Open LV 1 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size 14.55 TiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 3815448 Alloc PE / Size 3670016 / 14.00 TiB Free PE / Size 145432 / 568.09 GiB VG UUID 8fBcOk-aXGx-P3Qy-VVpJ-0zK1-fQgy-Cb691J

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• Determining the Source of a Given File System Mount on Unix [migrated]

  - by phobos51594

  Background Recently I have run into a bit of a snag on my home FreeBSD server. I recently upgraded it to the latest stable release, and I have noticed some strange behavior with the /var partition. Originally, I had the system configured such that /var had its own partition with /var/run and /var/log in memory disks (/tmp, too). After the upgrade, I notice there is a new, fourth memory disk mounting directly to /var that I had not set up manually and is not in my fstab. It is only 28 megs or so in size and is causing problems when trying to update my ports collection. The ramdisk mounts atuomagically at boot and cannot be unmounted while in multi-user mode. If I drop to single user mode, I am able to unmount it without issue, however rebooting causes it to pop right back up. System specifications have been included at the end of the post. Question Is there any way to determine exactly what is mounting a given memory disk (or any filesystem, for that matter) after it has been mounted? Alternately, does anybody have any ideas what might have caused the new /var ramdisk to pop up? System Specification # uname -a FreeBSD sarge 9.1-PRERELEASE FreeBSD 9.1-PRERELEASE #0: Thu Nov 22 14:02:13 PST 2012 donut@sarge:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC i386 # df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/da0s1a 515612 410728 63636 87% / devfs 1 1 0 100% /dev /dev/da0s1d 515612 287616 186748 61% /var /dev/da0s1e 6667808 2292824 3841560 37% /usr /dev/md0 63004 32 57932 0% /tmp /dev/md1 3484 8 3200 0% /var/run /dev/md2 31260 8 28752 0% /var/log /dev/md3 31260 512 28248 2% /var <-- This # cat /etc/fstab # Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass# /dev/da0s1a / ufs rw,noatime 1 1 /dev/da0s1d /var ufs rw,noatime 2 2 /dev/da0s1e /usr ufs rw,noatime 2 2 md /tmp mfs rw,-s64M,noatime 0 0 md /var/run mfs rw,-s4M,noatime 0 0 md /var/log mfs rw,-s32M,noatime 0 0 Thank you in advance for any assistance.

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• File Replication Service Errors

  - by ekamtaj

  Hey Guys, We have a windows 2003 r2 server and couple of the users are reporting that they can not scan files into the windwos server. They are getting an Out of Space errors. I took a look at the server and we have 600GB free disk space on that partition. But while looking at the event log I found a lot of errors like (13552,13555) The File Replication Service is unable to add this computer to the following replica set: "DOMAIN SYSTEM VOLUME (SYSVOL SHARE)" This could be caused by a number of problems such as: -- an invalid root path, -- a missing directory, -- a missing disk volume, -- a file system on the volume that does not support NTFS 5.0 The information below may help to resolve the problem: Computer DNS name is "server.domain.local" Replica set member name is "server" Replica set root path is "c:\windows\sysvol\domain" Replica staging directory path is "c:\windows\sysvol\staging\domain" Replica working directory path is "c:\windows\ntfrs\jet" Windows error status code is FRS error status code is FrsErrorMismatchedJournalId Other event log messages may also help determine the problem. Correct the problem and the service will attempt to restart replication automatically at a later time. For more information, see Help and Support Center at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/events.asp.

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• Western Digital My Book not recognized by WD software

  - by Kari

  A few years ago I bought a WD My Book Pro 2. It worked fine for a while, then one of the drives failed and I sent it back to be replaced under warranty. I never got around to setting up the new one when I got it back. I finally ran out of room on my internal drive, so I tried to use the external - no go. Both drives spin up, but aren't recognized by either Disk Utility (Mac) or the WD Drive Manager. I tried on a PC as well with fresh software. Then I pulled the drives out of the enclosure (warranty is already expired) and plugged them straight into the PC. Both recognized and working 100% in RAID0. BIOS recognizes either disk as functional; Windows only sees them when both are connected due to the RAID which I can't change without the WD software. The drives that were returned to me are the "Green" drives which I've read are NOT recommended for RAID. Is it possible that this is interfering with them reading externally? Any other ideas? My main computer is a laptop so using them internally isn't an option :(

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• Differential backup missing moved folders (flawed archive attribute logic)

  - by Max

  Recently I've discovered that my backup system it flawed: there are situation where various files/folders are missed. I do my backup from local disk to a network NAS. I use Cobian backup, and I have setup the backup software to create one full backup every week, and one differential backup every day. Now, the backup software (to my knowledge any backup software work this way) decide the files that go in the differential backup by looking at the file archive attribute. If the attribute is set, then the file go in to the backup. Now, when you move a file to a new location, on Windows systems, the archive attribute get set and the file is included in the backup, and that's fine... but when you move an entire folder, no archive attribute is set, nor on the folder, nor in any files inside the folder, so the moved folder isn't included in the differential backup! So, if you have a full backup plus a differential backup, and you moved folders around... then it's impossible to reconstruct the original files/folders structure starting from the full+differential backup, because the backup software didn't include the moved folders in the differential backup. So my differential backup are useless... Why does windows set the archive attribute when moving a file, but not when moving a folder? How can I deal with this issue? Is there a way to create a differential backup that works as it's supposed to do? Doing full backup every day is not practical, because the changed data is about 0.1% at day (by using a differential backup I can keep 4 weeks of files history without using too much disk space.)

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• Fix bad superblock on logical partition

  - by Chris

  I was following http://www.howtoforge.com/linux_resi...xt3_partitions and when i reboot and run: root@Microknoppix:/home/knoppix# fsck -n /dev/sda7 fsck from util-linux-ng 2.17.2 e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) fsck.ext2: Superblock invalid, trying backup blocks... fsck.ext2: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sda7 The superblock could not be read or does not describe a correct ext2 filesystem. If the device is valid and it really contains an ext2 filesystem (and not swap or ufs or something else), then the superblock is corrupt, and you might try running e2fsck with an alternate superblock: e2fsck -b 8193 <device> so i ran e2fsck with all the block numbers that you need (forget exactly what tool i used to find where the superblocks are hidden) no dice then i ran testdisk and had it look for the superblock, no results anyone have any ideas? fdisk -l for reference: root@Microknoppix:/home/knoppix# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x97646c29 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 38912 312046593 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/sda5 64 326 2104320 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 * 327 2938 20972544 83 Linux /dev/sda7 2938 38912 288968672+ 83 Linux To be honest it looks like I lost it... Next step if that happens is to dump the partition to an image file and hope i can find or write some software to parse through the data looking for known file headers, i think.

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• 2011 i7 Macbook Pro unable to boot from any Windows CD?

  - by Craig Otis

  I'm encountering issues installing Windows alongside my Lion install. I'm attempting to install from the internal SuperDrive, after using Boot Camp to partition what was a single, HFS+ volume. When holding down Option at boot, the CD appears in the startup list, but upon selecting it, I get a gray screen for 5 minutes, then a flashing white folder. I tried installing rEFIt and using this to boot the CD, but I receive an error about "Not Found" being returned from the "LocateDevicePath", and a mention of the firmware not supporting booting using legacy methods. In the Console, when opening the StartupDisk preference pane (which never presents the CD as a selectable option), I see: 11/25/11 4:39:31.159 PM System Preferences: isCDROM: 0 isDVDROM:1 11/25/11 4:39:31.159 PM System Preferences: mountable disk appeared: /Volumes/GRMCPRFRER_EN_DVD 11/25/11 4:39:33.214 PM System Preferences: - So far so good, passing disk to System Searcher. 11/25/11 4:39:33.218 PM System Preferences: OSXCheck: No boot.efi in System Folder or volume root. 11/25/11 4:39:33.220 PM System Preferences: WinCheck: Not a valid windows filesystem: /Volumes/GRMCPRFRER_EN_DVD 11/25/11 4:39:33.220 PM System Preferences: WinCheck: Not a valid windows filesystem: /Volumes/GRMCPRFRER_EN_DVD I'm at a loss here. I've done my research, but it sounds like most of the rEFIt errors of this nature are caused by installing from a thumbdrive, or an external drive. I'm using the internal SuperDrive. Also, I've tried this with two different disks: A Windows XP SP2 CD A Windows 7 x86 DVD Both are disks I've had around for years, and I've used them reliably in the past. The system is an early 2011 15" Macbook Pro, all firmware updates installed.

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• Did chkdsk make it harder to restore files?

  - by neyl

  My friend asked me to try and fix his loaded Sansa Clip + which wasn't playing. After opening it in MSC mode I discovered that the Music directory was empty and total of all files was only a few MB. However Disk properties showed me that it was 7Gb full. I then ran Tools - Error Checking and Windows dutifully informed me that disk was corrupt and I should run again Allowing Windows to Fix Errors. I did that and it told me everything was fixed and that all files were placed in FOUND.000 Dir. FOUND.000 was about 7.5 GB with FILE0000-1546 . CHK. (I am aware of methods like ChkBack to scan and convert to mp3 etc BUT Original filenames and structure needed!) Now I started getting worried that I made things worse! I have plenty of experience with Data Recovery Programs - Recuva, Restore My Files etc. and I was anyhow planning to use them to scan the drive. But NOW after CHKDSK "fixed" the drive maybe it modified critical FAT information vital for data recovery. So I run these programs and 0!!!. No trace of files! I tried a ton of Recovery Programs with same results TILL EaseUS Data Recovery Wizard found all files and I purchased program for $55! My Question In your opinion - did running CHKDSK with automatic fixing of errors make matters worse (i.e. many data recovery progs. didn't find a trace and they would have done if not for chkdsk) or was the filesystem too corrupt anyhow for regular File Recovery Progs.? If I would be a Professional - would I be responsible for running CHKDSK - automatic Fixing. Do you know of a better Data Recovery Program than EaseUs Data Recovery wizard - According to my experience I haven't found better!? Thanks

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• AWS elastic load balancer basic issues

  - by Jones

  I have an array of EC2 t1.micro instances behind a load balancer and each node can manage ~100 concurrent users before it starts to get wonky. i would THINK if i have 2 such instances it would allow my network to manage 200 concurrent users... apparently not. When i really slam the server (blitz.io) with a full 275 concurrents, it behaves the same as if there is just one node. it goes from 400ms response time to 1.6 seconds (which for a single t1.micro is expected, but not 6). So the question is, am i simply not doing something right or is ELB effectively worthless? Anyone have some wisdom on this? AB logs: Loadbalancer (3x m1.medium) Document Path: /ping/index.html Document Length: 185 bytes Concurrency Level: 100 Time taken for tests: 11.668 seconds Complete requests: 50000 Failed requests: 0 Write errors: 0 Non-2xx responses: 50001 Total transferred: 19850397 bytes HTML transferred: 9250185 bytes Requests per second: 4285.10 [#/sec] (mean) Time per request: 23.337 [ms] (mean) Time per request: 0.233 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests) Transfer rate: 1661.35 [Kbytes/sec] received Connection Times (ms) min mean[+/-sd] median max Connect: 1 2 4.3 2 63 Processing: 2 21 15.1 19 302 Waiting: 2 21 15.0 19 261 Total: 3 23 15.7 21 304 Single instance (1x m1.medium direct connection) Document Path: /ping/index.html Document Length: 185 bytes Concurrency Level: 100 Time taken for tests: 9.597 seconds Complete requests: 50000 Failed requests: 0 Write errors: 0 Non-2xx responses: 50001 Total transferred: 19850397 bytes HTML transferred: 9250185 bytes Requests per second: 5210.19 [#/sec] (mean) Time per request: 19.193 [ms] (mean) Time per request: 0.192 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests) Transfer rate: 2020.01 [Kbytes/sec] received Connection Times (ms) min mean[+/-sd] median max Connect: 1 9 128.9 3 3010 Processing: 1 10 8.7 9 141 Waiting: 1 9 8.7 8 140 Total: 2 19 129.0 12 3020

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• Is my OCZ SSD aligned correctly? (Linux)

  - by Barney Gumble

  I have an OCZ Agility 2 SSD with 40 GB of space. I use it as a system drive in Debian Linux (Squeeze) and in my opinion it's really fast. But I've read a lot on aligning partitions and file systems... And I'm not sure if I succeeded in aligning the partitions correctly. Maybe the SSD could be even faster?? ;-) I use ext4 and here is the output of fdisk -cul: Disk /dev/sda: 40.0 GB, 40018599936 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4865 cylinders, total 78161328 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: [...] Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 73242623 36620288 83 Linux /dev/sda2 73244670 78159871 2457601 5 Extended /dev/sda5 73244672 78159871 2457600 82 Linux swap / Solaris My partitions were created just by the Debian Squeeze setup assistant. So I didn't care about the details of partitioning. But now I think maybe the installer didn't align it correctly? Actually, 2048 looks good to me (better than odd values like 63 or something like that) but I've no idea... ;-) Help plz! According to some "SSD Alignment Calculator" I found on the web, the OCZ SSDs have a NAND Erase Block Size of 512kB and their NAND Page Size is 4kB. 2048 is divisible by 4 and 512. So are the partitions aligned correctly?

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• TCPDump and IPTables DROP by string

  - by Tiffany Walker

  by using tcpdump -nlASX -s 0 -vvv port 80 I get something like: 14:58:55.121160 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 49764, offset 0, flags [DF], proto TCP (6), length 1480) 206.72.206.58.http > 2.187.196.7.4624: Flags [.], cksum 0x6900 (incorrect -> 0xcd18), seq 1672149449:1672150889, ack 4202197968, win 15340, length 1440 0x0000: 4500 05c8 c264 4000 4006 0f86 ce48 ce3a E....d@[email protected].: 0x0010: 02bb c407 0050 1210 63aa f9c9 fa78 73d0 .....P..c....xs. 0x0020: 5010 3bec 6900 0000 0f29 95cc fac4 2854 P.;.i....)....(T 0x0030: c0e7 3384 e89a 74fa 8d8c a069 f93f fc40 ..3...t....i.?.@ 0x0040: 1561 af61 1cf3 0d9c 3460 aa23 0b54 aac0 .a.a....4`.#.T.. 0x0050: 5090 ced1 b7bf 8857 c476 e1c0 8814 81ed P......W.v...... 0x0060: 9e85 87e8 d693 b637 bd3a 56ef c5fa 77e8 .......7.:V...w. 0x0070: 3035 743a 283e 89c7 ced8 c7c1 cff9 6ca3 05t:(>........l. 0x0080: 5f3f 0162 ebf1 419e c410 7180 7cd0 29e1 _?.b..A...q.|.). 0x0090: fec9 c708 0f01 9b2f a96b 20fe b95a 31cf ......./.k...Z1. 0x00a0: 8166 3612 bac9 4e8d 7087 4974 0063 1270 .f6...N.p.It.c.p What do I pull to use IPTables to block via string. Or is there a better way to block attacks that have something in common? Question is: Can I pick any piece from that IP packet and call it a string? iptables -A INPUT -m string --alog bm --string attack_string -j DROP In other words: In some cases I can ban with TTL=xxx and use that should an attack have the same TTL. Sure it will block some legit packets but if it means keeping the box up it works till the attack goes away but I would like to LEARN how to FIND other common things in a packet to block with IPTables

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• Is execution of sync(8) still required before shutting down linux?

  - by Amos Shapira

  I still see people recommend use of "sync; sync; sync; sleep 30; halt" incantations when talking about shutting down or rebooting Linux. I've been running Linux since its inception and although this was the recommended procedure in the BSD 4.2/4.3 and SunOS 4 days, I can't recall that I had to do that for at least the last ten years, during which I probably went through shutdown/reboot of Linux maybe thousands of times. I suspect that this is an anachronism since the days that the kernel couldn't unmount and sync the root filesystem and other critical filesystems required even during single-user mode (e.g. /tmp), and therefore it was necessary to tell it explicitly to flush as much data as it can to disk. These days, without finding the relevant code in the kernel source yet (digging through http://lxr.linux.no and google), I suspect that the kernel is smart enough to cleanly unmount even the root filesystem and the filesystem is smart enough to effectively do a sync(2) before unmounting itself during a normal "shutdown"/"reboot"/"poweorff". The "sync; sync; sync" is only necessary in extreme cases where the filesystem won't unmount cleanly (e.g. physical disk failure) or the system is in a state that only forcing a direct reboot(8) will get it out of its freeze (e.g. the load is too high to let it schedule the shutdown command). I also never do the "sync" procedure before unmounting removable devices, and never hit a problem. Another example - Xen allows the DomU to be sent a "shutdown" command from the Dom0, this is considered a "clean shutdown" without anyone having to login and type the magical "sync; sync; sync" first. Am I right or was I lucky for a few thousands of system shutdowns?

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• MySQL is killing the server IO.

  - by OneOfOne

  I manage a fairly large/busy vBulletin forums (running on gigenet cloud), the database is ~ 10 GB (~9 milion posts, ~60 queries per second), lately MySQL have been grinding the disk like there's no tomorrow according to iotop and slowing the site. The last idea I can think of is using replication, but I'm not sure how much that would help and worried about database sync. I'm out of ideas, any tips on how to improve the situation would be highly appreciated. Specs : Debian Lenny 64bit ~12Ghz (6 cores) CPU, 7520gb RAM, 160gb disk. Kernel : 2.6.32-4-amd64 mysqld Ver 5.1.54-0.dotdeb.0 for debian-linux-gnu on x86_64 ((Debian)) Other software: vBulletin 3.8.4 memcached 1.2.2 PHP 5.3.5-0.dotdeb.0 (fpm-fcgi) (built: Jan 7 2011 00:07:27) lighttpd/1.4.28 (ssl) - a light and fast webserver PHP and vBulletin are configured to use memcached. MySQL Settings : [mysqld] key_buffer = 128M max_allowed_packet = 16M thread_cache_size = 8 myisam-recover = BACKUP max_connections = 1024 query_cache_limit = 2M query_cache_size = 128M expire_logs_days = 10 max_binlog_size = 100M key_buffer_size = 128M join_buffer_size = 8M tmp_table_size = 16M max_heap_table_size = 16M table_cache = 96 Other : > vmstat procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ----cpu---- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa 9 0 73140 36336 8968 1859160 0 0 42 15 3 2 6 1 89 5 > /etc/init.d/mysql status Threads: 49 Questions: 252139 Slow queries: 164 Opens: 53573 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 337 Queries per second avg: 61.302. Edit Additional info.

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• Why Wireshark does not recognize this HTTP response?

  - by Alois Mahdal

  I have a trivial CGI script that outputs simple text content. It's written in Perl and using CGI module and it specifies only the most basic headers: print $q->header( -type => 'text/plain', -Content_length => $length, ); print $stuff; There's no apparent issue with functionality, but I'm confused about the fact that Wireshark does not recognize the HTTP response as HTTP--it's marked as TCP. Here is request and response: GET /cgi-bin/memfile/memfile.pl?mbytes=1 HTTP/1.1 Host: 10.6.130.38 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:11.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/11.0 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Language: cs,en-us;q=0.7,en;q=0.3 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: keep-alive HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Thu, 05 Apr 2012 18:52:23 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.15 (Win32) mod_ssl/2.2.15 OpenSSL/0.9.8m Content-length: 1048616 Keep-Alive: timeout=5, max=100 Connection: Keep-Alive Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 XXXXXXXX... And here is the packet overview (Full packet is here on pastebin) No. Time Source srcp Destination dstp Protocol Info tcp.stream abstime 5 0.112749 10.6.130.38 80 10.6.130.53 48072 TCP [TCP segment of a reassembled PDU] 0 20:52:23.228063 Frame 5: 1514 bytes on wire (12112 bits), 1514 bytes captured (12112 bits) Ethernet II, Src: Dell_97:29:ac (00:1e:4f:97:29:ac), Dst: Dell_3b:fe:70 (00:24:e8:3b:fe:70) Internet Protocol Version 4, Src: 10.6.130.38 (10.6.130.38), Dst: 10.6.130.53 (10.6.130.53) Transmission Control Protocol, Src Port: http (80), Dst Port: 48072 (48072), Seq: 1, Ack: 330, Len: 1460 Now when I see this in Wireshark: there's usual TCP handshake then the GET request shown as HTTP with preview then the next packet contains the response, but is not marked as an HTTP response--just a generic "[TCP segment of a reassembled PDU]", and is not caught by "http.response" filter. Can somebody explain why Wireshark does not recognize it? Is there something wrong with the response?

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• How to install Windows with no CD drive boot option in BIOS?

  - by Kris Hollenbeck

  I have a new computer which I built from scratch and I am trying to install a copy of Windows Vista on it. I am able to get to the BIOS and change the boot options which are as follows.. -Built-in EFI Shell -SATA: ST31000528AS I have searched around for and everything I find says to boot from the CD rom. However, as you can see. That is not an option for me. So I am wondering if there is another way around this? Is it possible to boot the Disk from the EFI Shell? Any help is much appreciated. Thanks EDIT: I have tried this.. http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd744321%28v=ws.10%29.aspx UPDATE: I managed to make my USB bootable via the BIOS and I have copied my windows Vista disk onto my USB via drag and drop. However I am still not able to get the windows install to start. Also I have tried booting it from the EFI shell using the following command.. blk6: blk6:\> \EFI\BOOT\BOOTX64.EFI Still no luck..

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• Can't Install Win2k8 On KVM - Classic 0x80070013 error

  - by javano

  I am trying to install Win2k8 Std as a KVM guest on Debian Squeeze. As you can see from these screen shots; No drives are detected (I have blanked out a 20GB image for testing) - screenshot1 I am using this driver CD: - screenshot2 I have signed the Win7 driver (I assume this was the most appropriate one?) - screenshot3 I can now see an unpartitioned drive - screenshot4 But I can't create a new partition on here, getting the error code 0x80070013 - screenshot5 I have had this error code before but only on a physical server. If I remember correctly it was complaining because the disks were partitioned as GPT (because it was a server that was being re-purposed) so repartitioning with an MS-DOS table fixed that. This is a blank disk image though. What is wrong here, and how can I correct this? Thank you. UPDATE I have booted the VM with a Gparted-Live disk and formatted this volume with an MS-DOS partitioning scheme, and a single 20GB NTFS file system. Now when I boot the Win2k8 CD, load my drivers, I get a different error. As you can see at the bottom of screenshot6 "Windows cannot be installed on this hard drive space. Windows must be installed to a partition formatted as NTFS". Clicking format produces the error (0x80004005) on the screen, so I think this is still a driver issue because Windows can see the drive but not interact with it properly. Is that insane thinking?

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